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The Nexius Small Cell Playbook

introductionThe wild success of mobile data services has left wireless operators

scrambling to meet the coverage and capacity challenges created by

insatiable consumer appetites. Mobile data traffic has been doubling

every year for the past three years, according to Joe Madden, principal

analyst at Mobile Experts. And that growth is expected to continue for the

next four to five years.

While the FCC works to make more spectrum available in the future,

wireless operators need to meet surging data demands today. In

turn, many operators are seeking to maximize their existing networks’

capabilities by turning to alternative technologies such as:

Small cells – Informa Telecoms & Media reports a dramatic uptake in small cell deployments, which are predicted to

increase from 3.2 million in 2012 to 62.4 million by 2016 and constituting 88% of all base stations globally. Femtocells will

dominate the deployments, growing from 2.5 million in 2012 to 59 million in 2016. Enterprise and public area picocells

will increase from 140K in 2012 to 540K in 2016. Public access small cells -- microcells and metrocells typically installed

outdoors – will grow from 595K in 2012 to 2.9 million in 2016.

distributed antenna systems (dAS) – Active DAS equipment revenues are estimated to cross $1 billion by 2013,

according to ABI Research. Overall, the global market for in-building wireless equipment is estimated to reach $2 billion

by 2013, with active DAS contributing 50% of the total revenues. The other half includes passive DAS, repeaters, cabling,

and antennas. ABI Research goes on to note the active DAS equipment market has an overall CAGR of 15% – 20% in North

America – while the CAGR for passive DAS equipment revenue is predicted to hit 6% in North America.

Wi-Fi offload – Wireless researcher iGR estimates the amount of traffic moved from cellular networks to Wi-Fi in the

United States doubled between last year and this year. By 2016, iGR predicts data traffic from U.S. Wi-Fi offload will see a

16-fold increase over 2011, with the amount of cellular traffic offloaded to Wi-Fi reaching 8 million gigabytes per month.

Clearly, the wireless operators aren’t waiting for the government to solve their network challenges. Yes, the release of additional

spectrum will be a welcome event – when it happens – but operators can increase their capacity and coverage with the proven and

promising technologies that are available today.

To assist wireless operators in making their technology decisions, the Nexius Small Cell Playbook offers an overview of small cells,

DAS and Wi-Fi offload, including benefits and drawbacks and when to use each. We’ve also identified the technology’s target

customer as well as its latest market trends.


SmAll cellS Small cell technologies come in a variety of flavors, distinguished by signal range. Typically, the range of a femtocell is 10 meters, the

range of a picocell is 200 meters or less and the range of a microcell is less than two kilometers. By way of comparison, macrocells

– the original, high-power cellular base stations -- typically cover 32 kilometers.

SmAll cellS: FemtocellSFemtocells are small, low-power cellular base stations used indoors at residences and small enterprises to extend mobile coverage

by up to 10 meters. Femtocells attach to the wireless operator’s network via broadband connection, letting operators bring coverage

to mobile device users working indoors or at the edge of the cell. Femtocells work with existing handsets but require installation of

a new access point that uses licensed spectrum.

target customer – Femtocells are geared for individual consumers as well as SMBs and small enterprises. Customers

buy and install femtocells directly for indoor, private home or office use. Installation is plug and play, and no specific technical

skills are required. Some operators, however, offer home installation services to their premium customers. Femtocell growth

is poised to explode as technologies advance and consumer awareness increases.

use case criteria – Typically, femtocells support four to eight users in a household and up to 32 users in an enterprise.

Femtocells also feature automatic configuration capabilities that allow for installation by non-technical end users. To support

mobile device users on the go, enterprise femtocells provide soft hand-off between each device within a building or campus

as well as full hand-off capabilities with the macro network. Similarly, consumer femtocells provide hand-out capabilities to

the macro network, but not hand-in or soft hand-off between femtocells.

