The Next Generation of TiO2 Pigments
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Transcript of The Next Generation of TiO2 Pigments
The Next Generation of TiO2 Pigments
as a result of overcoming the antagonism of pigment properties: high hiding power, better dispersibility, extraordinary durability.
Head of R&D and QA of RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2
Director of RD Titan Group, TOV
TiO2 World Summit 20164th - 6th October 2016, Cleveland, OHIO
http://www.pigmentmarkets.com/tio2
Titanium Dioxide is an Almost Perfect White Pigment
• The highest refraction index among known transparent materials;• Whiteness is almost close to 100%;• Low color tone;• Wide occurrence of titanium raw materials in nature;• Availability of well-proven and well-optimized titanium dioxide
production technologies (Sulfate and Chloride Processes), as well as the prospect of the new technology commercialization (Hydrochloride-Organic Extraction Process);• Relative cheapness.
Alternatives to replace titanium dioxide as a white pigment are not expected in the next few decades
Titanium Dioxide is an Almost Perfect White Pigment
• TiO2 crystal absorbs UV radiation.• As a result of UV absorption
some chemical reactions leading to a number of negative phenomena are initiated.
ALMOST perfect as there is one substantial defect: photocatalytic activity of TiO2.
Flow chart of photochemical reactions in TiO2 crystal (anatase)*
*This figure is taken from Semiconductor/biomolecular composites for solar energy applications. Chuanhao Li, Feng Wang and Jimmy C. Yu Energy Environ. Sci., 2011,4, 100-113
Titanium Dioxide is an Almost Perfect White Pigment
• For systems open to atmospheric oxygen and water exposure, such as various coatings or plastics - destruction of polymer film molecules and as a consequence:• Loss of gloss;• Chalking.
• For systems closed to atmospheric oxygen and water exposure, such as laminate paper - transition of some titanium dioxide lattice atoms from Ti4+ to Ti3+ and consequently:• Irreversible laminate graying.
After-effects of TiO2 photocatalytic activity.
Ways to Eliminate Negative Effects of TiO2 Photocatalytic Activity
• Coating the surface of titanium dioxide particles with dense dielectric layer to prevent the charge transfer from TiO2 surface to the binder molecule:• SiO2;• Phosphates of some metals.
• Coating the surface of titanium dioxide particles with materials, providing the capture of TiO2 photocatalytic activity products (●OH, ●O2
-, ●O2H radicals) and their subsequent mutual annihilation:• Metal oxides/hydroxides, e.g., Zr;• Phosphates of some metals.
• Doping of TiO2 lattice with atoms of other elements to create traps for excitons (migrating electron-hole pairs within the crystal) with a view to reduce the number of excitons reaching the surface of titanium dioxide particles.• Introducing inhibitors to pigments to prevent the formation of Ti3+.
Initial Gloss
• Resistance to Photocatalytic Activity• UV screening• Hiding Power• Blue
undertone (CBU)
Antagonism of Pigment PropertiesResistance to
Photocatalytic Activity
• Initial Gloss• UV screening• Hiding Power• Blue
undertone (CBU)
UV screening
• Resistance to Photocatalytic Activity• Blue
undertone (CBU)• Hiding Power• Initial Gloss
Classification of Rutile TiO2*
TiO2 for Paint &
Coatings
P&C Type 1
P&C Type 2
P&C Type 3
P&C Type 4P&C Type 5
P&C Type 6 (Subtype
A)
P&C Type 6 (Subtype B)
TiO2 for Plastics
Plastic Type 1
Plastic Type 2
Plastic Type 3
TiO2 for Décor Paper
DP Type 1
TiO2 for other applications (Paper,
Ceramics, Electroceramics,
Vitreous Enamels, Glass etc.)
