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The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953

Winston Churchill

Biography

The Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill(18!"19#5$% the son

o& Lor' an'olph Churchill an' an )*erican *other% +as e'ucate' at ,arro+ an' -an'hurst. )&ter a brie& but e/ent&ulcareer in the ar*y% he beca*e a Conser/ati/e 0e*ber o& Parlia*ent in 19. ,e hel' *any high posts in Liberal an'

Conser/ati/e go/ern*ents 'uring the &irst three 'eca'es o& the century. )t the outbrea2 o& the -econ' Worl' War% he

+as appointe' irst Lor' o& the )'*iralty " a post +hich he ha' earlier hel' &ro* 1911 to 1915. 4n 0ay% 19!% he

beca*e Pri*e 0inister an' 0inister o& e&ence an' re*aine' in o&&ice until 19!5. ,e too2 o/er the pre*iership again in

the Conser/ati/e /ictory o& 1951 an' resigne' in 1955. ,o+e/er% he re*aine' a 0e*ber o& Parlia*ent until the general

election o& 19#!% +hen he 'i' not see2 re"election. 6ueen 7lizabeth 44 con&erre' on Churchill the 'ignity o& nighthoo'

an' in/este' hi* +ith the insignia o& the r'er o& the :arter in 1953. )*ong the other countless honours an'

'ecorations he recei/e'% special *ention shoul' be *a'e o& the honorary citizenship o& the ;nite' -tates +hich

Presi'ent enne'y con&erre' on hi* in 19#3.

Churchill years later% his &irst *a?or +or2% the biography o& his &ather% Lord Randolph Churchill. ,is other

&a*ous biography% the li&e o& his great ancestor% the u2e o& 0arlborough% +as publishe' in &our /olu*es bet+een 1933

an' 1938. Churchill

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Winston Churchill% the son o& an'olph Churchill% a Conser/ati/epolitician% +as born in Blenhei* Palace% Woo'stoc2% on 3thNo/e*ber% 18!. ,is *other% Dennie Dero*e% +as the 'aughter o&Leonar' Dero*e% aNe+ Eor2business*an.

)&ter being e'ucate' at ,arro+he +ent to the oyal 0ilitaryCollege at -an'hurst. Churchill ?oine' the ourth ,ussars in 1895

an' sa+ action on the 4n'ian north"+est &rontier an' in the -u'an+here he too2 part in the Battle o& *'ur*an (1898$.

While in the ar*y Churchill supplie' *ilitary reports &or the "ailyTelegraphan' +rote boo2s such as The Story of the MalakandField Force(1898$ an' The River War(1899$.

)&ter lea/ing the British )r*yin 1899% Churchill +or2e' as a +ar correspon'ent &orthe Morning ost. While reporting the Boer Warin -outh )&rica he +as ta2en prisoner bythe Boers but *a'e hea'line ne+s +hen he escape'. n returning to 7nglan' he +roteabout his e>periences in the boo2% London to Ladys%ith(19$.

4n the 19 :eneral 7lectionChurchill +as electe' as the Conser/ati/e0P &or l'ha*.)s a result o& rea'ing% overty& ' Study of To#n Lifeby-eeboh* o+ntreehe beca*e asupporter o& social re&or*. 4n 19!% uncon/ince' by his party lea'ers 'esire &or change%Churchill 'eci'e' to ?oin the Liberal Party.

4n the 19# :eneral 7lectionChurchill +on North West 0anchester an' i**e'iatelybeca*e a *e*ber o& the ne+ Liberal go/ern*ent as ;n'er"-ecretary o& -tate &or theColonies. When ,erbert )sFuithreplace' ,enry Ca*pbell"Banner*anas Pri*e 0inisterin 198 he pro*ote' Churchill to his cabinet as Presi'ent o& the Boar' o& Tra'e. While inthis post he carrie' through i*portant social legislation inclu'ing the establish*ent o&e*ploy*ent e>changes.

n 1@th -epte*ber 198 Churchill *arrie' Cle*entine gil/y -pencer an' the &ollo+ingyear publishe' a boo2 on his political philosophy% Li$eralis% and the Socialro$le%(199$.

ollo+ing the 191 :eneral 7lectionChurchill beca*e ,o*e -ecretary. Churchillintro'uce' se/eral re&or*s to the prison syste*% inclu'ing the pro/ision o& lecturers an'concerts &or prisoners an' the setting up o& special a&ter"care associations to help con/ictsa&ter they ha' ser/e' their sentence. ,o+e/er% Churchill +as se/erely criticize' &or using

troops to *aintain or'er 'uring a Welsh *iners

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Winston Churchill at the Siege of Sidney Street

The Manchester (uardianreporte'= GThe &iring ca*e in spurts. The *ur'erers +oul'shoot &irst &ro* the groun' &loor% then the +in'o+ abo/e I then there +oul' be a bar2ingo& ri&les in reply. Close on one oasperation I. a little &eather o& s*o2e curling out o& the +in'o+ belo+ the point o&attac2. We thought at &irst it +as gun s*o2e an' then +ith a thrill +e sa+ that the house+as on &ire.G

Churchill re&use' to allo+ the &ire briga'e to 'ouse the &la*es until the &iring &ro* insi'estoppe'. When it 'i' an' the police +ere allo+e' in% only t+o bo'ies +ere &oun'. ne+riter% -tephen Bates% has argue'= GThe lesson the police too2 &ro* the siege +as not thatthey ha' o/erreacte' but that they nee'e' better +eapons. The lesson the press too2 +asthat the Liberal go/ern*ent +as so&t on i**igrants.G

The t+o 'ea' *en% ritz -/aars an' Willia* -o2olo+% +ere petty cri*inals% an' notanarchists. ,o+e/er% the go/ern*ent lea2e' the story that the gang ha' been le'by Peter Piat2o+(Peter the Painter$ +ho ha' *anage' to escape &ro* the burning

buil'ing. ,o+e/er% there are 'oubts that Piat2o+ e/er e>iste'.

