THE NOCTURNAL BITING HABITS OF VARIOUS GENERA OF MOSQUITO IN TAMAN BERSATU, ARAU, PERLIS. (UiTM ARAU...

THE NOCTURNAL BITING HABIT OF VARIOUS GENERA OF MOSQUITO

IN TAMAN BERSATU, ARAU, PERLIS

MOHD IZWAN IBRAHIM (2011453154)

BIO 300 Final Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Diploma in Science in the Faculty of Applied Sciences

Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahhi wabarakatuh.

First and foremost, we are truly grateful to Allah S.W.T for all His Divine Guidance. The

Biology 300 project was successfully completed with guidance, grace and inspiration that had

been awarded by Him.

Our deepest appreciation and gratitude to the lecturer, lab assistants and others who

had contributed to our project. We are most thankful towards our own supervisor, Mr. Abdul

Hamid Bin Khalid for being very supportive and helpful in the process of completing our project.

With his guidance and advices, we are able to understand more about the project and the

methods to make it succesful. We are also very grateful for the assistance rendered by En. Abu

Yarasid bin Che Mahmud and En. Baharuddin bin Salleh who had helped us when we were

conducting experiments in the lab.

Finally, not forgetting all of our family members and fellow friends, we are very thankful

to them for they had encouraged and supported us during the whole process. May Allah give

great rewards to all those that had helped in the making of this project. Thank you.

2

ABSTRACT

Mosquitoes were caught by human landing catch twice a week for ten consecutive week

with the catching time from 7pm to 7am at Taman Bersatu Arau, Arau, Perlis. From the results

obtained the highest percentage mosquito caught was Culex sp. which is 53% followed by

Anopheles sp., 21%, Mansonia sp., 13%, and Aedes sp., 13%. From the entomology studies

showed that Culex mosquito was the predominant genus in the study area. Culex sp. was the

predominant genus in Taman Bersatu Arau, Arau, Perlis with the number caught biting being at

345.

Nyamuk telah ditangkap oleh pendaratan manusia menangkap dua kali seminggu

selama sepuluh minggu berturut-turut dengan masa menangkap 7:00-7:00 di Taman Bersatu

Arau, Arau, Perlis. Daripada keputusan yang diperolehi tertinggi peratusan nyamuk ditangkap

adalah Culex sp. yang merupakan 53% diikuti oleh Anopheles sp., 21%, Mansonia sp., 13%,

dan Aedes sp., 13%. Dari kajian entomologi menunjukkan bahawa nyamuk Culex adalah genus

utama di kawasan kajian. Culex sp. telah genus utama di Taman Bersatu Arau, Arau, Perlis

dengan bilangan ditangkap menggigit berada di 345.

3

INTRODUCTION

Mosquitoes are members of a family of nematocerid flies: the Culicidae .The word

"mosquito" is from the Spanish or Portuguese for"little fly". Superficially,mosquitoes

resemble crane flies and chironomid flies as a result, casual observers seldom realize the

important differences between the members of the respective families. In particular, the females

of many species of mosquitoes are blood-eating pests and dangerous vectors of diseases,

whereas members of the similar-looking Chironomidae and Tipulidae are not. Many species of

mosquitoes are not blood eaters, and many of those that do create a "high to low pressure" in

the blood to obtain it do not transmit disease. Also, in the bloodsucking species, only the

females suck blood. Furthermore, even among mosquitoes that do carry important diseases,

neither all species of mosquitoes, nor all strains of a given species transmit the same kinds of

diseases, nor do they all transmit the diseases under the same circumstances; their habits

differ. For example, some species attack people in houses, and others prefer to attack people

walking in forests. Accordingly, in managing public health, knowing which species, even which

strains, of mosquitoes with which one is dealing is important.

Mosquitoes are blood sucking insects that are responsible for the transmission of many

diseases throughout the human and animal populations of the world. Mosquitoes belong to the

family of flies called Culicidae and are small fragile insects that have six delicate legs and two

wings covered in scales. The head of a mosquito is equipped with a projecting proboscis which

conceals and protects the long piercing and sucking mouthparts. Female mosquito are studied

due to their habit in sucking blood from human and animals and thus accidentally they will bring

diseases to human. The time of Culex sp. has two peak biting period that is from 9pm to 12 am

and another at 5am. Besides that , the Anopheles sp. was found to have a peak biting period

from 12am to 2am.

Mosquitoes transmit disease in a variety of ways. In the case of malaria, parasites attach

themselves to the gut of a female mosquito and enter a host as she feeds. In other cases, such

as yellow fever and dengue, a virus enters the mosquito as it feeds on an infected human and is

transmitted via the mosquito’s saliva to a subsequent victim.

