The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

MayIJune 2000

Volume 38 Number 3 FOUNDED 1963

In This Issue •THE NEW YORK

FOREST OWNERS

ASSOCIATIONVolume 38, Number 3

Officers & DirectorsRonald Pedersen, President22 Vandenburg Lane,

Latham, NY 12110; (518) 785-6061

Jim Minor, Vice President

22 Bryn Mawr RoadRochester, NY 14624; (716) 247-7069

Robert Sykes, Secretary4786 Foster Road

Elbridge, NY 13060; (315) 673-3691

Don Wagner, Treasurer

5330 Graham Road,Utica, NY 13502; (315) 733-7391

Deborah Gill, Administrative SecretaryP.O. Box 180Fairport, NY 14450; (716) 377-6060

2001Jill Cornell, Johnsonville, (518) 753-4336Nick Polee, Remsen, (315) 831-5301

Dave Swaciak, Franklinville, (716) 676-2349

Robert Sykes, Elbridge, (315) 673-3691

2002Harry Dieter, Honeoye Falls, (716) 533-2085Mike Greason, Catskill, (518) 943-9230

Jack Hamilton, Wayland, (716) 728-5769

Rolf Wentorf, Johnsonville, (518) 753-0228

2003Hugh Canham, N. Syracuse, (315) 457-4972

Roy Esiason, Granville, (518) 642-2351Jerry Michael, Binghamton, (607) 648-2941

Ronald Pedersen, Latham, (518) 785-6061

Chapter Designated DirectorsCharlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills; (716) 676-3617

OPEN, Cayuga; Call NYFOA for information

Joan & Hans Kappel, Capital District; (518) 861-8753John Druke, Central New York; (315) 656-2313 .

Gene McCardle, Lower Hudson; (914) 945-0504

Pat Ward, Northern Adirondack; (315) 268-0902

Don Fraser, Niagara Frontier; (716) 773-7011Peter Gregory, SE Adirondack; (518) 399-1812

Larry Lepak, Southern Tier; (607) 656-8504

Peter Smallidge, Southern Finger Lakes; (607) 255-4696

Jim Minor, Western Finger Lakes; (716) 247-7069

The New York Woodland Stewards,Inc. (NYWS) is a 50l(c)3 foundationof NYFOA and tax deductible dona-tions to this organization will advanceNYFOA's educational mission.

All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproducedwithout prior written permission from the publisher.NYFOA does not necessarily support or approve pro-cedures, products, or opinions presented by authorsor advertisers.

© 2000 New York Forest Owners Association

• •

FROM THE PRESIDENT

RON PEDERSEN 3

NYFOA NEWS 4

TIMBER THEFT: ESCALATING ACROSS RURAL NEW YORK 5

ESF's PACK FOREST - EDUCATION, FORESTRY, VACATION

MARY BINDER 6

STAND By YOUR STREAM

REBECCA SCHNEIDER 8

SHORT-TERM CHRONICLE OF A TREE FARMER

PETER ZUBAL 10

NYFOA AWARDS: JIM LASSOIE & ERIWN AND POLLY FULLERTON 12

ASK THE FORESTER

MICHAEL GREASON 14

WOODLOT CALENDAR 15

THE PITCH MAss BORER

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN 16

TREE VALUE: A BASIS FOR WOODLAND MANAGEMENT

GARY R. GOFF AND PETER SMALLIDGE 18

FORESTRY: 100 YEARS AND GROWING

HENRY KERNAN ......................................................•......................•............. 21

THE MARKETPLACE 23

The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

The New York Forest Owner is a bi-monthly publication by The New York Forest OwnersAssociation, PO. Box 180, Fairport, N. Y. 14450. Materials submitted for publication should

be sent to: Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor, The New York Forest Owner, 134 LincklaenStreet, Cazenovia, New York 13035. Materials may also be e-mailed to mmalmshe@syr.edu.Articles, artwork and photos are invited and if requested, are returned after use. The

deadline for submission for the July/August issue is June 1, 2000.

Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box 180,

Fairport, N.Y. 14450. 1-800-836-3566. Cost of individual membership/subscription is $20.

www.nyfoa.org

COVER: Education Camp on Pack Lake -location of the Fall 2000 NYFOAMeeting. Photo courtesy of Bruce Breitmeyer, SUNY College ofEnvironmental Science and Forestry.

The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 20002

FT~PresidentUnder many circumstances, 40%

would be considered a poor

rating. But not when it comes toNew York and the satellite video-

conference on the Economic Aspects ofPrivate Forest Stewardship. As this

issue of the Forest Owner goes topress, twenty-two programs are

scheduled in New York from ErieCounty to NYC-22 out of a total of 56in all seven states! In this case, 40%

ain't bad-it is fantastic!

Many of you have helped makepossible the strong partnership betweenCornell University, CooperativeExtension in several Northeast states,

and NYFOAto produce this

excellentoutreach

program.Locally,

CountyCooperativeExtensionstaff,

NYFOA members, DEC, and publicand private foresters are hosting the

program and leading discussions andwoodswalks.

On behalf of the New York TreeFarm Committee, DEe's Jerry Andritzwrote a grant proposal and funds were

received from the American Tree FarmSystem to provide a BMP Field Guideto each woodswalk participant, and

Tree Farm door prizes. This truly hasbeen a team effort. Thanks to you all.It wouldn't be happening without you!

Quite a different educational effortcontinues to unfold in the southwesternpart of the state. In February,

Jamestown Community Collegestudents in the Earth Awareness Clubmet with second graders to present anoverview of deforestation and its affecton the environment. A subsequentJamestown Post Journal article in-cluded sweeping quotes on clear-

cutting, loss of forests, and other points

that several astute NYFOA observers

immediately challenged by writingletters and op-ed articles to the paper.