Benefits – Wireless operators and consumers alike benefit from femtocells. Consumers enjoy an easy-to-adopt solution

that delivers improved, “5 bar” coverage as well as improved wireless data rates in locations that would otherwise have little

or no coverage from the operator’s cellular network. Meanwhile, operators reduce their network transport cost as per minute

and per megabyte costs of femtocell traffic is less than traffic sent over the cellular network. Similarly, operators can improve

service by reducing congestion in areas with extreme network capacity requirements. Operators may also use femtocells to

identify data traffic and offer new, related services.

drawbacks – Femtocells pose a number of significant issues. The first key issue is interference as femtocells use spectrum

already allotted for cellular communications, resulting in performance degradation as users of femtocells compete with users

of the main cellular network users for the same spectrum. Privacy issues also arise as user data travels over the Internet,

requiring operators to secure the IP communications and prevent any monitoring of data. And concerns over potential RF

radiation concerns linger for some users, although femtocell power emissions are on par with the typical Wi-Fi access point

and are generally regarded as safe.

market trends – According to Informa Telecoms & Media, femtocells are poised to dominate small cell deployments,

growing from a base 2.5 million in 2012 to 59 million in 2016 – a 24x increase. Supporting the Informa Telecoms & Media

prediction, Sprint added 350,000 femtocells


to its network in July 2012, bringing the number of femtocells operating on its network to 950,000 – up from 600,000 just two months

earlier and up from 250,000 in March 2011. Elsewhere, the Small Cell Forum recently recognized Vodafone and Sagemcom for

ground-breaking work in residential femtocell access points and recognized SK Telecom, Contela and Mindspeed for innovation in

commercial femtocell deployment.

SmAll cellS: PicocellS Picocells are small cellular bases stations that expand mobile coverage by up to 200 meters in offices, sporting venues and other

buildings as well as on planes and trains. Picocells attach to the wireless operator’s network via dedicated equipment – base

station controllers, mobile switching centers, gateway GPRS support nodes. They extend coverage to indoor areas poorly served

by outdoor signals, and they add capacity in areas of very dense phone usage.

target customer – Picocells are primarily used by large wireless operators to meet coverage and capacity demands in

enterprises and businesses both in-building and, more recently, in outdoor in public spaces – areas difficult or expensive

to reach using a more traditional macrocell or microcell approach. Unlike the end-user focused femtocell, one picocell can

support multiple customers and equipment is usually installed and maintained by the network operator, who pays for site

rental, power and fixed network connections back to the switching center.

use case criteria – Picocells support between 32 to 64 users on average. To support different deployment circumstances

and methods, picocells may support automatic self-configuration, manual configuration or both. Picocells have full soft and

hard hand-off capabilities to meet the same standards of the macro network. Typical use cases include improving in-building

coverage, filling in network black spots, extending macrocell capacity, and providing service to isolated areas.

Benefits – For operators, picocells provide quick, cost-effective means of providing in-building coverage. Unlike femtocells,

picocells are owned and operated by the wireless operator, predictable deployment that can be coordinated with the

macrocell network to maximize capacity improvement. And unlike a repeater-based in-building solution, picocells 1) do not

need a roof-top antenna, 2) add capacity to the network and 3) avoid cell distortion and interference issues. Mobile users, of

course, enjoy better wireless service.

disadvantages – As with any small cell technology, picocells introduce new technologies – including IP and IP backhaul

– for the operator to support. In some cases, an IP network may not be available for backhaul, requiring the use of satellite

communications.

market trends – Sprint will begin launching picocells Q4 2012 in public sites including sports stadiums and hospitals. In

2013 and 2014, the operators will begin launching picocells outdoors. ABI Research predicts the outdoor picocell market will

reach $8 billion in global revenues by 2016, driven by new lower cost and easier-to-deploy solutions from Alcatel-Lucent,

Huawei, Bel-Air, Airspan, NEC, NSN, Ericsson, and ZTE. Meanwhile, In-Stat estimates the metro picocell market worth $6.9

billion by 2015.