All mosquitoes need water to breed, so eradication and population-control efforts usually

involve removal or treatment of standing water sources. Insecticide spraying to kill adult

mosquitoes is also widespread. However, global efforts to stop the spread of mosquitoes are

having little effect, and many scientists think global warming will likely increase their number and

range.

4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_fly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematocera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)

OBJECTIVES

1) To catch various genera of mosquitoes in Taman Bersatu Arau, Perlis.

2) To identify the various genera of mosquitoes.

3) To determine the nocturnal biting period of the various genera of mosquitoes.

SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT

1) We will be able to identify what genera of mosquito that lives and breed in Taman

Bersatu, Arau.

2) We can gain knowledge about the nocturnal habit of mosquito in Taman Bersatu, Arau.

5

LITERATURE REVIEW

Mosquitoes are blood sucking insects that are responsible for the transmission of many

diseases throughout the human and animal populations of the world. Mosquitoes belong to the

family of flies called Culicidae and are small fragile insects that have six delicate legs and two

wings covered in scales. The head of a mosquito is equipped with a projecting proboscis which

conceals and protects the long piercing and sucking mouthparts. These biting insects have a

complex life cycle; the immature stage is totally aquatic and the adult is terrestrial. (Kettle, D.S.

1995)

In addition, Mosquitoes can thrive in a variety of habitats with fresh water, brackwish

water, or any water (clear, turbid or polluted) except in marine habitats with high-salt

concentration. (Rueda, L.M. 2008). Construction techniques and design of construction sites,

such as the building of roads, drainage and canal developments, may create artificial breeding

sites for mosquitoes and biting midges because of the environmental modification. (John Scott,

2002).

According Dr. M. Kadletz and Dr. L. Kusmina (June 1934) say that only female mosquito

are studied due to their habit in sucking blood from human and animals and thus accidentally

they will bring diseases to human.

The phylogeny of anopheline mosquitoes (Culicidae:Anophelinae) is re-examined using

morphological data derived from adults, fourth-instar larvae and pupae. Based on the data set of

Sallum et al. (2000), we add some previously missing data and simplify and recode characters

to eliminate ambiguities and more accurately reflect homologies, with special emphasis on

characters of the male genitalia that provide the main criteria for the subgeneric classification of

genus Anopheles. The principal aim of the study is to assess objectively the phylogenetic

relationships and classification of two taxa not included by Sallum et al. (2000).

General anopheles have largely shown to me nocturnal (Otsuru and Ohmari,1960;

Moorhouse and Wharthon,1965; The Thevasgayem et al. 1970; Chiang et al. 1968; Jall, 1990).

In Malaysia An.maculatus bite throughout the night but shows two biting peaks during the early

part of the night. And have similarity been shown in studies carried out in Philiphinies. However

in Thailand, An. Maculatus shown a biting peak between 1900 to 2100 hours. ( Wikinson et al.

1970; Rattanarithikul et al.1996).

6

Anopheles aconitus is active throughout the night with two small peak between 18.00-

23.00 hours (Rahman et al. 1995), although in Indonesia its biting activity is around 18.00-24-00

hours (Krinowardono,1985). Anopeheleskochi and An.vagus have similar biting cycles, is a

peak activity immediately after dusk (Rahman et al. 1995). In Philippines, Schultz(1992) also

reported similar behavior for An. kochi.

Peninsular Malaysia has rich mosquito fauna distributed in various habitats. Mosquitoes

are a group of athropods placed in the Oder Diptera class insect that are wildly distributed in the

world.( Jeffery, J. et al. 2012).

West Malaysia lies in the equatorial zone with a constantly high temperature and

humidity well suited for the transmission of malaria. In recent years there has been growing

concern about the increase of reported cases of malaria, especially in the more rural areas of

the northern-most states of the country that border Thailand. (Abdul Hamid Khalid 1989)

South-east Asia includes four hotspots containing high biodiversity and a large number

of endemic species (Myers et al. 2000), but also has one of the highest rates of deforestation of

any tropical region (Sodhi et al. 2004; Sodhi et al. 2010).

Costantini et al. (1993) use the Odour Baited Entry Trap (OBET), composed of a tent

with a either a man or cow whose odour are drawn to a cage trap by a fan via polythene tunnel.

OBET used both man and cow: the mosquitoes seeking for hosts were collected in a protected

chamber before reaching the host.

