THE NUSANTARA ETHNIC GROUPS FROM HISTORICAL AND … · 2019-05-09 · historical point of view and...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 287–301, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_030

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

THE NUSANTARA ETHNIC GROUPS FROM

HISTORICAL AND GENOMIC PERSPECTIVES

Norazmi Anas

Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch,

Tapah Campus, 35400 Tapah Road, Perak, Malaysia

Engku Ahmad Zaki Engku Alwi

Faculty of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak

Campus, 21300, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

Zuriani Yaacob

Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pahang Branch, Raub Campus,

27600 Raub, Pahang, Malaysia

Anaztasia Natasha Muhamad Ramlan

Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Melaka Branch, Alor Gajah

Campus, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia

Amal Hayati Ishak

Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, 40450

Selangor, Malaysia

Siti Khadijah Ab. Manan

Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,

Selangor, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Malays are a distinctive nation native as well as among the oldest ethnic group in

the world encompassing the land of Nusantara, Madagascar and the Pacific Islands.

The Malay civilization is associated with the Southeast Asian region known as the

Malay Archipelago, the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago, the Nusantara, the Malay

Realm and the Land of Java. It also includes the islands of Indonesia, Malaya, the

islands of Borneo, Philippines, Singapore which consisting two communities namely

Proto-Malay (aboriginal Malay) and Deutero-Malay (new Malay). Therefore, this

study attempts to shed some light on the origins of the Malay community from the

historical point of view and its relation to modern genomic field. The findings indicate

that there is a significant relationship between the history of Malay origins and the

modern genomic field that was done through the mitochondrial DNA analysis. This is

followed by the Nusantara that serves as the major genetic reservoir of the world

Malay group. Thus, it is apparent that the genomic study of the Malay ethnic group is

Norazmi Anas, Engku Ahmad Zaki Engku Alwi, Zuriani Yaacob, Anaztasia Natasha Muhamad

Ramlan, Amal Hayati Ishak and Siti Khadijah Ab. Manan


not solely focused on the origins of the nation alone, but to enhance the health level of

the race through disease analyses, medical practice and research. Subsequently, this

will lead to the production of pharmaceutical products which is indeed beneficial in

addressing local health needs.

Key words: Malay, Nusantara, History, Origin & Genomic

Cite this Article: Norazmi Anas, Engku Ahmad Zaki Engku Alwi, Zuriani Yaacob,

Anaztasia Natasha Muhamad Ramlan, Amal Hayati Ishak and Siti Khadijah Ab.

Manan, The Nusantara Ethnic Groups from Historical and Genomic Perspectives,

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 287–301.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION

Studies on the origin of Malays and its genomics were pioneered by two public universities in

Malaysia namely Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

which addressing main objectives (Anas et al., 2018):

The origins and variations of the Malays based on geographical factor, genetic reservoir,

genetic flow as well as the influence of foreign nations such as Arabs on the population of the

Malays.

The comparison of diseases diagnosed among Malays in relation to other major races in

Malaysia i.e. Chinese and Indian, followed by other races in Southeast Asia.

The comparison of profile and relationship between Malay population with indigenous people

in Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries.

The medicine suitability with certain illnesses which subsequently leads to the production of

pharmaceutical products to treat diseases among Malays.

Recent research and studies on the genome of Malay race such as HVP, SSMP, 1000

Genomes Project and GGB2020.

The concerns of Malays and other communities on the issues pertaining human genetic

research.

2. HISTORY OF MALAY CIVILIZATION

The Malay civilization is associated with the Southeast Asian region known as the Malay

Archipelago, the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago, the Nusantara, the Malay Realm and the

Land of Java (Azam, 1991; Bellwood, 2007) covering the islands of Indonesia, Malaya, the

islands of Borneo, Philippines and Singapore (Fee, 2001). It also includes the islands of

Indonesia, Malaya, the islands of Borneo, Philippines, Singapore which consisting two

communities namely Proto-Malay (aboriginal Malay) and Deutero-Malay (new Malay)

(Ghazali, 2014). The Land of Java refers to the area inhabited by the Malays based on the

landscape and how the Arabs used to address the Malay community in the Archipelago (Wan

Kamal Nadzif, 2013). Zaharah (2015 & 2016) highlights that the Malay race consists of

various ethnic groups such as Melayu Asli (Orang Asli), Melayu Siam, Melayu Champa,

Melayu Mon-Pyu, Melayu Jawa, Melayu Iban, Melayu Dayak, Melayu Melanau, Melayu

Dusun, Melayu Kadazan, Melayu Rawa, Melayu Bugis, Melayu Minang, Melayu Acheh,

Melayu Filipina, Melayu Nusantara, Melayu Madagaskar and Malay community from

Polynesia. Meanwhile, Halim-Fikri (2015) further states that Malays in Malaysia are broken

into 10 sub-ethnics i.e. Kelantan, Minang, Jawa, Bugis, Banjar, Acheh, Kedah, Champa,

Pattani and Rawa (refer Fig 1).