Excellent columns setting therecord straight appeared by Charlie

Mowatt, member of NYFOA's Boardof Directors; Bob Kochersberger,

retired biology professor; and AlBrown, MFO and former president ofSUNY Brockport. A balanced editorial

followed.

We may be hearing more fromJamestown on this. In the meantime,I'm once again grateful for the dedica-

tion and motivation of those who speakup with the facts and explain the

meaning of sound use of our naturalresources. If we don't speak up, whowill?

NYFOA's spring meeting in Marchwas excellent, thanks to the efforts ofJim Minor and all who helped. Putting

together a day long program takes a lotof arranging.

During his talk, Penn State's Jim

Finley suggested that we think ofourselves as "land-holders," instead of"landowners." Most NYFOA members

would readily agree and could explainthe finer meanings of "stewardship."Perhaps wider use of the term "land-

holders" would help reach many of thefolks we'd like to reach-those land-

holders that would benefit from a

greater understanding of the resourcesunder their care.

Which brings me to mention theNYFOA Membership Recruitmentcontest. All chapter chairs have been

notified of awards to the chapter with

the greatest percentage growth duringcalendar 2000. The prizes-satisfactionin a job well done, pride in havingintroduced others to a source of forestmanagement guidance, and $200 froman anonymous donor. Don't be shy-

go for it!-Ron Pedersen

President

J · ,NYFOA is a not-for-

om profit group of NY• State landowners

promoting stewardship of privateforests. Stewardship puts intopractice knowledge of forest ecosys-tems, silviculture, local economies,watersheds, wildlife, natural aesthet-ics and even law for the long termbenefit of current and future genera-tions. NYFOA, through its localchapters, provides this knowledge forlandowners and the interested public.

Join NYFOA today and begin toreceive the many benefits including:six issues of The New York ForestOwner, woodswalks, chapter meet-ings, and two statewide meetings forall members.

IIWe would like to support goodforestry and stewardship of NewYork's forest lands

( ) IIWe own acres ofwoodland.( ) l/We do not own woodland but sup-port the Association's objectives.

Name: _

Address: _

City: _

State/Zip: _

Telephone: _

County of Residence: _

County of Woodlot: _

Referred by: _

Annual Dues (Please Circle One):Student $10Individual $20Family (co-owners) $25Contributing $30-$100Sponsoring $101 +

Please make check payable to NewYork Forest Owners Association,or, if you prefer, by check payable toNew York Woodland Stewards, Inc.(NYWS, a tax deductible founda-tion), including any contribution inexcess of your NYFOA membershipand send to:

NYFOAP.O. Box 180

Fairport, New York 144501-800-836-3566www.nyfoa.org

The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000 3

Asian Longhorn Beetle.i. The USDA has an informationala. web-site on the Asian

Longhorned Beetle. It providesinformation on Federal QuarantineAreas, a Factsheet on the AsianLonghorned Beetle, Q&A's, Identi-fying the Asian Longhorned Beetle,

Photographs of the AsianLonghorned Beetle, APHIS Pest

Advisory Group Report, and a mapdepicting Introductions and Ware-house Detections of LonghornedBeetles from Cargo Originating in

China. The web-site address is:http://www.aphis.usda.gov:80/oa/alb/alb. html

NYFOANE~S

Ask the Forester,j;. We are slowly receivinga. inquiries to our "Ask the

Forester" column, but would like

more. We would welcome ques-tions pertaining to forestry andforest management issues from

NYFOA members.Please submit any ques-tions or suggestions to:

The New YorkForest Owner

"Ask the Forester"

Column134 Lincklaen Street

Cazenovia, NY 13035e-mail:

mmalmshe@syr.edu

•

Debbie Gill, NYFOA Administrative Secretary, and her mother;Helen Marchant were an incredible help registering and welcomingmembers to the annual Spring Meeting. Thanks for all your help!

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4 The New YorkForest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

Timber Theft • • •Escalating Across Rural New York

Getting an accurate assessmentof trends in any type ofproperty crime is difficult.

Measuring timber theft, though, isespecially hard when the logs aresnatched from lands far from thebeaten path-and buyers generallydon't question the origin of the logs.Nevertheless, landowners report thattimber theft is increasing to the pointthey must constantly patrol theirproperty to guard against suchcrimes.

As the market value of manyfurniture-quality hardwood speciessoars with declining supply, timberthieves are exploiting increasinglysophisticated technology and decep-tion to find, assess, harvest andmarket choice timber. Helicopters,small planes, global positioningsystems, aerial photography andheavy equipment are now being used.Using county real property maps andother sources, sophisticated timberthieves identify non-resident land-owners, a group very vulnerable totheft. A single tree on the stump canbe worth anywhere from $200-$1000at today's prices. A whole woodlotworth thousands of dollars can beselectively raided in half a day forshipment out of the area or evenoverseas.

New York is more vulnerable totimber theft than most other statessince our forest owners have some ofthe finest hardwoods availableanywhere on the planet, and themajority of forest holdings arerelatively small, often kept for non-commercial purposes. Absenteeowners, retired farmers with distantunused woodlots, and landownerswho rarely enter their own woods areespecially vulnerable to theft. Stateand county-owned forests have beenraided, too, as conservation officersare too few to check every parcel andsheriff's deputies concentrate on

other kinds of personal and propertycrimes.

Unlike the Western states wheremost forest land is in public owner-ship, New York's forests are largelyprivately owned. There are about450,000 private landowners in NewYork with 20 or more acres of timbereach.

Since few rural towns have atimber harvesting ordinance orpermitting system, which wouldenable code enforcement officers tocheck on registered harvests, no oneis likely to question a harvest inprogress until it is too late and theonly evidence is a woodlot that lookslike a tornado passed through.Traditionally, the legal system doesnot treat timber theft as a seriouscrime, either, so that even whenthieves are caught, the punishment islight in relation to the value of theheist.