Churchill beca*e irst Lor' o& the )'*iralty in ctober 1911 +here he helpe' *o'ernizethe na/y. Churchill +as one o& the &irst people to grasp the *ilitary potential o& aircra&t an'in 191@ he set up theoyal Na/al )ir -er/ice. ,e also establishe' an )ir epart*ent atthe )'*iralty so as to *a2e &ull use o& this ne+ technology. Churchill +as so enthusiasticabout these ne+ 'e/elop*ents that he too2 &lying lessons.

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htmhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/stephenbateshttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWRFC.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htmhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/stephenbateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Piatkowhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWRFC.htm

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Churchill= ) Li&e Churchillperi*ent.G ,e a''e' G4 a* strongly in &a/our o& using poisone' gas againstunci/ilise' tribes to sprea' a li/ely terrorG in 4raF.

The 'i/isions in the Liberal Partyle' to Churchill being 'e&eate' by 7. . 0orelat un'eein the 19@@ :eneral 7lection. Churchill no+ re?oine' the Conser/ati/e Partyan' +assuccess&ully electe' to represent 7pping in the 19@! :eneral 7lection.

-tanley Bal'+in% the lea'er o& the ne+ Conser/ati/ea'*inistration% appointe' Churchillas Chancellor o& the 7>cheFuer. 4n 19@5 Churchill contro/ersially returne' Britain the the:ol' -tan'ar' an' the &ollo+ing year too2 a strong line against the:eneral -tri2e.Churchill e'ite' the :o/ern*ent

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When a*say 0aconal'&or*e' the National :o/ern*ent in 1931 Churchill% +ho +asno+ seen as a right"+ing e>tre*ist% +as not in/ite' to ?oin the Cabinet. ,e spent the ne>t&e+ years concentrating on his +riting% inclu'ing the publication o& theHistory of theEnglish Speaking eoples.

)&ter)'ol& ,itleran' the Nazi Partygaine' po+er in :er*anyin 1933% Churchill beca*e

a lea'ing a'/ocate o& rear*a*ent. ,e +as also a staunch critic o& Ne/illeCha*berlainan' the Conser/ati/e go/ern*ent

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Troubleso*e Eoung 0en Churchill

Churchill continue' to be criticize' &or *e''ling in *ilitary *atters an' ten'e' to ta2e too*uch notice o& the /ie+s o& his &rien's such as re'eric2 Lin'e*annrather than his*ilitary co**an'ers. 4n )pril 19!1 he *a'e the serious *ista2e o& trying tosa/e :reeceby +ea2ening his &orces &ighting theesert War.

ne o& the *a?or contributions *a'e by Churchill to e/entual /ictory +as his ability toinspire the British people to greater e&&ort by *a2ing public broa'casts on signi&icantoccasions. ) brilliant orator he +as a tireless source o& strength to people e>periencingthe su&&erings o& the Blitz.

)&ter Pearl ,arborChurchill +or2e' closely +ith ran2lin . oose/eltto ensure /ictoryo/er :er*anyan' Dapan.,e +as also a loyal ally o& the -o/iet ;niona&ter)'ol&,itlerlaunche' peration Barbarossain Dune% 19!1.

Churchill hel' i*portant *eetings +ith ran2lin . oose/eltan' Doseph-talinat Teheran(No/e*ber% 19!3$ an' Ealta(ebruary% 19!5$. )lthough Churchillis po+ers.

espite intense pressure &ro* -talin to open a secon'"&ront by lan'ing )llie' troopsin rancein 19!3% Churchill continue' to argue that this shoul' not happen until the 'e&eato& Nazi :er*any+as guarantee'. The "aylan'ings 'i' not ta2e place until Dune% 19!!an' this 'elay enable' the e' )r*yto capture territory &ro* :er*anyin 7astern7urope.

4n public Churchill accepte' plans &or social re&or* 'ra+n up by Willia* Be/eri'gein19!!. ,o+e/er% he +as unable to con/ince the electorate that he +as as co**itte' tothese *easures as *uch asCle*ent )ttleean' the Labour Party. 4n the 19!5 :eneral

7lectionChurchill

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se/eral stro2es in )ugust 19!# but this in&or*ation +as 2ept &ro* the general public an'he continue' to lea' the Conser/ati/e Party.

Churchill returne' to po+er a&ter the 1951 :eneral 7lection. )&ter the publication o& his si>/olu*e%The Second World War% Churchill +as a+ar'e' the Nobel Prize &or Literature.Churchill