The Nusantara Ethnic Groups from Historical and Genomic Perspectives


Figure 1 Ethnics and Sub-ethnics in Malaysia (Halim-Fikri, 2015)

The Malays are characterized by distinctive features on the basis of norms, cultures,

language and religion (Shaharir, 2000) and are also associated with certain values embraced

by the people (Shamsul, 1999, Martin, 2014; Skoot, 2014). It is in accordance with Article

160(2) of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia which states that the Malays are Muslims,

these people commonly use Malay language to communicate with each other and they are

devoted to Malay customs. Conversely speaking, prior to the arrival of Islam to the Malay

World, the Malay community was influenced by two main beliefs namely primitive beliefs of

ancestors (animism and dynamism) and Hindu-Buddha (Ramawan (Ed.), 2012). Animism is a

kind of religious belief that souls and spirits can dominate mankind, while dynamism is the

spirit of nature in power over humans. Nonetheless, Hindu-Buddha has made religious beliefs

in the Malay World become more formal and organized involving the worship of deities

through its religious ceremonies.

In spite of that, the advent of Islam to the Malay World has changed the administrative,

socio-cultural, legal and educational landscape commencing from Parameswara's conversion

to Islam which has been documented in the history of Malacca Malay Sultanate. Hairuddin &

Che Asiah (2008) also emphasize that a king of the country must be a Muslim as he is

considered as the head of the religion as stipulated in the Constitution of Malaysia Article

3(2), Article 3(3) and Article 3(5). In Article 3(1), it is crystal that Islam is the official religion

in Malaysia and thus, it shows that Malays and Islam in this country define a very close,

intersecting and inseparable connection (Mohd Muzhafar et al., 2015). In addition, the Malays

are a distinct group rather than a sub race. It is the largest nation and one of the oldest ethnic

groups in the world (Zaharah, 2015 & 2016) as shown in Fig 2 below.




Figure 2 Malay ethnic groups in the Archipelago, Madagascar and Pacific Islands

The study of the Malay origin is based on the theory presented by Edward Sapir, who

used a paradigm of density in order to prove the origin of a nation i.e. a region with a

population density or a certain community who likely to be the first settlers in that place

(Mohamed Anwar, 2011). Besides, the origin of Malay people i.e. Proto-Malay and Deutero-

Malay as mentioned by Ghazali (2014) refers to the early history of migration to the Malay

Archipelago involving two phases as proposed by Robert Heine van Geldern, a Jewish

researcher at Austrian museum (Mohamed Anwar, 2011). These include:

Phase 1 (Proto-Malay): The migration of Orang Asli ancestors that occured 2,500 years ago

which involved ethnicities such as Seman (Negrito), Temiar (Senoi), Jakun, Sakai and others

who were considered as the ancestors of Mon, Khmer and other ethnic groups in Thailand,

Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar based on the stone tools found.

Phase 2 (Deutero-Malay): The migration of the Malay ancestors roughly 1,500 years ago

based on the Jewish book, Book of Deuteronomy from a place called Dong Son, a small

village on the banks of Ma River of northern Vietnam. Bronze and metal items such as

decorated gongs or drums, axes, vessels, weapons, ceramics and beads to name a few were

found as evidence.

Robert Heine van Geldern stressed that Deutero-Malay once lived in fertile coastal areas and

valleys and they expelled the Proto-Malay into forest and mountainous areas. Such

speculation or theory of Robert Heine van Geldern was not agreed upon by Zaharah (2015 &

2016) who then stated that the recent findings show that there is no evidence indicating the

existence of the Deutero-Malay colonizing Southeast Asia. In addition, the ethnic affiliation in

the Malay World has produced four Malay types i.e. Melayu Teras, Melayu Tulen, Melayu

Jati and Melayu Sungguh. On the other hand, the international relationship between the

earliest Malays and Aryans from the Middle East has been associated with the same practice

done during prophetic times (Ainoon et al., 2003; Muzaffar & Suzana, 2013).