SmAll cellS: microcellS & metrocellS Microcells are low-power, cellular base stations that extend mobile coverage by up to two kilometers. They are often used to add

capacity and improve coverage in limited, outdoors areas such as residential neighborhoods, malls, hotels, transportation hubs

and other locations marked by dense phone usage. Microcells may also be deployed temporarily to provide extra capacity at

specific locations, e.g., sports games, conventions and other planned events. Note: When deployed in urban locations, microcells are

frequently referred to as metrocells.

target customer – Microcells are typically deployed by wireless operators as outdoor, small base stations to establish or

enhance coverage around a small radius of buildings at street level. Microcells expand coverage and capacity in areas too

difficult or expensive to reach via macrocell. Like picocells, microcells are installed and maintained by the network operator.

use case criteria – Microcells generally support between 32 to 64 users in a neighborhood or campus environment –

or in an urban location in the case of a metrocell. Microcells provide automatic self-configuration, manual configuration, or

both depending on the operator’s deployment strategy. They have full soft and hard hand-off capabilities to meet the same

standards of the macro network. Microcell use cases include high user density areas that would benefit from offloading

capacity from the macrocell as well as indoor and outdoor areas requiring an extension of macro coverage.

Benefits – Overall, microcell are simple to deploy and deliver higher data rates to users. Microcells support co-channel

deployments and have limited interference impact on macro users. For operators seeking to improve data service to isolated

users, microcells deliver higher capacity gains per square kilometer compared to traditional cell splitting. More, microcells

offer greater flexibility in site acquisition and improved economics.

drawbacks – Microcell installation costs can approach those of macrocells. In addition, microcells have limited expansion

capabilities, at most serving up to a few hundred users at a time.

market trends – Microcells and picocells may soon outnumber base stations, at least in LTE networks, according to ABI

Research. The research firm predicts that by 2014, the number of LTE small cells sold will be greater than the number of

LTE macrocells as base station architectures transition from traditional macrocells to small cell base stations in response to

steadily growing mobile data traffic and the cost advantages – both operating and capital expenses – of small cell equipment.

Equipment vendors moving to take advantage of this shift include Ericsson, which acquired BelAir Networks; Nokia Siemens

Networks (Flexi Zone); Alcatel-Lucent (lightRadio) and Huawei (AtomCell).


diStriButed AntennA SyStem (dAS)Distributed-antenna system (DAS) is a network of spatially separated

antenna nodes connected to a common source via a transport medium that

provides wireless service within a geographic area or, most commonly,

within a structure. DAS can be classified as passive, active or hybrid.

Passive DAS use passive RF components, typically using coaxial cables

and radiating cables to distribute a wide range of RF signals to an array of

antennas distributed in a building. Passive DAS are less expensive and very

reliable. These systems work well for multi-operator multi-service systems

for smaller installations. Larger installations can be handled by hybrid DAS,

which is essentially a series of DAS connected together by fiber.

Active DAS systems involve a main unit that converts RF signals into an optical signal and distributes it to an array of remote unites

within the building. Active DAS is limited by the bandwidth of the cabling used to distribute the signal around the building and

availability of remote unit placement options. Typical in-building fiber installations are limited in bandwidth and present some

challenges.

target customer – DAS is a proven, mature technology most often used by operators to improve in-building coverage,

often to meet public safety standards. DAS also appeals to facilities owners seeking to increase the value of their properties

by improving network coverage of one or more wireless operators. In this scenario, operators are invited by a building owner

to feed the building’s indoor DAS or repeater system.

use case criteria – DAS may be used to address coverage gaps in buildings, utilities, high-rises, subway systems and

other facilities to improve the efficiency of wireless communications. Key technical considerations in DAS include:

•Sizeofthebuildingtocover

•Existingcablingandinfrastructureinthebuilding

•Transmissionofpublicsafetyairwaves

•SupportforE911services

•Bandtransmission–transmitallbandsoronlyasubset

•Transmissionrestrictions–transmitallbandseverywhereorrestrictcertainbandstocertainfloors

•Multi-use–usethesystemforcellularonlyorforcellularandWi-Fiboth

Deployments may be driven by operators to generate revenue or relieve congestion or driven by facilities owners to increase

property values. Tower operators and other third parties are also initiating deployments, installing indoor DAS in a building

and then approaching operators with offers to lease bandwidth on the system or lease space for a base station inside the

building. This neutral host arrangement is already common for stadiums and other large sports venues as well as large

airports.

Benefits – DAS is independent of channel, protocol and base station vendor, making it relatively future-proof. Operators can

adopt next-generation technologies or re-farm spectrum without redesigning their macrocell infrastructure. DAS supports

multiple protocols and can deliver


multiple frequency bands in a single system over a given area, simplifying backhaul and lowering maintenance costs. In

terms of ROI, the In-Building Wireless Alliance estimates that returns on DAS investments can reach $4 per square foot or

20x the original investment.

drawbacks – While it can expand coverage, DAS does not typically provide any additional cellular capacity for the wireless

operator. DAS lacks the backhaul facility of small cell and Wi-Fi offload options, so it can ’t deliver dedicated call processing

capabilities. The exception to this drawback is when a DAS solution connects to fiber backhaul, delivering both coverage

and capacity to a wireless operator.

market trends – ABI Research predicts the overall market for in-building wireless, including service revenues, to hit $3.6

billion by end 2013. Active DAS is the faster growing variety – in large public and commercial buildings, in particular – but

passive DAS will continue to see demand, especially where there is a premium on affordability.

Key vendors in the DAS arena include Alvarion, Commscope, Corning MobileAccess, TE Connectivity and Zinwave. Meanwhile, AT&T

deserves recognition for building the world’s first “DAS on wheels,” a fully self-contained portable DAS that includes an RF source

and is moved from location to location in a 22-foot container truck. Debuting at the 2012 Democratic National Convention, the system

can be deployed in days to establish a robust network in infrequent but high density scenarios including conventions, trade shows,

sporting events as well as public safety and first responder scenarios.

A key trend is the rise of shared capacity/shared infrastructure DAS deployments, a move previously seen in the emergence of

tower companies and shared infrastructure for the macro network. In the in-building space, the drivers are not extremely different.

Office and business space is a competitive market place, and the quality of indoor wireless service can factor into leasing decisions.

Developers and managers of large public venues have a vested interest in the quality of service within their buildings. In addition,

public safety wireless systems must deliver the service that is required in the event of an emergency. Very often, these objectives

can be achieved when a neutral operator installs a DAS system into which all wireless operators can connect.


Wi-Fi oFFloAdWi-Fi offload moves smartphone mobile data traffic off of cellular networks and onto Wi-Fi networks. The internetworking models

for linking the two network types include tight, loose and no coupling. With tight coupling, cellular network signals are rerouted

through Wi-Fi access networks, effectively turning Wi-Fi into a radio access network. Loose coupling transfers IP data between

a mobile device and operator’s core network via Wi-Fi access. A mobile device opens a VPN/IPsec tunnel to the operator’s core

network, providing the user either an access to the operator’s walled-garden services or to a gateway to the public Internet. In the

no-coupling model, data is offloaded to Wi-Fi networks via direct connection to the public Internet. The offload is performed by

switching the IP traffic to use the mobile client’s Wi-Fi connection instead of its cellular data connection.

target customer – Wi-Fi offload is being targeted for indoor and outdoor applications at enterprises, consumers and

operators alike. Equipment vendors are now delivering carrier-grade, end-to-end Wi-Fi infrastructure designed scale in

response to exponential traffic growth from millions of mobile data users.

use case criteria – Wi-Fi offload helps wireless operators deliver high quality, reliable wireless data to customers as well

as relieve congestion on their 3G/4G mobile data networks. Signal range is gating factor, however, as users have to be within

about 300 feet of a Wi-Fi hotspot, or within a metro Wi-Fi hotzone.