The dramatic rise in timber theftis starting to tip the scales againstcontinued forest ownership andmanagement for many landowners.When measured for investmentpurposes against stocks, bonds,business ventures or other kinds ofreal estate, forest ownership isextremely management intensive andfar less steady in terms of earnings.The general health of the state'sforests has declined, too, as invasiveinsect and fungal pests accidentallyimported from abroad, having fewnative enemies, deplete-or eveneliminate-economically importantspecies like chestnut, beech, mapleand eastern hemlock. The continuingdiminishment of native species posesa powerful threat to the rural forest-based economy and insidiouslychanges the forest ecology.

Assessments of forest lands fortax purposes, especially downstate,go up even if no timber is sold, andeven when a large theft has occurred

which removed most of the potential"capital gain." Rubbing salt in thewound, the landowner who hasexperienced timber theft and isenrolled in the state forest tax pro-gram must pay the 6% stumpage feeto local taxing authorities on thetrees stolen. Forest owners worryenough about legitimate harvests-isthe contractor doing his job "right"with respect to long-term harvestsustainability, careful road cuts, safelogging practices, etc. or is thelogger leaving behind a destroyed,valueless woodlot, and even going onto neighbors' lands to harvest logs?

This past fall, several state andlocal agencies jointly hosted aPulaski workshop on timber theftconcerns and prevention. The NewYork Forest Owners Association andits 11 chapters playa lead role inheightening awareness of this issue.The situation seems to beg forgreater awareness and action all-around.

Timber theft is acceleratingfragmentation of forest lands intosmaller and more dispersed parcels,especially in densely populated areas.Wildlife habitat consequentlyshrinks, as does the potential forregeneration of desired species. Theproper husbandry of the forestresource which takes a hundred ormore years to grow to maturity isneglected as well, tending to dimin-ish the long-term viability of thestate's forest products industry. Iftimber theft continues unabated,more forest owners than ever willsell their land for developmentpurposes, rather than fight a losingbattle with timber thieves."

This article originally appeared in theNovember/December 1999 issue of "RuralFutures, " the monthly publication of theNYS Legislative Commission on RuralResources. It was reprinted with theirpermission.

The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000 5

ESF's Pacl{ ForestEDUCATION • FORESTRY • VACATION

Imagineyou are walking through

poor quality second growth, oldagricultural fields and large areas of

clearcutting. Now imagine only twentyyears later standing among "one of the

most productive timber properties in

the Northeast," stated by Joseph S.Ilick, dean of the College of Forestry in

1947. That was the transformation ofthe 2,500 acres now known as theCharles Lathrop Pack DemonstrationForest.

Pack Demonstration Forest, locatedin the Adirondacks just north of

Warrensburg, is the chosen site of theNew York Forest Owners Association(NYFOA) Fall Meeting, scheduled forSeptember 22-24, 2000. The meeting

is co-hosted by the SouthernAdirondack and Capital DistrictChapters and is billed as both aneducational and vacation event. Co-

sponsors are SUNY College of Envi-ronmental Science and Forestry,Cornell Cooperative Extension and the

Department of Environmental Conser-vation. To fully appreciate your visit,some history of the Forest is provided.

MARy BINDER

Charles Lathrop Pack was the son

of a Michigan lumber baron whosenickname was "Clearcut" Pack. He

studied forestry in the Black Forests ofGermany, where forestry first began its

start as a science. Due to his forestryknowledge and skill, he was asked byPresident Theodore Roosevelt to be in

the first Governors' Conference in1908. Pack later became the presidentof the American Forestry Associationfor several years and then founded theAmerican Tree Association in 1922.

He is credited with creating theidea of victory gardens while serving

as president of the National WarGarden Commission during World War1. After the war he sent tree seeds to

Europe to reforest battle torn areas.Closer to home, Pack worked to

realize a dream of establishing a forestthat would be managed for maximum

potential and one that would be visitedby the general public. In 1927, hepurchased 2,170 acres in Warrensburg

for such a purpose. Due to the fact thatthe state constitution forbade cutting oftimber on state lands in the

Adirondacks, Pack made arrangementsfor the lands to be deeded to SyracuseUniversity. The lands would be held intrust for the New York State College ofForestry, now known as SUNY

College of Environmental Science and

Forestry.The College began work quickly.

They brought in tree seedlings from

Syracuse and started a nursery. Theyrefurbished the existing WoodwardHomestead, (see sidebar), to be used

by forestry students. A visitor centerand campground were also constructed.

Old fields were planted with conifers,and the old, non-productive white pine

stands and second growth timber weremanaged to maximize growth potential.

The Forest's sawmill: which wasbuilt in 1930, has produced as much as

250,000 board feet a year, with thelumber being sold to the local public orused in the construction of the build-ings on the Forest. Pack Forest has

also been used to train young forestrystudents, with an intensive field session

introducing forest surveying, tree and

continued on page 7

Beautiful conifer trees line the entrance road at Pack Forest,Warrensburg, NY.

Equipment demonstration at Pack Forest sponsored by SUNY ESFand Cornell Cooperative Extension in the Fall 1998.

6 The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

bird identification, wildlife manage-ment and forest inventory.

Use of the College's Pack ForestCamp facilities continues today withthe Department of EnvironmentalConservation's Ecology Camp. TheCamp gives students aged 15 to 17years old the opportunity to learn moreabout the outdoors. Ongoing researchprojects such as acidic depositionstudies and ecology field studies ofwood turtles are now occurring. TheCollege's multiple use managementalso allows public recreational use ofthe property. From the magnificentGrandmother's Tree Nature Trail, tohiking up Ben Wood Mountain, tofishing and canoeing-there is much todo at Pack Forest. •..