Uncoated Rutile Type
TiO2 for Food, Pharma,
Cosmetics
E171 Rutile Type
Durable grades
* Hereinafter is the classification of titanium dioxide grades by type as it is accepted in the RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2 publication “Comprehensive Dossier of the World's Titanium Dioxide Grades and TiO2 Manufacturers. Year 2016” - http://innovativetio2.com/dossier/
Classification of Rutile TiO2*
* Hereinafter is the classification of titanium dioxide grades by type as it is accepted in the RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2 publication “Comprehensive Dossier of the World's Titanium Dioxide Grades and TiO2 Manufacturers. Year 2016” - http://innovativetio2.com/dossier/
TiO2 Grade Type
Typical TiO2
Content (%)Inorganic Surface
Treatment
Applications
P&C Type 1 94-96 Al Electrodeposition paints*, Automotive (Primers), Can Coatings, Coil Coatings,Water-borne and Solvent-borne Industrial and Decorative Coatings, Wood Paints
P&C Type 2 92-94 Al, Si Water-borne and Solvent-borne Industrial and Decorative Coatings
P&C Type 3 80-86 Al, Si Highly pigmented emulsion paints, Exterior and interior trade sales paints, Paper filler and coating applications, Wallpaper coatings, Flat flexographic inks
P&C Type 4 94-96 Al Printing Inks, Can Coatings, Coil Coatings,Wood Paints, Water-born or solvent-born coatings with very high gloss
P&C Type 5 92-95 Al, Zr, (sometimes
+Si)
Automotive finishes and Refinishes,Coil Coatings, Powder coatings, Marine Coatings, Water-born or solvent-born coatings
P&C Type 6 (Subtype A)
89-91 Al, Si Exterior Coatings, Automotive Finishes and Refinishes, Coil Coatings, Powder Coatings, Marine Coatings, Aerospace Coatings
P&C Type 6 (Subtype B)
92-93 Al, Si Exterior Coatings, Automotive Finishes and Refinishes, Coil Coatings, Powder Coatings, Marine Coatings, Aerospace Coatings
Durable grades
TiO2 Grade Type
TypicalTiO2 Content
(%)
Inorganic Surface
Treatment
Applications
Plastic Type 1
97-98 Al (+hydrophobi
c surface treatment)
Polyolefin Masterbatch, Flexible PVC (interior), High Temperature Cast Films, Thin Films, PVC-plastisols
Plastic Type 2
95-96 Al (+hydrophobi
c surface treatment)
Polyolefin Masterbatch, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, PVC (Interior), PVC (Exterior, Chalking), PVC Pipe, ABS, Polycarbonate, Polystyrene, Polyamide
Plastic Type 3
91-93 Al, Si or sometimes Zr (+hydrophobi
c surface treatment)
PVC and polyolefines (Exterior, Nonchalking), Agricultural Films, Outdoor Furniture, PVC-Windows sections
DP Type 1 87-90 Al, P compounds
High and Low Pressure Laminate, Printing Inks for Décor Paper, Melamine moulding powders
Durable TiO2 Timeline
Benefits
One of the first technologies to improve the durability of titanium dioxide in modern practice (since the mid-1960s) was to coat titanium dioxide particles with dense dielectric layer, in particular, dense SiO2
(P&C Type 6 [Subtype A]*) Drawbacks
• Significant decrease of pigment photocatalytic activity;• Superior durability
when using binders having middle and high resistance to UV.
• Deterioration of dispersibility;
• Initial gloss reduction;• Low efficiency when using
binders having low resistance to UV;
• Hiding power reduction (in comparison to P & C Type 1);
• Tendency to yellow undertone (CBU).
Benefits
Due to the shortcomings of P&C Type 6 (Subtype A), in the 1980s some efforts were made to develop the type of pigments that would have sufficiently high durability and no drawbacks of P&C Type 6 (Subtype A). As a
result of this work pigments surface-treated with a layer of zirconium oxides / hydroxides and other treatment chemicals were developed (P&C Type 5*)
Drawbacks• High durability when using
binders having middle and high resistance to UV;
• High durability when using binders having low resistance to UV;
• High initial gloss;
• Neutral or blue undertone (CBU);
• High hiding power.
• Failure to reach the level of Superior Durability (in comparison to Type 6 [Subtype A]).
Durable TiO2 Timeline
Benefits
In the 1990s, a number of Western companies developed technologies of uniform coating with dense SiO2, due to which they managed to reduce the amount of silica used for surface treatment (3-3,5% vs 4,5-7% ) in comparison to P & C Type 6
(Subtype A) and to increase the TiO2 content (92,5-93% vs 88-91%), as well as to improve dispersibility and initial gloss (P&C Type 6 [Subtype B]*)
Drawbacks• Superior durability when
using binders having middle and high resistance to UV;
• High efficiency when using binders having low resistance to UV;
• High initial gloss;
• Neutral or blue undertone (CBU);
• High hiding power.
• Slightly inferior to the level of durability in comparison to pigments of Type 6 [Subtype A] with 5-7% level of SiO2 treatment;
• Slightly inferior to the hiding power of P&C Type 1 pigments.
Durable TiO2 Timeline
Benefits
The development of titanium dioxide grades for Décor Paper (Laminates) was a separate direction, the type of modern grades emerged in 1990s-2000s.s
(DP Type 1*) Drawbacks
• High Lightfastness (Blue Wool Scale ≥6 according to DIN EN 13329, DIN 54004);• High brightness;• Neutral undertone
(CBU);• Good opacity.
• Inferior to the opacity of P&C Type 1 pigments;• Some grades can have
excessive yellow undertone.