Benefits – Wi-Fi offload is highly cost-effective as 1) the Wi-Fi network is optimized to support the Internet traffic that

dominates mobile data use and 2) Wi-Fi access points have reach commodity price points far below small cell alternatives.

In turn, the proliferation of Wi-Fi access points is spreading Wi-Fi coverage throughout enterprise, retail/commercial,

residential and public environments.

drawbacks – The unlicensed frequencies used by Wi-Fi offload raise security and reliability raise concerns that do not

factor into competing small cell (or DAS) solutions. Seamless mobile service remains another issue, especially in transparency

of voice and data session handoffs as users move between the cellular and Wi-Fi networks as well as between Wi-Fi access

points. Vendors’ Wi-Fi offload solutions have also been lacking, according to Ovum. In an operator survey, the analyst firm

found that many are still looking for features – such as session continuity and policy-based network selection – that are not

yet widely available.


SmAll cellS totAl coverAgeAs wireless operators roll out large LTE macro deployments, they are making more capacity available to the world consumers. This

is driving changes in coverage, with three major influences in the wireless operators’ network designs and the toolkits they use.

First, small cell solutions become more of a necessity with the LTE rollouts as the network maps grow and change. Many wireless

operators are relying on small cell solutions to fill small coverage gaps and provide ubiquitous coverage with higher-speed services.

Second, LTE macro consumers are expecting higher speed services both indoors and outdoors. Indoor coverage and speeds are

heavily influenced by environmental conditions such as concrete, glass, elevators and height. Currently, 68% of all mobile sessions

and calls originate indoors. When a wireless user begins a phone call, video or data session indoors, he or she expects that same

voice and/or data session to continue – without dropping and in the highest quality that the new mobile networks offer – while

traveling across the office, down an elevator, through the parking garage, in the car or using public transportation and eventually to

the final destination.

To achieve this level of service, small cell solutions are being placed in buildings, offices, schools, hospitals, government offices, retail

centers and transit locations. The small cell solutions ensure high speed coverage 1) in elevators, in basements and elsewhere and

2) for consumer use and public safety applications where traditional macro 4G or LTE services cannot deliver the same coverage,

speed and quality affordably. Small cell solutions provide in-building coverage that matches speeds that 4G/LTE macro users expect

outdoors, allowing for a seamless high-speed high quality solution.

Third, small cell solutions allow for a higher concentration of users in a small space both indoors and outdoors. Small cell solutions

are being placed in public venues such as downtown Main Street, sports arenas, concert halls, and college campuses where a high

amount of traffic can be expected and would otherwise exacerbate a traditional macro solution.


lte And Wi-Fi As current mobile usage projections continue to focus on the front half of the bell curve, wireless operators continue to focus on

capacity constraints. With the LTE standards, a platform has been put in place that may act as a release valve down the road. With

LTE, a protocol may be enabled on the user’s phone to offload mobile usage from the LTE network to Wi-Fi, with the offload based on

algorithms that consider cost, quality and performance. Mobile operators can quickly and more affordably offload their consumers’

usage.

market trends – Wireless operators are moving aggressively to establish network options for Wi-Fi offload. AT&T’s Wi-

Fi network includes more than 30,000 hotspots. When AT&T customers are in Starbucks or select urban locations such as

New York’s Times Square, they are transparently switched to Wi-Fi hotspots that AT&T operates at those sites. At Verizon,

relationships with cable providers including Cox Communications, Comcast and Time Warner Cable are expected to make

approximately 50,000 Wi-Fi hotspots available to Verizon users.