Costantini et al. (1993) was used The Human Landing Catch (HLC), the same man

(Tanzanian, 34 years old) exposed his feet while using mechanical respirator for collecting

landing mosquitoes at each collection site, one collector worked from 6:00 pm to 6:00 a.m,

mosquito were stroed by an hour interval. OBET used both man and cow: the mosquitoes

seeking for hosts were collected in a protected chamber before reaching the host.

The other method is “Mbita traps” also known as mosquito traps, were provided by Dr.

Evans Mathenge of Kenya Medical Research Institute. They were used as described and baited

with a man resting in bed and in the trap for 12 hours from 18.00 to 06.00 hours . In each

village, in parallel to human landing collections, three traps were used per night, with one

outdoors, and two indoors in separate bedrooms without people other than this under the trap in

order to avoid local competition between the trap and other more accessible people for

mosquitoes.

7

Lastly, “A Guide to the Genera Of Mosquitoes ( Diptera : Culicidae ) of Thailand with

Illustrated keys, Biological notes and Preservation and Mounting Techniques by Rampa

Rattanarithikul et al. (1982) are use to determine the genera of the mosquitoes by us in this

project. In this Guide, the purpose of Rampa Rattanarithikul study was to determine the

anopheline composition and the indoor and outdoor nocturnal biting patterns of anopheline

mosquitoes in an endemic malarious village near the Malaysia-Thailand border.

8

MATERIAL METHODS

The research will be conducted at Taman Bersatu, Arau. The catching of mosquito will

be done once a week on Saturday night from sundown to sunrise. For each hour two persons

from the group will be involved. One will act as the attractor and the other will act as the catcher.

After one hour, the position will be reversed. The attractor will expose part of his arm to attract

the mosquito while the catcher will catch it using the test tube. After the mosquito has been

caught, a piece of cotton wool, will be inserted into the test tube to trap the mosquito. Catching

of mosquito will be repeated after two hours by another two members group. This will repeated

until sunrise. All the mosquitoes caught will be brought to the laboratory to be identified. A drop

of chloroform will be introduced into the test tube to kill the mosquitoes. The mosquitoes will be

taken out and placed on a glass slide covered by the cover slip to be identified under the

compound light microscope.

These are parts of the mosquito that will be used for identification purposes:

1. Proboscis and maxillary palpus.

Anopheles sp. Culex sp.

Aedes sp. Mansonia sp.

9

2. Shape of scutellum.

Culex sp. Mansonia sp.

No lobes Scutellum with lobes shape.

Anopheles sp. Aedes sp.

No lobes. With lobes shape.

10

3. Markings on the scutum for Aedes sp.

Aedes albopictus

Scutum has one silvery-white stripe down the middle.

Aedes aegypti

Scutum has lyre-shaped silvery-white scales

11

4. Markings on the legs.

Figure 8. 1 Culex sp. Figure 8. 2 Anopheles sp.

Legs dark, no bands Legs dark, sometimes with pale ‘knee’ spots

Figure 8. 3 Aedes sp. Figure 8. 4 Mansonia sp.

Legs have white basal band. Hind legs have narrow basal bands.

12

5. Scales on the wings.

Culex sp. Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp. Mansonia sp

13

Part of the mosquito

Proboscis Maxillary Palpus

Scutellum Mark on Scutum

Marking on Legs Scale on Wings

Long Short Long Short Have lobes

No lobes

Pres-ent

Absent DarkWhite basal band

Narrow basal band

Dark Narrow

Spackl-ed and

light and dark

Aedes sp. X - - X X - X - - X - X - -Anopheles

sp.X - X - - X - X X - - X - -

Culex sp. X - - X X - X - - - X X -Mansonia

sp.X - - X X - - X - - X - - X

Table of Identification of Genera Mosquito In Taman Bersatu Arau.

* (X) is the characteristic that present on the mosquitoes observed. (-) is the characteristic that absent on the mosquitoes observed.

14

RESULTS

FIRST WEEK

Date : 23.6.2013 - 24.6.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 0 1 2 28.00pm 1 2 1 19.00pm 2 0 2 1

10.00pm 2 0 3 011.00pm 1 1 2 112.00am 3 0 2 01.00am 1 0 4 02.00am 2 0 3 03.00am 2 0 2 14.00am 1 2 1 15.00am 0 1 3 16.00am 0 2 3 07.00am 1 1 2 1Total 16 10 30 9

Date : 24.6.2013 - 25.6.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 0 1 2 28.00pm 1 2 1 19.00pm 2 0 2 1


15

7.00pm

8.00pm

9.00pm

10.00pm

11.00pm

12.00am

1.00am

2.00am

3.00am

4.00am

5.00am

6.00am

7.00am0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Mansonia sp.Culex sp.Aedes sp.Anopheles sp.