Durable TiO2 Timeline
Benefits
Super Durable Grades for Plastic application were developed in the 1990s using dense SiO2 coating technologies (and in some cases using a Zr coating or a
combination of Zr, Si) (Plastic Type 3*) Drawbacks
• Superior durability in plastics;• Excellent
compatibility with non-polar resins due to hydrophobic surface treatment.
• Hiding power is lower than that of Plastic Types 1, 2;• Low Lacing Resistance;• Yellow undertone
(CBU);• UV Screening is lower
than that of Plastic Types 1, 2.
Durable TiO2 Timeline
What improvements should be expected in the next generation titanium dioxide grades for the following applications?
The Next Generation of TiO2 Pigments
• Paint and Coatings;• Plastics;• Décor Paper.
The next few slides will give the answers to these questions
Due to what can these results be achieved?
Paint and Coatings: P&C Next Generation TiO2 TypeDurability Increase
Creation of 100% insulating
layer on the surface of TiO2
UV screening increase
Increase in resistance to
photocatalytic activity
Doping of TiO2 crystal
lattice
Technologies of most uniform
distribution of a coating layer on
TiO2 surface Technologies to eliminate coating
imperfections (cracks, bald spots
etc.)
Securing the optimal size and
maximum dispersion of
pigment
Technologies to produce pigment
with maximum blue undertone and
maximum hiding power
Surface treatment technologies while
maintaining the maximum
dispersion of pigment
Maximum decrease in
photocatalytic activity while
maintaining the optical properties
Initial Gloss Increase
Using technologies to
provide Free Radical
Scavenger Effect
Reaching maximum blue undertone
(CBU)
Hiding Power Increase
Increasing the relative light refraction index
at the interface between the phases TiO2-medium around the pigment particle
Use of additional materials for UV-
absorption / scattering
Changes in key pigment properties
Paint and Coatings: P&C Next Generation TiO2 Type• New level of Durability:
+10÷15%;• Increased Hiding
Power: +5÷10%;• Superior Initial Gloss:
similar to P&C Type 1;• Strong blue undertone
(CBU): similar to P&C Type 1 or even P&C Type 4;• Equilibrium of
properties;• Greater versatility.
Plastics: Plastic Next Generation TiO2 TypeDurability Increase
Creation of 100% insulating
layer on the surface of TiO2
UV screening increase
Increase in resistance to
photocatalytic activity
Doping of TiO2 crystal
lattice
Technologies of most uniform
distribution of a coating layer on
TiO2 surface Technologies to eliminate coating
imperfections (cracks, bald spots
etc.)
Securing the optimal size and
maximum dispersion of
pigment
Technologies to produce pigment
with maximum blue undertone and
maximum hiding power
Surface treatment technologies while
maintaining the maximum
dispersion of pigment
Maximum decrease in
photocatalytic activity while
maintaining the optical properties
Lacing Resistance Increase
Using technologies to
provide Free Radical
Scavenger Effect
Reaching maximum blue undertone
(CBU)
Hiding Power Increase
Increasing the relative light refraction index
at the interface between the phases TiO2-medium around the pigment particle
Use of additional materials for UV-
absorption / scattering
Changes in key pigment properties
Special technologies of post-processing
and hydrophobization
Plastics: Plastic Next Generation TiO2 Type• New level of Durability:
+10÷15%;• Increased Hiding Power:
+10÷15%;• High level of Lacing
Resistance: similar to Plastic Type 1;• Strong blue undertone
(CBU): similar to Plastic Type 2;• Equilibrium of properties;• Greater versatility;• Hydrophobicity, high
compatibility with non-polar resins melts.
Hiding
Dispersibility
Lacing Resistance
Resistance to the Photocatalytic Ativity
Blue undertone (in CBU)
UV screening
0
100
Comparison of different TiO2 Rutile Types (%)
Plastic Type 1
Plastic Type 2
Plastic Type 3
Plastic Next Generation TiO2 Type
Décor Paper: DP Next Generation TiO2 TypeLightfastness
Increase
Creation of 100% insulating
layer on the surface of TiO2
UV screening Increase
Greying Resistance Increase
Doping of TiO2 crystal
lattice
Technologies of most uniform
distribution of a coating layer on
TiO2 surface Technologies to eliminate coating
imperfections (cracks, bald spots
etc.)