GRANDMOTHER'S TREEOne of the most beautiful and interesting sightsat Pack Forest is Grandmother's Tree-a verylarge, old growth, white pine tree. The tree isnow accessible by a newly constructed trail thatallows the physically challenged to see thiswondrous tree.• The tree is named after Margaret Somerville

Woodward, (Grandmother Woodward),who along with her husband Tom, settledthe property in 1787. Tom had plans to cutdown the tree to sell enough lumber to buyhis wife a new set of dishes. Mrs. Wood-ward, being outraged, stated that the treewould be cut down over her dead body.The area surrounding Grandmother's Treeis a 47 acre natural growth area made up ofhemlock and white pine.The tree is estimated to be over 315 yearsold.

•SAC Winter outing at the Grand-mother Tree this past winter.

•Mary Binder is the Chariperson of the CDC ofNYFOA which is co-sponsoring the FallNYFOA meeting. She would like to thankBruce Breitmeyer of ESF's Huntington Forestfor providing the historical information.

• It stands 175 plus feet tall.• It is forty-eight inches in diameter.• The tree is listed on the New York State Historic Tree List.• It is the tallest white pine in the state.• The tree contains approximately 4,000 board feet of lumber, enough to

build a small house.

Corne and See the Tallest Tree!

Come to the Fall Meeting andsee the tallest tree in NewYork State. Mark your calen-

dars for September 22-24, 2000 for avisit to the Charles Lathrop PackDemonstration Forest in the beautifulAdirondack Mountains. The PlanningCommittee has many events scheduledfor young and old alike, as well asthose new to forestry. There is outletshopping that rivals Lee, MA, theAdirondack Balloon Festival is a shortdrive away, there will be a fireworksdisplay in Lake George, or you cantake a train from North Creek toRiparius.

There will be an excellent techni-cal program for those who want towalk the forest and learn about whitepine and northern hardwood manage-ment. There are several concurrentsessions tentatively scheduled. Those

Saturday will have a full slate offorestry activities, including bird andwildflower walks, tree identification,and a look at pond and stream life. Wealso hope to have activities for thechildren in the group. The programwill culminate on Sunday with a varietyof tour options including a visit to thewoods of the 1993 Outstanding TreeFarmers (and this year's recipients ofthe NYFOA Outstanding Serviceaward), Erwin and Polly Fullerton.This magnificent property is just northof Warrensburg, near Thurman, andthe Fullertons have agreed to show ustheir man-made lake, woodlots andmuch more.

Look for the schedule and registra-tion form in the next issue of the Forest

Owner and check the website atwww.NYFOA.org •..

scheduled to present include: Dr. DougAllen, SUNY ESF Professor of Ento-mology, who will talk about insects andpests; Bob Beyfuss, Cornell Coopera-tive Extension, will speak about mush-room and ginseng growing; Dick Sage,ESF Associate Director, AdirondackEcological Center and a representativefrom the U.S. Forest Service will lead awoodswalk to discuss wildlife andforestry management; and DickSchwab, Director, SUNY ESF ForestProperties, will speak about multipleuse management of Pack Forest. Wewill visit Grandmother's Tree and ademonstration area that has many forestBest Management Practices installed.

Tentatively we have a pizza partyice breaker scheduled for those whowant to arrive Friday night, withentertainment by Dick Nason and his"Old Time Logging Films" to follow.

7The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

Stand B

Your Strcanr-Streamside Protection - Why Bother?

REBECCA L. SCHNEIDER

YOU own a creek, perhaps byaccident, perhaps because youlove to fish or want to have fun

with your kids. The truth is, you own

much more. The adjacent streamside isnot only an integral part of the streambut a unique habitat in itself.

Most streamsides, or riparianzones, have historically been clearedfor agriculture, reinforced for railways,

cleared for development, and onlyoccasionally been left alone. They have

been viewed as barriers preventingaccess to the greater excitement of thestream. Yet, an intact and healthy

streamside habitat serves many criti-cally important functions. It deservesprotection and good management.

Riparian zone: the lands directlyadjacent to a stream, creek orriver which have a saturatedgroundwater table within 3 to 5feet of the soil surface and/orwhich are periodically floodedaboveground.

Riparian zones vary dramatically in

appearance from the thin fringe of

eastern hemlock and birch treesbordering small headwater creeks, to

meadows and willow thickets along afarm stream, to mile-wide richlyforested floodplains associated with

large rivers. The critical features of all

these streamside habitats are that thegroundwater table is shallow enough tointeract with the plant roots and that the

plants are occasionally floodedaboveground when the stream isswollen by storms or snowmelt.

These conditions exert stronginfluences on the plants which live in

the streamside. An amazing diversityof trees, shrubs and herbs have adapted

to living in various portions of theriparian zone depending on the fre-quency and duration of flooding or soil

saturation which they experience. Theleaves, fruits, and root systems

provide the basis for many of the

benefits which streamside habitatsprovide.

Wildlife Value•Vegetated streamsides provide food,water, habitat and corridors for wild-

life.• Streamside vegetation provides a

periodic source of organic litter anddebris which are needed by stream

inhabitants.

• Overhanging vegetation shades andcools the stream waters, making it

more livable for aquatic organisms.

streamsides into their home ranges as asource of water or as a safe corridor by

which to bypass exposed fields andurban developments. Birds depend onthe wealth of fruits from the rich plantcommunity as well as insects andaquatic organisms as their food source.Birds and other animals rely on thestreamside for nesting and protection.

Streamsides are also home for special-ized species, such as water thrushes orstar-nosed moles, river otters, andbeavers which favor the combination offlowing water with adjacent vegetatedland.