By the end of 2012, Sprint plans to introduce a feature that alerts its subscribers to the presence of Wi-Fi hotspots, foreshadowing

plans to transfer its users to reliable Wi-Fi hotspots whenever possible. Here, the Wi-Fi Alliance is working on Hotspot 2.0, a standard

for discovering and authenticating Wi-Fi hotspots owned or managed by an operator. Devices that pass the Hotspot 2.0’s Passpoint

certification will be able to automatically and securely connect to any operator hotspot in range – alleviating the need for users to

make connect to Wi-Fi hotspots manually.

As the wireless market continues to grow, the cable companies, fiber operators and next-generation IP network providers are

also looking to small cell solutions to meet their needs. Together, these wireless infrastructure providers are delivering fiber and IP

services to more places than ever before including light-poles, elevator shafts, rooftops and stadiums. They are also adopting new

technologies to connect small cell solutions to their extensive fiber network including millimeter and traditional microwave services.

They are also changing their business model to offer neutral colo small cell solutions.

In this model, the infrastructure provider already has ILEC or cable franchise status to run fiber across the city and in-buildings. In

many cases, they already have fiber or copper inside a building that requires small cell solutions and as a result, they already have a

lease mechanism in place with the landlord and may amend the lease to include small cell solutions. In this manner, the infrastructure

providers can design, build and deploy small cell solution for wireless operators, accelerating their time to market, reducing their

capital overhead and coupling the solution with their backhaul capacity.

The wireless operator, in turn, would lease a portion or be billed for usage of the small cell solution. In the case of their Wi-Fi or

outdoor solutions, the infrastructure providers may also offer those services to their own enterprise or retail customers. Through

these offerings, the infrastructure providers deliver better service to all of their customers and thereby reduce churn, share costs

and lock in future revenues.


SmAll cellS in the utility oPerAtorS And SmArt grid SPAceSmall cells are also influencing the utility operator and smart grid space. The utility industry is being driven to support the wireless

operators’ small cell solutions by delivering and managing power to non-traditional locations like power poles, light poles or the

corners of buildings. Utility operators also implement their own small cell solutions to track usage, route capacity and monitor their

networks.

At an applied level, small cell solutions may be implemented on a home meter. An equipped utility vehicle then only has to drive

down the street to check the usage of an electrical unit as well as gather telemetry to monitor its health. Small cell solutions are

also implemented in a meshed manner to hop from small cell to small cell, eventually delivering all of the information to a common

location.

Many states have adopted public safety standards that require buildings over 50,000 square feet to have a public safety DAS

solution. To date, the utility industry has stepped up to implement the public safety small cell solutions in many different venues.

As the business models evolve, the utility operators may start to offer more neutral colo small cell solutions aimed at the wireless

operator as they are often implementing the required public safety small cell solutions.


concluSionNo one questions the growth of mobile data services or the need to supplement the macro network with technologies to handle that

growth. For wireless operators, the key question is “what technology to choose?”

•Smallcellsextendbothcoverageandcapacityoftheoperator’snetwork.Afemtocellquicklyandcost-effectivelyprovides

a 10-meter range of improved wireless service to an individual customer, either at home or in a commercial building. With

picocells and microcells (and metrocells), operators can extend wireless service range by up to 200 meters and two

kilometers, respectively. More, each picocell, microcell and metrocell can serve multiple customers and return control of the

network extension to the operator.

•DASextendsnetworkcoveragewithtechnologythatisbothmatureandfuture-proof.ActiveDASandpassiveDASoptions

are available to support virtually any deployment scenario regardless of budget, coverage area, existing infrastructure and

level of experience.

•Wi-Fi offload is both affordable and ubiquitous,withWi-Fi access points enjoying commodity prices andwidespread

deployment. Customers are familiar with Wi-Fi, and vendors continue to work on creating a transparent, seamless offload

from cellular to Wi-Fi networks.