Figure 1 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in First Week.

Total mosquitoes genera collected this week:

I. Culex sp. : 57II. Anopheles sp. : 35

III. Aedes sp. : 18IV. Mansonia sp. : 20

16

SECOND WEEK

Date : 30.6.2013 - 1.7.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 0 2 2 18.00pm 0 2 1 29.00pm 2 0 1 2


Date : 1.7.2013 – 2.7.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 1 1 2 18.00pm 1 2 1 19.00pm 1 0 3 1


17

7.00pm

8.00pm

9.00pm

10.00pm

11.00pm

12.00am

1.00am

2.00am

3.00am

4.00am

5.00am

6.00am

7.00am0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Figure 2 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in Second Weeks




THIRD WEEK

18

Date : 7.7.2013 - 8.7.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 0 1 4 08.00pm 0 2 2 19.00pm 1 0 2 2

10.00pm 2 0 2 111.00pm 1 0 2 212.00am 2 0 3 01.00am 3 0 2 02.00am 1 1 3 03.00am 0 1 3 14.00am 2 0 3 05.00am 0 1 4 06.00am 1 2 2 07.00am 0 2 2 1

Total 13 10 34 8Date : 8.7.2013 - 9.7.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 1 2 2 08.00pm 1 0 3 19.00pm 0 1 3 1


19

7.00pm

8.00pm

9.00pm

10.00pm

11.00pm

12.00am

1.00am

2.00am

3.00am

4.00am

5.00am

6.00am

7.00am0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Figure 3 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in Third Weeks




FOURTH WEEK

20

Date : 14.7.2013 - 15.7.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 0 1 4 08.00pm 1 0 3 19.00pm 0 1 4 0


Date : 15.7.2013 - 16.7.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 0 1 3 18.00pm 0 1 4 09.00pm 0 0 5 0


21

7.00pm

8.00pm

9.00pm

10.00pm

11.00pm

12.00am

1.00am

2.00am

3.00am

4.00am

5.00am

6.00am

7.00am0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Figure 4 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in Fourth Weeks




FIFTH WEEK

22

Date : 21.7.2013 - 22.7.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 0 1 3 18.00pm 1 2 2 09.00pm 0 0 4 1


DATE : 22.7.2013 - 23.7.2013

TimeGenera

Anopheles sp.

Aedes sp.

Culex sp.

Mansonia sp.

7.00pm 1 2 2 08.00pm 1 2 2 09.00pm 0 0 4 1


23

7.00pm

8.00pm

9.00pm

10.00pm

11.00pm

12.00am

1.00am

2.00am

3.00am

4.00am

5.00am

6.00am

7.00am0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Figure 5 Graft of Mosquitoes Collection in Fifth Weeks




24

Mosquito Data Collection in Taman Bersatu Arau.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week4 Week 50

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

MansoniaCulexAnophelesAedes

Figure 6 Bar graft of Mosquitoes Collection in 5 weeks Period

The Percentage of Genera Mosquito in Taman Bersatu Arau Perlis.

53%

21%

13%

13%

Pie Chart of Genera MosquitoCulex Anopheles Aedes Mansonia

Figure 7 The Percentage of Genera Mosquito in Taman Bersatu Arau Perlis

25

DISCUSSION

Graph of Distribution if Genera of Mosquitoes In Taman Bersatu Arau Perlis.

7.00pm

8.00pm

9.00pm

10.00pm

11.00pm

12.00pm

1.00am

2.00am

3.00am

4.00am

5.00am

6.00am

7.00am0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Anopheles sp.Aedes sp.Culex sp.Mansonia sp.

From the result, the nocturnal biting habits of various genera of mosquito in Taman

Bersatu Arau in Perlis, we can classified that the various genera of mosquitos to their time

active of their nocturnal biting period. In this area we find that several types of various genera of

mosquito that active and breed at this area are Culex sp. (53%) , Anopheles sp. (21%) ,

Mansonia sp. (13%) and Aedes sp. (13%).

From our result, it was shown that Culex sp. has two peak biting period that is from 9pm

to 12 am and another at 5am.This can be seen in the numbers of Culex caught during this

period is the highest. In the transmission of filariasis that can cause elephantiasis, the larvae of

filarial worm will be presence in the superficial blood capillaries at about 12am in anticipation of

the presence of the vector that is Culex mosquito. This is also the reason why medical teams

will check the presence of filarial worms in certain occupants in the village at about 12am during

the night. The filarial larvae can be seen crossing in the blood capillaries of the eyes.