Riparian vegetation is also criti-

cally important to the organisms livingwithin the stream itself. Every autumn,

it provides a predictable and plentifulsupply of leaf litter and debris as foodfor stream invertebrates and as fuel forthe aquatic food web. Large fallenbranches lodge within the stream,forming debris dams and hollowed-out

pools for resting fish. Finally, over-hanging vegetation shades and cools

the stream waters, making it livable forfish and other organisms.

But wildlife resources are only onedimension of the benefits that stream-

sides provide. These habitats performother critical functions on which oursociety is dependent. These environ-

mental services would be expensive toreplace artificially.

The highest diversity of wildlife inmany northeastern landscapes isassociated with the streamside. Deerand other terrestrial animals include

Flood Control• Plant foliage, stems and litter inter-cept storm waters, slow down water

movement, and reduce the peak heightand duration of floods downstream.

The first of these functions isnatural flood control. Streams are

dynamic systems. Water levels rise and

drop daily with rainfall, seasonally withsnowmelt and summer heat, andinterannually with droughts and wet

years. The streamside habitat is

actually an extension of the streamitself and serves as the buffer areawhen stream discharge increases and

the stream overflows its banks. Theplants growing within the streamside

are adapted to this periodic flooding

8 The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

Streamside habitats are also critical

in the improvement of water quality asit flows subsurface. As groundwatermoves from surrounding upland areas

into the adjacent streams, it passesthrough the root zone of the streamsideplant community. Stream water alsomoves in and out of the riparian

Figure 1 substrate as it intercepts meander bends

or overflows the banks.

and the associated ground conditions.When flooding occurs, the plant stems,leaves and litter intercept the floodwa-

ters, slowing them down and reducingthe height and duration of floods

downstream. Without such intercep-

tion, the stormwaters rush straightdownstream, increasing the height and

duration of peak flooding.

Discharge: the volume of waterpassing through a cross-sectionof a stream and its entirechannel in a given amount oftime.

Filtering Mechanisms

~p

Sediment Trapping• Plants and litter reduce the load ofsuspended sediments in storm waters

and runoffby slowing down the waterand allowing the particles to settle out.

Streamside plant communities alsoimprove water quality by trapping

suspended sediments among the plantstems and litter (Fig. 1). The particles

settle out of the slowed waters and aredeposited in the riparian habitat. Most

riparian plants, such as willows,sycamores, ashes and cottonwoods,must be adapted to deal with shiftingsubstrates and can rapidly regrow rootsystems in the newly deposited sedi-ment.

Erosion Control• Plant roots hold the soil of the

streambank in place and preventerosion.

Plant root systems are a mainfactor preventing bank erosion and

further movement of suspendedsediment downstream. The roots form

a fine dense network throughout the

soil, binding it together and resistingthe erosive power of flowing water.

Interestingly, the resultant resistance ofthe streambanks to erosion has direct

feedbacks to the functioning of thelarger stream network across the

landscape. The sinuosity, or"wiggliness" of the stream channel isincreased and this also helps to reduce

the rapid flow of water downstream.

Groundwater Filtering• The soil-root-microbe environment of

the riparian zone filters out nutrients,metals and other contaminants from

water as it moves subsurface.

stream which ties the landscape to-gether. They are valuable habitats

performing numerous functions whichwould be difficult to replace artifi-

cially. As such, they deserve protectionand good management.zs,

Rebecca Schneider is an Assistant Professor inthe Department of Natural Resources at

Cornell University. Her expertise focuses onthe interactions between plants and groundwa-ter in wetlands, along lakeshores and

streamsides.

There are a number of mechanisms

acting to filter out contaminants fromthese invisible flowing waters (seefigure 1). Phosphorus, metals and othercontaminants are "stuck," or absorbed,

onto tiny pieces of organic matterwithin the soil. Bacteria and other

microbes transform and break down

many contaminants. Denitrification, inparticular, is a process by whichmicrobes transform nitrate, a common

component of fertilizers and manurewastes, into nitrogen gas. The gas is

lost to the atmosphere and the nitrogencleaned from the groundwater. Finally,

microbes and plants temporarily storenitrogen, phosphorus and other con-taminants in their living tissues.

Streamsides playa critical role inmaintaining good health in our streams

and in the adjoining terrestrial eco-systems. The interweaving network of

streams and streamsides are the blood-

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e-mail brobin@netsync.net1894 CAMP ST. EXT.

JAMESTOWN, NY 14701

9The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

that I couldn't possibly plant the 5,000scotch pine myself, I contracted to havethis done.

,Short-Term Chronicleof a Tree Parm

A STRUGGLING FOREST LANDOWNER/CONSULTANT/TREE FARMER (A.K.A. PETER ZUBAL)

Summer 1992: Purchased 129 acres ofland in the town of Sempronius,Cayuga Co. NY. Oh boy! I am at last a

forest landowner.

Autumn 1992: Marked and sold timber

on a single tree selection basis on 65acres of northern hardwood, leavingthe culls and pulpwood for futurefirewood sales. This helped pay for theproperty and to defray taxes. So far, so

good.

Winter, early 1993: Timber washarvested and skid roads built to

specifications. The snow was ungodlydeep which helped to minimize skid-ding damage. So far, so good.

Summer 1993: Sold tops for firewood,

realizing further income. So far, so

good.

Winter 1993-1994: The firewoodcutter flipped his tractor over back-

wards, in deep snow, but escaped anyinjury whatsoever, thank god for goodfortune and a good contract. Whew!!!!

So far so good. (He went broke before

finishing).

30+ Years Experience

ROBERT DEMEREEProfessional Forestry Consultant

Timber Sales- Management PlanningTax Law· Tree Planting

3987 Northway DriveCortland, NY 13045-9317

Telephone:(607) 753-0497

Spring and Summer 1994: Mowed,cleared and grubbed stumps fromapproximately 9 acres of brush and

berry bushes under the SIP program.Also stratified a bunch of acorns fromlocal superior seed stock for future

planting. So far, so good.