Clearly, one technology will not fit all needs. In fact, many operators will likely find more than one technology playing a role in their

overall mobile data strategies. Going forward, heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, will reflect such an approach. Combining small

cell, DAS and/or Wi-Fi solutions into a multi-faceted, high capacity network, HetNets are defined by three core components – 1) the

wireless operator’s macro network, 2) the small cell, DAS and/or Wi-Fi technologies used to extend network coverage and capacity,

and 3) network intelligence to unify the first two components into a single, coordinated network.

While the wireless industry waits for the HetNet future, operators can move forward now with several options for providing customers

with excellent coverage and capacity no matter where they are today.


contAct uSFor more information on DAS, Wi-Fi and other small cell technology solutions,

please contact Nexius at one of our many global locations:

Allen, tX (headquarters)

1301 Central Expressway South, Suite 200, Allen, TX 75013 USA

Allen, tX

825 Market Street, Suite 250, Allen, TX 75013 USA

telephone: +1 (703) 650 7777

Fax: +1 (703) 991 8476

For information requests, please email us at: [email protected]

Prospective clients, please email us at: [email protected]

Applicants and prospective candidates, please email us at: [email protected]

Web: www.nexius.com

Social media:

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www.twitter.com/NexiusInc

www.linkedin.com/company/nexius

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reSourceSThe following websites and publications were used as reference materials and quoted in this report:

Femtocells

•“Whysmallcellsmakeabigdifference”http://www.smallcellforum.org/Files/File/SCF_InfoGraphic.pdf

•“Reader Forum: Selecting the right wireless technology for small cell backhaul” http://www.rcrwireless.com/

article/20120604/opinion/reader-forum-selecting-the-right-wireless-technology-for-small-cell-backhaul/ )

•“Femtocell”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocell

•“Whatisasmallcell?”,http://www.smallcellforum.org/aboutsmallcells-small-cells-what-is-a-small-cell

•“Femtocellawarenessstillanissue:operatorsneedanewapproach”http://www.wilson-street.com/2011/08/femtocell-

awareness-still-an-issue-operators-need-a-new-approach/

•“IsitaPicocelloraFemtocell?”http://www.ubeeairwalk.com/2011/08/is-it-a-picocell-or-a-femtocell/

•“Femto Forum Femtocell Business Case Whitepaper” http://www.4gamericas.org/documents/Femto%20Forum%20

Business%20Case%20Whitepaper%20Signals%20Research%20Apr09.pdf

•“Femtocell technology tutorial” http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/femtocells/femto-cells-tutorial-

basics.php

•“Smallcellchoices:WillLTEpicocellsandWi-Fistealfemtocellsmomentum?”http://www.fiercebroadbandwireless.com/

story/small-cell-choices-will-lte-picocells-and-wi-fi-steal-femtocells-momentum/2011-07-29

•“Femtocells Market Set To See Multi-Fold Growth By 2016” http://www.istockanalyst.com/finance/story/5651146/

femtocells-market-set-to-see-multi-fold-growth-by-2016

•“Sprint boosts femtocell count to 950,000” http://www.fiercewireless.com/story/sprint-boosts-femtocell-

count-950000/2012-07-26

•“Smallcellstomakeupalmost90%ofallbasestationsby2016”http://www.smallcellforum.org/newsstory-small-cells-to-

make-up-almost-90-percent-of-all-base-stations-by-2016

Picocells

•“Picocell”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picocell

•“What’s the difference between picocells and femtocells?” http://www.thinksmallcell.com/FAQs/whats-the-difference-

between-picocells-and-femtocells.html

•“PicocellImprovesCapacityandCoverageforMobileCommunication”http://www.universal-projects.co.za/2012/04/23/

picocell-improves-capacity-and-coverage-for-mobile-communication/

•“Thecaseforpicocells”http://www.ipaccess.com/en/picocell-business-case

•“Smallcellchoices:WillLTEpicocellsandWi-Fistealfemtocellsmomentum?”http://www.fiercebroadbandwireless.com/

story/small-cell-choices-will-lte-picocells-and-wi-fi-steal-femtocells-momentum/2011-07-29