3. MALAY GENOME

Generally, it is believed that the origin of Malays was from the Middle East due to

comparative study results which show a complete genomic database of mitochondrial DNA

and this is in accordance to Fernandes et al. (2012) who stated that the Arabian Peninsula was

considered as the „first staging post' in the propagation of modern humans to the rest of the



world. The mitochondrial DNA is one of the markers used in most studies of human origins

and offspring besides Chromosome Y (CCG, 2006). Furthermore, Yaapar (2014) and

Zainuddin (2015 & 2016) reported that the Out of Taiwan Theory as proposed by Bellwood

(2007) has indicated that the Malays came from Taiwan and China where it involved a

migration from Taiwan to China and subsequently to Southeast Asia.

A study by Macaulay et al. (2005a & 2005b) also found that sequencing of mitochondrial

DNA has proven that Peninsular Malaysia was originated from the earliest modern human

groups that moved out from the African continent through India to Southeast Asia and finally

to Australasia. This is supported by Edinur et al. (2009), Chambers & Edinur (2013), Gani et

al. (2015), Manaf et al. (2015) and Norhalifah et al. (2016) who conducted similar studies on

Malay sub-ethnic groups such as Kelantan, Bugis, Banjar, Jawa, Acheh, Minang, Mendeleng,

Rawa, Champa and Pattani where the findings show that Malays have nearly 60,000 years of

mitochondrial DNA which is highly similar to the ones owned by the aborigines.

Apart from that, the study conducted by Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) Pan-

Asian SNP Consortium (2009) which utilized the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms marker

(SNPs) has indicated that the Southeast Asia is a major source of population genetic reservoir

in East Asia such as China and Taiwan with evidence of 50% haplotype found in the

populations. Orang Asli Semang and Malays are among earlier populations as compared to

the populations in East Asia i.e. China and Taiwan as a result of phylogenetic analysis using

the SNPs marker. Therefore, human movement from south to north is seen as contradictory to

the earlier theory proposed by Bellwood (2007). Nevertheless, it is in line with the theory of

Out of Sundaland developed by Stephen Oppenheimer (Izham, 2013; Yaapar, 2014; USM,

2015).

Historically, the studies of Malay Genome Project (MGP) from a modern medical

perspective have begun in the 1970s which involved the three main races in Malaysia namely

Malay, Chinese and Indian. The comparison of these three populations is important as

Malaysia is a country of various races and ethnicities. Tan (1978) listed the biochemical data

of the three largest populations in Malaysia and Singapore namely Malay, Chinese and Indian,

while Ainoon et al. (2003) and Muzaffar & Suzana (2013) stated that Malays in Southeast

Asia have Arab influence based on DNA variations found in the DNA mutation of the study

sample. However, Wong et al. (2004) explored and compared the people's fear in Singapore

concerning donation of blood specimens for genetic research involving three ethnic groups in

the country i.e. Malay-Muslim, Chinese and Indian. The main concerns of the respondents

were genetic confidentiality, illness diagnosis and genetic abuse for cloning purpose. Not only

that, Malay-Muslim respondents also expressed their doubts towards unknown people

involved in the study and thus felt hesitant to get involved with the study. Jorde & Wooding

(2004) noted that new genetic studies have a direct contact with variations and ethnic

diversity in human populations based on geographical structure and genetic flow patterns (see

Fig 3).

On the other hand, a study conducted on three major races in Malaysia on cervical cancer

has found that Malays were at lower risk at 12.6% compared to Chinese at 33.6%. The

cervical cancer is the most common second cancer after breast cancer (Othman, 2004). In

addition, Zainuddin (2004), Zainuddin & Goodwin (2004) and Eng (2014) examined the

profile of modern Malay populations and indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia using

mitochondrial DNA which has proven these two ethnics are different based on haplogroups

comparison. The findings have been supported by Bekaert et al. (2006) and Manaf et al.

(2015) who compared the mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome in the populations of

Peninsular Malaysia.