Winter 1994-1995: Ordered 500 redoak seedlings, 750 tube shelters, 750weed mats and 750 I" x I" white oakstakes to use for planting the red oak in

the spring. Also 5,000 scotch pine

seedlings for inter-planting to providecompetition for the red oak. This wasrecommended to me by a fellow whohas done this in the past, as the scotch

pine is supposed to dieout after a period oftime. All of this under

the SIP program, sofar, so good.

Spring 1995:Personally planted

500 red oakseedlings byscalping an area approximately 2' x 2'and being very certain to plant andtamp properly. Installed the 500 tube

shelters. My good wife, Linda, helped

me on a very cold damp April weekendplacing the weed mats. After about 3

hours, with both of us quite cold, shesaid to me "how long will these treestake to grow to harvestable size?" Ireplied, "about 100 years." She said,

"why are we doing this?" My replywas, "as a legacy to future woodland

owners." (My son is a forester and

probably will manage this property for

my four daughters and himself, hope-fully passing the legacy to my grand-children). So far, so good. Realizing

Summer 1995: A very dry late spring

and early summer took its toll on thescotch pine, with about 15% survival.

Not so good. Mowed the entire#$@%& area with my riding lawnmower. Difficult to see the scotch pine,

but managed to destroy only about 20or so. So far, so good. Except!! Theforest tent caterpillar infested my

hardwood stand, causing defoliationover about 40 of the 65 acres. I evenfound caterpillars in the tubes protect-

ing the red oak. The black cherry re-foliated late in the

summer, but thesugar maple did

not. This caused

some mortalityin the interme-

diate andunderstorysugar maple

trees.

Summer 1995: Found another fire-

wood cutter who harvests on a tenstandard cords per sale basis. All

right!!! This takes care of the leftover

tops and the standing culls.

Late summer 1995: A survey showed95% survival on the red oak, with oneindividual even emerging from the 5'

tall tube. I was ecstatic!'! So far, so

good.

Spring 1996: Planted an additional 250seedlings from my personal seedbed.

On some of these I utilized weed mats

continued on page 11

10 The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

and on some just scalped the area priorto planting. Very little evidence of thescotch pine here. So far, so good.

Summer 1996: Mowed around thetrees twice. So far, so good, but someof the plastic ties which hold the plastictree shelters are breaking, causing thetubes to bend to the ground. I calledthe tree tube company and they ac-knowledged the problem and sent menew ties. I replaced the faulty ones.Was undertaking this project such agood idea?? The firewood cutter is stillworking. The forest tent caterpillar wasback again, but the population crashedthis year. Some additional mortalitywas observed, and a large number ofsugar maple exhibited stress in reducedcrown vigor. A side effect of thedefoliation was 6-112 feet tall black-berry bushes in the defoliated areas.Some of these are still producing large,juicy berries. This was the only benefitof the defoliation.

Fall 1996: Very good survival of the1996 planting of the rea oak, about90%. So far, so good.

Spring 1997: Everything ok so far, butsome of the red oak aren't doing toowell. The inter planting where thescotch pine failed will probably need tobe re-done. More plastic ties arebreaking. I will cope with this.

Summer 1997: Mowed twice again. Iam getting so familiar with my red oaktrees that I am learning the names ofsome of them. More firewood sold.

Fall 1997: Some of the white oakstakes are rotting and breaking off atground level causing the tubes to fall tothe ground-along with the seedlings,some of which break at ground level.Replaced these white oak stakes withfiberglass posts.

Spring 1998: Noticed that some of thered oak aren't growing too well.Mortality about 5% or so. Replantedthese from my own seed bed. Also,

where the red oak have emerged fromthe tubes, the prevailing winds havecaused the bark to rub off even thoughthe tubes are flared at the top. Iprotected these trees with corrugatedplastic electrical conduit. Getting a bitdifficult to remain enthusiastic.

Summer 1998: Mowed twice again.Linda, Louis and Helen are doing quitewell being about a foot out of thetubes. Doris, Kermit, Mark, Miriamand Adam are just peeking out.Kathryn, Rachael, Ford and Ted arealmost to the top of the tubes, butAnnemarie, Stephanie, Seth, Mitchell,Allison, Katelin and Benjamin are onlyhalfway up the tubes. I will re-evaluatethe status of these in 1999. Enthusiasmis flagging, but I will persevere.Firewood cutter still operating, doingabout 10 acres per season.

Fall 1998: Although the tubes preventthe deer from browsing the red oak, adominant buck decided to rub hisantlers on about ten of the tubes,breaking the whiteoak stakes and inone case destroyinga vigorous red oak(Louis). If only Ican get him in mysights.

Spring 1999: Manyof the white oakstakes are breakingoff at ground level.Oh well! Such isthe lot of the treefarmer. #$ @ %&

Keep on trying!

Summer 1999:Mowed twiceagain. Protected allof the emergent redoak with corrugatedplastic protectors.Replaced all of thewhite oak stakeswith fiberglassstakes. A lot of

work, but I love it! (I think). Decidedto re-plant about 100 red oak whichhad not achieved knee high by 4 and5 years of growth. Also ordered2,000 Norway spruce to inter plantwhere the scotch pine failed. Spotsprayed with Roundup where I plan toplant the Norway spruce and red oakreplacement trees. Thank goodnessthe firewood cutter is still operatingwith about 45 of the 65 acres ofhardwood forest completed.

As I am writing this in mid-March, Iam looking forward to receiving mynursery stock for planting. When Iget discouraged by the trials andtribulations of being a forest land-owner, I remember the followingquote by Nelson Henderson. "Thetrue meaning of life is to plant trees,under whose shade you do not expectto sit." s:Peter W. Zubal of Moravia, NY is aConsultant Forester operating in CentralNew York and a member of the CayugaChapter of NYFOA.