Sprint counts 600,000 femtocells, plans to update Airave” http://www.fiercewireless.com/story/sprint-counts-600000-

femtocells-plans-update-airave/2012-05-09

•“Outdoorpicocellmarketexpectedtoreach$8Binrevenuesby2016,”http://www.fiercebroadbandwireless.com/story/

outdoor-picocell-market-expected-reach-8b-revenues-2016/2011-08-14

•“Metropicocellmarketworth$6.9bnby2015–In-Stat”http://www.totaltele.com/view.aspx?ID=472029


microcells & metrocells

•“Microcell”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcell

•“Femtocells, Picocells, Microcells - What do they all mean?” http://www.wimax.com/features/femtocells-picocells-

microcells-what-do-they-all-mean

•“TrafficManagementStrategies forOperators” http://www.slideshare.net/allabout4g/traffic-management-strategies-for-

operators

•“HetNetstep1:MoreLTEmicrocells thanbasestationsby2014”http://gigaom.com/broadband/hetnet-step-1-more-lte-

microcells-than-base-stations-by-2014/

dAS & odAS

•“Report:IndoorDAS2011”http://www.nexius.com/company/resources

•“DistributedAntennaSystem”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Antenna_System

•“DistributedAntennaSystemsFor IndoorCellularNetwork” http://ezinearticles.com/?Distributed-Antenna-Systems-For-

Indoor-Cellular-Network&id=2636531

•“Achievinguninterruptedwirelesscommunicationsthroughoutyourfacilities”http://www.pinnacle-wireless.com/das.php

•“FiveReasonsWhyDASisCrucialtoSmallCellDeployments”http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120430005055/

en/Reasons-DAS-Crucial-Small-Cell-Deployments

•“Choosing Small Cells,WiFi, DAS or a Combination?” http://convergence.sprint.com/blog/post/2012/01/30/Choosing-

Small-Cells-WiFi-DAS-or-a-Combination.aspx

•“ActiveDASEquipmentMarketforIn-buildingWirelesstoCross$1Billionby2013”http://www.abiresearch.com/press/

active-das-equipment-market-for-in-building-wirele

Wi-Fi offloading

•“Wi-Fioffloadformobilenetworks:20%oftrafficandcounting”http://www.fiercebroadbandwireless.com/special-reports/

wi-fi-offload-mobile-networks-20-traffic-and-counting

•“CiscoServiceProviderWi-Fi:OffloadMobileData andCreateNewServices” http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/

collateral/ns341/ns524/ns673/solution_overview_c22-642482.html

•“U.S.WiFi Offload Traffic Forecast, 2011 - 2016: Relief for Mobile Data Networks?” https://igr-inc.com/Advisory_And_

Subscription_Services/Small_Cell_Architectures/wifi_offload_traffic.asp

•“Wi-Fioffload,notFemtocells”http://blogs.broughturner.com/2010/02/wifi-offload-not-femtocells.html

•“IncreasingIn-BuildingCapacitywithWiFiOffload”http://www.nexius.com/wi-fi/increasing-in-building-capacity-with-wifi-

offload

•“Operatorslookingtowifioffloadbutvendors’solutionsstilllacking”http://www.telecoms.com/47369/operators-looking-

to-wifi-offload-but-vendors-solutions-still-lacking/

•“Wireless carriers seek to ‘offload’ customers” http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/story/2012-05-22/cellphone-

wireless-wifi-hotspots/55142404/1

•“Wi-Fi offload rising amid soaring data traffic” http://www.cedmagazine.com/news/2012/07/wi-fi-offload-rising-amid-

soaring-data-traffic

•“Interview:EricssonCEOontheriseoftheHetNet”http://gigaom.com/broadband/what-is-hetnet-ericsson-vestberg

The Nexius Small Cell Playbook Nexius Small Cell Playbook ... Huawei, Bel-Air, Airspan, NEC, NSN,...

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