Figure 3 Population Equation Network (Jorde & Wooding, 2004)

In another study conducted by Edinur et al. (2009), they investigated the Human

Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) on six Malay ethnics i.e. Kelantan, Minangkabau, Jawa, Bugis,

Banjar and Rawa. The study has found that Malay sub-ethnics have a close connection with

other Asian populations derived from Java and Sumatra except Melayu Kelantan. It is parallel

to Juhari et al. (2014) and Loo & Gan (2014) who studied Melayu Kelantan from genetic and

historical perspectives and they found that the genetics of the people are associated with

Semang natives. This is supported by Norhalifah et al. (2016) who stated that Semang natives

were an early nation in Peninsular Malaysia known as Negrito based on several scientific

evidence such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome,

blood group, human platlet, antigen, human leukocyte antigen, human neutrophil antigen and

killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor.

The genetic origin has a high correlation with ethnic and linguistic groups in Asia based

on 73 Asian genetic populations which have been mapped i.e. South and East Asia (A*STAR,

2009; Bernama, 2009; HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium, 2009; Kangwanpong et al., 2013).

Furthermore, Teo et al. (2009) revealed that the Singapore Genome Variation Project (SGVP)

that created haplotype mapping on the Malay, China and India as the source of the genetic

database of the Southeast Asian populations.

In Malaysia, the Malaysian Node of the Human Variome Project represented by

1Malaysia Human Genome Variation Consortium was launched in 2010 led by Prof. Dr.

Zilfalil bin Alwi. It was participated by 52 researchers from 11 universities and institutions in

Malaysia (Atif et al., 2010; The Malaysian Insider, 2013; Halim-Fikri et al., 2015). The



Human Variome Project (HVP) is a genetic project undertaken to identify genetic diseases

caused by genetic variations. The project had involved researchers around the world in

various fields through the genotype data and phenotype of human population sharing sessions

(Oetting et al., 2013).

The HVP has begun since 2006 which emphasizes the outcome basis of the patients

through a collection of genetic variations which later evolved in 2012 due to modern

technology development. The project had involved 900 consortium members from 72

countries. Officially, 16 countries have developed the HVP node and database of six major

diseases and over 140 genetic diseases. It is a plausible achievement in the production of

medicines, especially for human genetic diseases (Cotton, 2014). Not only that, HVP

launched a research in 2015 on Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and β-thalassaemia through Global

Globin 2020 (GG2020) project in low and middle income countries such as Malaysia,

Belgium, Brunei, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Italy, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria,

South Africa, Venezuela, Vietnam, Portugal, Philippines and Netherlands (HVP, 2015).

Hatin et al. (2011 & 2014) focused on the genetic structure of the Malay sub-ethnic

populations in Peninsular Malaysia i.e. Melayu Kelantan, Melayu Minang, Melayu Jawa and

Melayu Bugis. The respondents were analyzed based on their genotype data that was then

compiled with other 11 population genotype data from Indonesia, China, India, Africa and

natives in Peninsular Malaysia. As a result, the findings of three sub-ethnic studies i.e.

Melayu Minang, Melayu Jawa and Melayu Bugis have a very close genetic link with the

Malay population in Indonesia yet it has no similarities at all with Melayu Kelantan.

In addition, Lim et al. (2012) studied Genetic Algorithms (GA) as a unit selection in

Malay speech synthesis system based on biological principles such as selection, reproduction,

crossover, and mutation. Another study by Nadiah et al. (2012) found that mtDNA 10398

polymorphism is seen as a potential risk marker for breast cancer among Malays and Zainal et

al. (2012) examined the mutation in the GJB2 gene among Malays and associated it with non-

syndromic hearing loss. Chan (2013) in his study assessed the effects of five polymorphic

variants in chromosomes (SNPs) using prostate cancer risk (CaP) among male respondents in

Singapore encompassing Malay, Chinese and Indian.

Maran et al. (2013) in their study identified different gene polymorphisms between Malay,

Chinese and Indian and the genes that protect the Malays from infectious Helicobacter pylori

(H. pylori) have also been analyzed. Tayebi et al. (2013) focused on coronary artery disease

and lipid levels among the population in Singapore and the comparison among three major

ethnics was made. Furthermore, Wong et al. (2013) and Cheng et al. (2014) reviewed the

sequencing of hundred Malay ethnics of South Asia and Oceania through the Singapore

Sequencing Malay Project (SSMP) using the SNPs marker to complete the 1000 Genomes

Project (1KGP). MOS (2014) on the other hand stated that the Malay race is at greater risk of

developing eye cancer than Chinese and Indians because the Malays have DNA variants that

may trigger cancer as compared to other races in Malaysia.