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The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000 11

firewood production and use, forestland liability and taxation, and generalconservation and land use. He haswritten over 100 extension publicationsand helped produce three educationalfilms for which he received ninenational awards. He co-edited a treeidentification field manual entitledForest Trees of the Northeast publishedin 1996 by Cornell CooperativeExtension. Jim has had seven articlespublished in The New York Forest

Owner.

Lassoie is a veteran teacher, withexperience spanning 29 years. Hepresently teaches three courses atCornell, has served as major professorto 28 graduate students, and currentlyadvises 13 others.

He holds membership in thirteenorganizations, including the Society ofAmerican Foresters, the NatureConservancy, the Wilderness Societyand NYFOA, and has been cited witheighteen Awards from organizationsincluding the National Science Founda-tion, Society of American Foresters,the NY Tree Farm Committee, Ameri-can Association of Teacher Educatorsin Agriculture and a Superior Perfor-mance Award from CooperativeExtension in 1984.

NYFOA applauds the accomplish-ments of Jim Lassoie, a man whosedistinguished career is filled with manycontributions to forestry here in NewYork and worldwide. CongratulationsJim for an outstanding career in thefield of forestry! •.

A NYFOA SWARD

HEIBERG MEMORIAL AWARD PRESENTED TO

JAMES P. LASSOIE

Bob Sand presents the Heiberg Award toJames P Lassoie

Each year the New York ForestOwners Association (NYFOA)presents the Heiberg Memorial

Award to recognize outstandingcontributions to forestry and conserva-tion in New York State (NYS). Theaward memorializes Svend O. Heiberg,a renowned Professor of Silviculture atthe NYS College of Forestry (now theSUNY College of EnvironmentalScience and Forestry), who wasresponsible for proposing the establish-ment of a forest landowner associationin New York State 38 years ago. WithHardy Shirley, Dean of Forestry,Professor Heiberg began the meetingsthat eventually organized NYFOA.

This year at its March l S" AnnualMeeting, attended by many of hiscolleagues, friends and acquaintances,NYFOA presented the Heiberg Memo-rial Award to Dr. James P. Lassoie forhis outstanding career in forestry. Theaward recognizes Dr. Lassoie for hisoutstanding leadership and dedicationto excellence as administrator, educa-tor, author, and lecturer.

Born in 1945 in Atascadero, CA,Jim graduated from the WoodrowWilson High School in Tacoma, WA in1963. He then received a B.S. (1968)and a Ph.D. (1975) from the College ofForest Resources at the University ofWashington, Seattle. After completinghis graduate degree Jim worked as aResearch Assistant for WeyerhaeuserCompany and completed a postdoctoralfellowship at the School of Forestry,Fisheries and Wildlife, University ofMissouri, Columbia.

In September 1976, Jim became anAssistant Professor at Cornell Univer-sity where he was responsible fordeveloping a Cooperative Extensionand research program in forest ecologyand management. In 1984, he workedas a Visiting Associate Professor at theUniversity of Washington, Seattle,developing continuing educationcourses and conducting research atWeyerhaeuser Research Center.

Upon returning to Cornell, heserved as the Extension Leader for theDepartment of Natural Resources untilJanuary 1988 when he became Chair ofthat department, a position he held untilassuming the directorship of theCornell Center for the Environment in1993. He returned to the Department ofNatural Resources in 1996 to reassumeresponsibilities as Chair.

At Cornell, Dr. Lassoie's responsi-bilities include a major time commit-ment to Cooperative Extension,specifically to develop public educationprograms related to nonindustrial usesof private forestlands. He has writtenextensively about forestry, participatedin many public information meetingscovering such topics as woodland andwildlife ecology and management,

This article contains a portion of Robert M.Sand's Heiberg Memorial Award presentationto James P. Lassoie as chair of the 2000NYFOA Awards Committee consisting of JimMinor, Michael Greason and Don Wagner.

12 The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

ERWIN AND POLLY FULLERTON RECEIVE NYFOA

SERVICE AWARD

The twenty-third New York Forest

Owners Association (NYFOA)

Outstanding Service Award waspresented to Erwin and Polly Fullerton atthe 2000 Annual Meeting. The award,

which recognizes outstanding service to the

NYFOA membership, acknowledges theFullerton's management skills on theirforest property and their gifts of serviceover the years to NYFOA.

The Fullertons became members ofNYFOA in 1990 when they were instru-mental in organizing the Southeastern

Adirondack Chapter (SAC). Polly becamethe first Treasurer of SAC and continues in

that capacity to date. Erwin served asChairperson from 1992-93 and was the

Chapter representative on the NYFOABoard of Directors for the same time

period.The Fullertons are both native Ver-

monters and reside in South Woodstock,VT. Their first forestry project started in

1955 when Erwin and Polly planted scotchpine and white spruce on three acres nearthe Village of Hudson Falls, NY. Withshearing and the passing of time the

plantation produced quality Christmas treeswhich were sold both as a "Choose & Cut"

and from a Homeyard Operation.In 1967, they purchased a cut-over

tract of 200 acres in the Town of Thurman,within the blue line, near Warrensburg,

NY. Over the years, working with DECforesters and SCS personnel, they com-pleted Timber Stand Improvements (TSI)on 75 acres of land by chemical frilling and

The Fullertons accepting the Service Awardfrom Jim Minor

later chain-saw girdling. Their first harvest

was a pulpwood sale.In 1977 they built a beautiful 8 acre

pond on their property and after several

attempts to introduce trout finally had

success by stocking Large Mouth Bass.Near the pond Erwin built a cabin (along

with a shop and machine shed) that hasbeen a focal point to enjoy any time ofyear.