Securing the optimal size and
maximum dispersion of
pigment
Technologies to produce pigment
with maximum blue undertone and
maximum hiding power
Surface treatment technologies while
maintaining the maximum
dispersion of pigment
Maximum decrease in
photocatalytic activity while
maintaining the optical properties
Brightness Increase, Yellowness ReductionUsing
technologies to inhibit the
recovery of Ti4 + to Ti3 +
Reaching maximum blue undertone
(CBU)
Opacity Increase
Increasing the relative light refraction index
at the interface between the phases TiO2-medium around the pigment particle
Use of additional materials for UV-
absorption / scattering
Changes in key pigment properties
Surface treatment and post-processing
technologies that provide higher brightness and
reduced yellowness
Décor Paper: DP Next Generation TiO2 Type• New level of
Lightfastness: 8 (blue wool scale) after double exposure (DIN EN 13329, DIN 54004);• Increased Opacity:
+10÷15%;• Increased brightness,
reduced yellowness (for sulphate grades): ΔL*=+1÷5%, Δb*=-10÷15% ;• Blue undertone (CBU):
similar to P&C Type 1• Equilibrium of properties
Some current achievements of RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2 in development of the Next Generation TiO2 Types
Picture shows the results of uncoated TiO2 Calciner Discharge exposure to UV in the so-called ‘lead test’, based on the reduction of metal lead from oxides, hydroxides or salts in the process of photocatalysis. The more photochemically active the sample, the greater amount of metallic lead is formed, the greyer the sample becomes. Sample 1 is an experimental sample of Project RC-8828 Calciner Discharge. According to the measurement results photocatalytic activity of Sample 1 is reduced by 5-6 times compared to other samples.
Durability increase by doping TiO2 lattice
1 – Calciner Discharge with reduced photocatalytic activity, Project RC-8828 of RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2. 2 - Calciner Discharge No.1, a European manufacturer ‘А’. 3 - Calciner Discharge No.2, a European manufacturer ‘А’. 4 - Calciner Discharge, a Chinese manufacturer ‘B’, belonging to Top-15 Chinese TiO2 Manufacturers. 5 - Calciner Discharge, a Chinese manufacturer ‘С’, belonging to Top-5 Chinese TiO2 Manufacturers. 6 - Calciner Discharge, a European manufacturer ‘D’.
Some current achievements of RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2 in development of the Next Generation TiO2 Types
Table shows the results of the ‘acid test’ - the procedure of titanium dioxide dissolution in the concentrated sulfuric acid at a temperature of 175°C to evaluate the completeness of titanium dioxide coating with a SiO2 layer (silica is not dissolved in hot sulfuric acid, as opposed to titanium dioxide). The more uniform and dense the SiO2 layer coating titanium dioxide particles, the less is the degree of pigment dissolution during the test.
At the moment, we have achieved more than twice the better effect for Project RC-8828 in comparison with one of the best P&C Type 6 (Subtype B) representatives – Grade ‘E’
Durability increase by creation of insulating layer on the surface of TiO2# Grade Acid solubility, % TiO2 Type Notes
1 E 11 Super Durable Grade, P&C Type 6 (Subtype B)
Grade produced by Manufacturer ‘E’ belonging to Top-5 global TiO2 producers
2 RC-74 11 Super Durable Grade, P&C Type 6 (Subtype B)
Produced according to RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2
proprietary technology
3 F 17 Super Durable Grade, P&C Type 6 (Subtype B)
Grade produced by Manufacturer ‘F’ belonging to Top-5 global TiO2 producers
4 G 26 Medium-High Durable Grade, P&C Type 2
Grade produced by Manufacturer ‘G’ belonging to Top-5 global TiO2 producers
5 H 54 Medium Durable Grade, P&C Type 2
Grade produced by Manufacturer ‘H’ belonging to Top-5 global TiO2 producers
6 Uncoated rutile J 59 Low-medium Durable Uncoated Rutile
Sample provided by a European manufacturer ‘J’
7 Prototype from Project RC-8828 5
Super+ Durable Grade of the Next Generation TiO2
Pilot sample produced according to RD Titan Group Innovative TiO2 proprietary technology for Project RC-8828
Market Advantages and Net Cost of Next Generation TiO2 Types
• Improvement of quality characteristics of materials that use Next Generation TiO2 Types
• Reducing the amount of titanium dioxide used in formulations
• Versatility of titanium dioxide, expansion of areas where the same grade can be used for different applications, which previously required different types of grades
• Development of new directions in which titanium dioxide use has previously been limited due to its insufficient Durability
• Expenditures for R&D• Costs for additional production
equipment• Additional costs for energy and auxiliary
materials• Increase in the production process stages
Negative factors affecting cost supplement:Positive factors affecting the increase in
customer value:
The balance between the benefits of new application properties and the price is the key factor in the development of Next Generation TiO2 Types and their subsequent market appearance.
Rough estimate: Economy +5÷15%
Rough estimate: Cost development +5÷20%
Time Frame for the Emergence of Next Generation TiO2 Types
Leading global manufacturers of TiO2: ~2017-2025 yrs.
Other TiO2 manufacturers : ~2025-2035 yrs.
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION !