THE NOT SO SILENT WORLD OF LIVING AND WORKING IN SPACE · The Challenges of ISS Noise John R. Allen...
Transcript of THE NOT SO SILENT WORLD OF LIVING AND WORKING IN SPACE · The Challenges of ISS Noise John R. Allen...
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The Challenges of ISS Noise
John R. Allen
Richard W. Danielson
Christopher S. Allen
THE NOT SO SILENT WORLD OF
LIVING AND WORKING IN SPACE:
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• I have no financial obligation to any company or organization.
• The opinions shared are my own and not those of NASA, the
US government, any starship federation, or rebel alliance.
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Introduction
• Commercial Aviation Noise
• Military Aviation Noise
• Spaceflight Noise
– Historical Perspective of ISS Noise
– Current status
• Noise Monitored
• Noise Controlled
• Spaceflight Related Hearing Loss
• Reflections On Noise On ISS
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Commercial Aviation Noise
• Aircraft
– In Flight: 80-85 dB(A)
– Landing: 75-80 dB(A)
– Ozcan and Nemlioglu (2006)
• Ground Power Equipment
• Support Equipment
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Military Aviation Noise
• Aircraft Noise
• Ground Power
Systems
• Support Systems
• Weapons Systems
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Spaceflight Noise
• Spacecraft Noise at
Launch
• Spacecraft Operational
Flight Noise
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Spaceflight Noise
(Allen, Danielson, Allen, 2016)
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Historical Perspective of ISS Noise
• The first two modules of the ISS were
joined together in 1998
• Continuously inhabited since 2000
• Russian Space Module with sound levels
mostly in the range of 67–73 dBA
• Acoustic environment considered one of
the top habitability concerns on ISS
• Concern that making Hearing Protective
Devices (HPDs) readily available on the
ISS would result in higher noise levels
• Sense that HPDs could correct for any
exceedances of the standards
(Photo courtesy of NASA)
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Historical Perspective of ISS Noise
• ISS Acoustics Working Group
and the Multilateral Medical
Operations Panel Acoustics
Subgroup
– Formed to work ISS acoustics
issues
• Sets Standards
• Assures Compliance
• Hearing Protection is Used, But
No Longer Used as a Crutch(Photo courtesy of NASA)
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Noise Monitored
Sound Level Meter
• Noise measured with
Sound Level Meter
– Continuous noise in each
module is measured
• Individual exposures
measured with crew-
worn Acoustic
Dosimeter
– Measure Time-Weighted
Average
• 16 hour work period
• 8 hour sleep period
– Integrates measurements of
continuous and intermittent
noise
Dosimeter
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ISS Noise Exposure Measurements
16 Hour LEQ Limit
HPD Recommended
(Allen, Danielson, Allen, 2016)
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Continuous Noise Monitored
(Allen, Danielson, Allen, 2016)
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On-Orbit Anomalies – T2 Treadmill
(Courtesy NASA)
Treadmill
15
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On-Orbit Anomalies – T2 (Treadmill)
16
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Quiet Fan Development
Fan type Original Fan Quiet Fan
Pressure Rise, mm H2O 4 4
Flow Rate, Q, l/s 47.0 83.4
Current Draw, mA 470 470
Rotation speed, rpm 3120 2010
Isolated noise levels, dBA 61-64 48
(176 cfm)(100 cfm)
(0.16 in H2O)(0.16 in H2O)
Quiet Fan Development
61-64 dBA 48 dBA
(Courtesy
NASA)
17
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Japanese Pressurized Module Stbd Fwd IMV Fan (Inlet)
Before Cleaning After Cleaning
IMV Fan Stalling Issue
Ventilation Fan Cleaning
(Courtesy
NASA)
18
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Service Module Ventilation System Fans
19
= vibration isolation acoustic-lined duct
= replaced with low-noise fan in week preceding Dec. 7, 2012 [7 fans]
= replaced 12/2013 [5 fans]= replaced 11/2013 [4 fans]
= replaced by 7/2014 [3 fans – but Nikimash not RSC-E fans]19
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Noise Controlled
• Acoustic treatments added to wall
surfaces
• Noise enclosure was added to
CO2 removal hardware (the
“Vozdukh”)
• Inlet and outlet mufflers, vibration
isolators, and acoustic wraps
added to ventilation system fans
• Air conditioner compressor and
fluid lines covered and new
closeout panels were developed (Photos courtesy of NASA)