One of the Malay Genome Project (MGP) in Malaysia was pioneered by Universiti

Teknologi MARA (UiTM) under the supervision of Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute

(iPROMISE). The project entitled Personal Genome Sequencing: Sequencing of the Malay

genome to understand the local genetic variation was led by Prof. Dr. Mohd. Zaki Salleh

(iPROMISE, n.d). This MGP is indeed beneficial to the Malays particularly as the knowledge

about DNA and drug suitability will ensure the accuracy of drug type and dosage are given to

patients. Not only that, it also reduces the probable time limit of the drug, reduces the risk of

side effects of medication and more likely reduces economic burden (Salleh et al., 2013 &

2016; Wong et al., 2013).




In addition, the potential and performance of an individual can be identified especially

among athletes and this is done through doping gene, drug suitability, optimum diet plan,

reduced risk of injury, drug abuse, talent selection through DNA and special training

programmes for certain sports (Salleh et al., 2016). Overall, MGP is able to identify diseases,

ensure suitability of certain drugs with certain diseases and promote preventive measures to

reduce the risk of diseases such as cancer, mental, cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome.

Furthermore, the study conducted by Hamzah et al. (2014) aimed to predict the level of

dose adjustment through tacrolimus levels towards patients undergoing kidney transplant

procedures involving Malay, Chinese and Indian. On the other hand, Nurhayati et al. (2014)

employed the Alu insertion loci (ACE & TPA25) in order to examine genetic variation in

Melayu Minang i.e. one of the Malay sub-ethnic groups that originally migrated from West

Sumatra to Negeri Sembilan since the 17th century. Deng et al. (2015) also studied the genetic

structure of four other Malay ethnic groups based on geographical factor i.e. Peninsular

Malaysian Malay, Singaporean Malay, Indonesian Malay and Sri Lankan Malay. The results

of the study showed that the samples of the study had different descendants namely

Austronesian (17% - 62%), Proto-Malay (15% -31%), East Asian (4% -16%) and South Asian

(3% -34%). Reyhaneh & Arman Amani (2015) examined the nucleotide variations in

cytochrome B mitochondrial genes in Malay population. This is followed by Gani et al.

(2015) who studied blood types based on genetics in four Malay sub-ethnic groups in

Peninsular Malaysia, namely Banjar, Jawa, Mandailing and Melayu Kelantan which has

produced data sets for the study of origins and health care.

Table 1: Study on Malay Ethnic Groups from Historical & Genomics Perspectives

NO TITLE

AUTHOR YEAR

1 Tanda-tanda Genetik biokimia dalam tiga bangsa terbesar di

Semenanjung Malaysia dan Singapura: Suatu penyusunan data

Tan 1978

2 Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variants in

Malaysian Malays

Ainoon et al. 2003

3 Concerns over participation in genetic research among Malay-

Muslims, Chinese and Indians in Singapore: a focus group

study

Wong et al. 2004

4 The analysis of human mitochondrial DNA in peninsular

Malaysia

Zainuddin 2004

5 Mitochondrial DNA profiling of modern Malay and Orang Asli

populations in peninsular Malaysia

Zainuddin

& Goodwin

2004

6 Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis

of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

Macaulay et al. 2005a

7 Tracing Modern Human Origins Macaulay et al. 2005b

8 A comparison of mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in

Malay populations

Bekaert at al. 2006

9 Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago Bellwood 2007

10 Malays more prone to eye cancer MOS 2007



11 Genetic ancestry highly correlated with ethnic and linguistic

groups in Asia: 73 Southeast Asian and East Asian populations

genetically mapped

A*STAR 2009

12 HLA polymorphism in six Malay subethnic groups in Malaysia Edinur et al. 2009

13 Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia HUGO Pan-

Asian SNP

Consortium

2009

14 Singapore Genome Variation Project: a haplotype map of three

Southeast Asian populations

Teo et al. 2009

15 Human Variome Project and Launching of it‟s Malaysian

Node: Towards A New Horizon of Genetics in Malaysia

Atif et al. 2010

16 Asal-Usul Orang Melayu: Menulis Semula Sejarahnya Mohamed

Anwar

2011

17 The Arabian cradle: mitochondrial relicts of the first steps

along the southern route out of Africa

Fernandes et

al.