26

The Anopheles sp. was found to have a peak biting period from 12am to 2am.

Anopheles is well known to be the carrier of the dreaded disease known as malaria. Malaria is

caused by the parasites known as Plasmodium sp. The sporozoites of this parasites can be

carried by Anopheles mosquitoes from host to host.

The two peak biting periods for Mansonia sp. are at 9pm and 7am. Mansonia is known

as the carrier for yellow fever and filarial. Yellow fever is cause by a certain virus that attack the

liver cells, blocking the flow of bile thus causing the bile to seep into the blood stream causing

the skin to become yellow in colour. The white of the eye is the first to be noticed being yellow.

For Aedes sp. also has two peaks biting period, that is at 7pm and 6am. This shows that

Aedes feeding time during sunrise and sunset. Aedes sp. in Malaysia can be found having two

main species namely A. albopictus that acts as a carrier for dengue fever, and A. aegypti that

can acts as a carrier for dengue hemorrhagic fever. So most probably the transmission of

dengue fever will occur in the early morning and late in the evening.

From the table, Culex sp. mosquitoes are the highest in the experiment that were caught

compare to other mosquito species. This shows that Culex sp. mosquitoes are more active than

other mosquitoes in this area. This can be explained with the presence of mosquito breeding

areas such as the large drain across the road that is blocked by water plants sucha as Eichornia

sp. The Culex larvae will use the roots of these plants in order to get the much needed oxygen.

The larvae has a sharp needle-shape siphon that can be inserted into the roots in order to

breathe. The water in this drain has also been found to hold a lot of mosquito larvae, thus the

presence of high numbers of Culex sp. in this survey.

Anopheles sp. was found to be the second largest number of mosquito caught in this

survey. This can be explained by the presence of a paddy planting area just across the road

from the housing area. Paddy fields were known to be a good breeding ground for Anopheles

mosquito, since this type of mosquito prefers the clean, slow flowing water in the paddy field.

Since the distance of paddy field from the housing areas is less than 100m away, thus the

presence of quite a large number of Anopheles sp. in this housing area.

Mansonia sp. and Culex sp. are two types of mosquito that has about the same type of

breeding ground. Both require the presence of Eichornia plant in order to obtain oxygen. But the

numbers of Mansonia sp. in this survey is very much less than that of Culex sp.. This most

probably is due to the fact that Culex sp. being more successful in inhabiting the breeding sites

compared to Mansonia sp.. Thus the number of Mansonia sp. is very much reduced.

27

Surprisingly in this survey Aedes sp. were found to be the least number of mosquitoes

caught, Aedes sp. is known to prefer clean water that can be found in flower pots, clean

containers that can hold water and even in the bathroom. This can be due to the absence of

such breeding grounds which prevented the Aedes sp. mosquito from breeding. There was no

report of any of the inhabitants being struck by dengue fever.

28

CONCLUSION

Due to our objective in final project we can conclude that we finally can catch and

identify various genera of mosquito in Taman Bersatu, Arau, Perlis which is Culex sp.,

Anopheles sp., Mansonia sp. and Aedes sp. From our result we can determine their percentage

along 5 weeks we conducted this final project. Their percentage are Culex sp. (53%) ,

Anopheles sp. (21%) , Mansonia sp. (13%) and Aedes sp. (13%).

Other than that we also successfully determined the nocturnal biting period of this

various genera of mosquito. From our result, it was shown that Culex sp. has two peak biting

period that is from 9 pm to 12 am and another at 5 am. The Anopheles sp. was found to have a

peak biting period from 12am to 2am. The two peak biting periods for Mansonia sp. are at 9 pm

and 7 am. Lastly, For Aedes sp. also has two peaks biting period which is at 7 pm and 6 am.

Finally, the total amount of the mosquitoes collected during the 5 weeks we conducted is

650 mosquitoes and from the entomology studies showed that Culex sp. was the predominant

genus in our study area with the highest number caught biting being at 345 out of 650.

29

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4. Dr. M. Kadletz and Dr. L. Kusmina, Journal Of School Health, Volume 4, issue 6, page 17, June 1934.

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12. Otsuru and Ohmari,1960;Moorhouse and Wharton,1965; Thevasgayamet al, 1970; Chiang et al,1968;Jall,1990.

13. Rueda, L.M. (2008). Global diversity of mosquitoes (Insecta :Diptera : Culicidae ) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595 : 477-487

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http://www.malariajournal.com/sfx_links?ui=1475-2875-8-149&bibl=B1

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