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Noise Controlled
(Photos courtesy
of NASA)
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Noise Controlled with Personal Hearing Protection
a) Disposable foam plug
• Attenuate high frequencies more than
low frequency
b) Custom fitted ear plug
(musician’s ear plug)
• 15-25 dB flat attenuation
c) Custom fitted silicon ear monitors
• Attenuate noise while delivering high
fidelity sound for On Orbit Hearing
Assessment
• Noise protection while using exercise
equipment
d) Active noise reduction headsets
• Attenuates more low frequencies
(Allen, Danielson, Allen, 2016)
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Spaceflight-Related Hearing Loss
On Orbit Hearing Assessment
(OOHA)
(Allen, Danielson, Allen, 2016)
FrequencyS
ound P
ressure
Level dB
SP
L
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Relating Hearing Sensitivity to Audibility Index(Using Conventional Audiogram)
24
Hea
rin
g Le
vel (
dB
)
Graphic: Mueller and Killion, 1990
High frequency hearing loss (may be indicative of
noise exposure)
Low frequency hearing loss (not indicative of noise exposure)
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Retrospective Analysis of On-Orbit Hearing Assessments (OOHAs)
Preliminary findings from OOHA data from USOS crew members (N= 75),
ISS Expeditions 2-50 (264 OOHAs)
• Low incidence of high frequency hearing threshold shifts during
mission
– Averaging 2000, 3000, 4000 Hz (per OSHA and NASA Flight Crew criteria)
• Higher incidence of low frequency hearing threshold shifts during
mission
– Averaging 250 and 500 Hz (criteria used by JSC audiologist after identifying 5X more
shifts in low frequencies than seen in high frequencies)
– Possible reasons: ambient noise levels in ISS, hardware issues, or stiffness-related
changes (in middle ear or cochlea)
• Comprehensive analysis now underway
• Analyzing inflight OOHA shifts in comparison with conventional
audiometric results from ground testing25
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Reflections On ISS Noise
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Reflections On ISS Noise
• “It’s not all evil”
– There are pleasant aspects to the noise on ISS
– Modification to airflow noticed and worrying
• Become attuned to pump/fan noise
– “It’s the respiration of the organism that keeps you alive.”
• “Similar to being on a sailboat in the wind”
– Does not take much wind before you can’t hear a crew mate
½ a boat length away
– Need to really raise voice to communicate across a module
– Exacerbated by language and positional change
• Becomes fatiguing for some crew members
– Some are more negatively impacted than others
– May not realize it until in a quiet refuge
• Caution alarms and warning tones
– Worry whether or not we will hear these alerts
Michael Barratt, M.D.
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Reflections On ISS Noise
Kate Rubins, Ph.D.
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Reflections On ISS Noise
• Hearing/understanding a crew
member at distance/around
corners is difficult
• Constancy of noise is a stressor
– Fatiguing
– Potential link to headaches
• The quiet of crew quarters,
particularly with door closed,
was a relief.
– But even here there is constant noise
• Would be great to have a place
that is truly quiet
Crew Quarters
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Special Thanks To:
• Richard W. Danielson, Ph.D.,Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor
College of Medicine
• Christopher S. Allen, MS, Johnson Space Center Acoustics Office,
ISS Acoustics Systems
• Jose Limardo, M.S.Johnson Space Center Acoustics Office,
ISS Acoustics Systems
• Mike Barratt, M.D., Johnson Space Center Astronaut Office
• Kate Rubins, Ph.D.,Johnson Space Center Astronaut Office
• Sharon Kujawa, Ph.D.,
Harvard Medical School
Questions?
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Backup
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1 hour Post-Exposure
Swollen HCs
Pre-Exposure
Normal HCs
2 Days Post-Exposure
Missing HCs
Hair cells as primary targets
Demonstrated
vulnerability, rapid;
easily linked to insult
Loss is delayed in onset,
protracted in time course relative
to sensory cells
Traditional view: Hair cell loss is primary, neural loss is secondary New view: Synapses are most vulnerable - importance of primary
neural degeneration in acquired sensorineural hearing loss
Heari
ng
Lev
el (d
B)
AN
SI, 1
969
Frequency (Hz)
Overt hearing loss; readily apparent
consequences in the threshold
audiogram
(Kujawa, 2017)