2012

18 Application of Genetic Algorithm in unit selection for Malay

speech synthesis system

Lim et al. 2012

19 Association of mitochondrial DNA 10398 polymorphism in

invasive breast cancer in Malay population of peninsular

Malaysia

Nadiah et al. 2012

20 Mutation detection in GJB2 gene among Malays with non-

syndromic hearing loss

Zainal et al. 2012

21 Genetic relationships between Malays and Maori

Chambers &

Edinur

2012

22 8q24 and 17q prostate cancer susceptibility loci in a

multiethnic Asian cohort

Chan et al. 2013

23 Pakar Genetik Perjelas Asal-Usul Manusia dari Melayu Proto

Izham 2013

24 Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia

Kangwanpong

et al.

2013

25 Towards understanding the low prevalence of Helicobacter

pylori in Malays: Genetic variants among Helicobacter pylori‐negative ethnic Malays in the north‐eastern region of

Peninsular Malaysia and Han Chinese and South Indians

Maran et al.

2013

26 Getting ready for the Human Phenome Project: the 2012 forum

of the Human Variome Project

Oetting et al. 2013

27 Systematic pharmacogenomics analysis of a Malay whole

genome: proof of concept for personalized medicine

Salleh et al. 2013

28 Association of single nucleotide polymorphism rs6903956 on

chromosome 6p24. 1 with coronary artery disease and lipid

Tayebi et al.

2013




levels in different ethnic groups of the Singaporean population

29 Deep whole-genome sequencing of 100 southeast Asian

Malays

Wong et al. 2013

30 Bangsa Melayu dan orang Jawi menurut kitab Turath Arab Wan Kamal

Nadzif

2013

31

Assessing single nucleotide variant detection and genotype

calling on whole-genome sequenced individuals

Cheng et al.

2014

32 Human variome project–current overview

Cotton 2014

33 Complete mitochondrial DNA genome variation in Peninsular

Malaysia

Eng 2014

34 Pharmacogenotyping of CYP3A5 in predicting dose-adjusted

trough levels of tacrolimus among Malaysian kidney-transplant

patients

Hamzah et al. 2014

35 A genome wide pattern of population structure and admixture

in peninsular Malaysia Malays

Hatin et al. 2014

36 Genetic, historical and linguistic perspectives on the origin of

the Kelantanese Malays.

Loo & Gan 2014

37

Peri Nama, Asal Usul dan Identiti Melayu: Ke arah Pencerahan

yang Dinantikan

Yaapar 2014

38

A whole genome analyses of genetic variants in two Kelantan

Malay individuals

Juhari et al. 2014

39

ACE and TPA25 Alu insertion polymorphisms in Minang

Malays subethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia

Nurhayati et al. 2014

40 Dissecting the genetic structure and admixture of four

geographical Malay populations

Deng et al. 2015

41 The first Malay database toward the ethnic-specific target

molecular variation

Halim-Fikri et

al.

2015

42

Molecular blood group typing in Banjar, Jawa, Mandailing and

Kelantan Malays in Peninsular Malaysia

Gani et al. 2015

43

Human neutrophil antigen profiles in Banjar, Bugis, Champa,

Jawa and Kelantan Malays in Peninsular Malaysia

Manaf et al. 2015

44 Nucleotide variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene

in the Malay population

Reyhaneh &

Arman Amani

2015

45 Genetik mengkaji keturunan Manusia

Yahya et al. 2015

46 Global Globin 2020 Challenge GG2020 Challenge Progress

Report – 2015

HVP 2015



47 Asal Usul Melayu Dalam Pelbagai Perspektif Kajian Terkini Zaharah

2015

48 Genetic and Dental Profiles of Orang Asli of Peninsular

Malaysia

Zainuddin 2015

49 The genetic history of Peninsular Malaysia

Norhalifah et

al.

2016

50 Merungkai genom keseluruhan manusia: apakah

kepentingannya?

Salleh 2016

51 Asal Usul Melayu Dalam Pelbagai Perspektif Kajian Terkini

Zaharah 2016

4. CONCLUSION

In historical perspective, the study concludes that the Malay origins are very significant with

the genomic elements of the nation itself which does not only benefit the researchers but also

to improve the health quality of the Malays particularly with the technological evolution in

modern medicine. Therefore, further studies have to be done so that new findings are possible

to provide high impact results in the effort to produce a better Malay race that is ethical,

highly skilled and knowledgeable.

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