The Fullertons are NY Tree Farm

members of the American Tree FarmSystem and received a Goodyear Award ofMerit from the Warren County Soil &Water District in 1989 for excellence inskid road location, building and mainte-

nance. Both Erwin and Polly are MFOs

having attended the Master Forest Owner/Covert Program in 1992. In 1993 theyreceived the New York State OutstandingTree Farm Award and in 1994 wererecognized as a finalist in the Northeastern

Tree Farmer of the Year Award.

The Fullertons have manned publicity

display boards for NYFOA and MFO atfairs and co-hosted meetings andW oodswalks at their 200 acre "Tree and

Wildlife Farm."

The NYFOA membership sincerelyappreciates Erwin and Polly Fullerton's

contributions of time, talent and energy toour organization. Congratulations Erwin

and Polly, and thank you for your serviceto NYFOA and New York State's forestlandowners .•.

This article contains a portion of Jim Minor'spresentation of the NYFOA Service Award toErwin and Polly Fullerton. The NYFOA AwardsCommittee was chaired by Bob Sand and consistedof Jim Minor, Mike Greason and Don Wagner.

The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000 13

The following questions were submittedfrom NYFOA member, Joe Hauck ofLebanon, NJ.

QuestionMy wife and I own about 170 woodedacres in Greene county. I've noticed thatabout 90% of the red maples have seriousdamage (i.e., rot, a serious healed overwound, etc.). Stand improvement woulddictate that I cut them down although Iwould miss the fall colors. I've thought of acompromise. I intend to cut them downabout 3 feet off the ground. The stumpswill sprout prolifically giving the deersomething to chew on (besides my oak, ashand sugar maple) and I will still get the fallcolor. As for the stumps hopefully they willnot rot out too quickly and can be used totum logs against when I have a timber cutIs this a good idea?

AnswerIt is always difficult to make silviculturaldecisions without seeing first hand the treesin question; however, with that note ofcaution, you might consider cutting the redmaples that display the most serious signsof defect. In cutting those, you will have a

chance to see just how serious the rotproblem is. I would also recommendcutting them close to the ground so that thestump sprouts would have a better chanceof developing into good stems. Havinghigher stumps would increase the chance ofdefect in the sprouts. Red maple is nolonger considered the weed tree that it wasa couple of decades ago. Perhaps cuttingthe worst specimens will act as a thinning toincrease vigor and culture potential saleablefuture sawlogs. I agree that red maplesprouts will provide good deer browse, andthe better retained sterns will provide thefall color.

QuestionI have planted some walnut seedlings andhave experienced some browse damage,however I've noticed that the trees I plantedin slash that was left sticking up were leftalone. I am beginning to wonder if the

benefit of less deer browse damageoutweighs the aesthetics of a neat site withthe slash rotting quicker due to contact withthe ground. It would probably generateslightly higher bids since it would save thelogger time.

AnswerPersonally I have never been a strongadvocate of top lopping for the very reasonyou have noted. Logging slash providesprotection for seedlings and cover forruffed grouse and other wildlife. In ForestPreserve towns, state law dictates toplopping to a four inch stem diameter at fourfeet above the ground for fire prevention.Yet, I have never witnessed logging slashas a contributor to wildfires in the northeast

in my three plus decades as a forester.Today, most loggers routinely lop tops,whether required in the harvesting contractor not, in order to have their jobs moreaesthetically pleasing. My clients make thedecision whether or not they want their topslopped for aesthetics if they are not in a firetown or where required by local ordinance.

QuestionIn our mixed forest I noticed a number oflarger white pines with girdling roots. Iassumed that the rocky soil had tumed themback toward the trunk. After cutting a few

it became obvious (the aroma was a deadgive away) that they were in fact the rootsof black birch some of which were 10 to 15feet or more away. While I know girdlingis bad for a tree is there any beneficialaspect (less wind throw or symbiosis) towhat I described or should girdling alwaysbe eliminated if possible?

AnswerI do not know of any symbiosis related tointertwining of roots of trees of differentspecies. Perhaps the black birch rootscrossed the white pine roots when therewas soil covering them. Possibly the sitehad been grazed by livestock after the treeshad become established and the subsequentsoil compaction and erosion has left thoseroots exposed over the pine roots. I canenvision red clay soils overlaying shale onsome of the easterly slopes of the Catskillsthat would have been pastured as agricul-ture waned on these sites and natural forestsuccession started which could lead to thesituation described. The intertwining ofroots may contribute to windfirmness onexposed sites where root depth is limited,but that would be a factor of tree spacingand natural root development, not a systemestablished through an evolutionaryprocess .•..

Michael Greason is a Consulting Forester inCatskill, NY, a board member of NYFOA and amember of the CDC.

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resource enterprises,ple(!l1lilIlg, and a panel dlscussion.

LJ;t(j;:(::bal~ter. ,NYFOA, Catskill Forest Association,·~9.eriicartF()resters and the Wate1:shed Agricultural

'~".__" __ ' Gene McCardle at '914-945-0504.

(Saturday)is sponsoring a tour of Dansville

south of Dansville on Route 36 on theGuided tour will be approximately 2 hours.

Bring' YQur .glasses or goggles. Tour a modem circularsaw mill.and debarker operations; new planer molding, flooring andsiding operations Shop; and visit the new 100% wood building withshowroom displays 'Of several types of wood finishes on the floor andwalls. A Iuncheo get together is also planned following the

Park. So pack your lunch and visit with,on interest in wood and nature. For

Joe LaBell at (716) 335-6677 or Harry

July 23-25,'2000(S~day - Tuesday)NEW YORK STATEMAPLETOUR 2000 will be hosted by theNortheastern New york Maple Producers Association on July 23-25,2000.

the New York State Maple Tour to be heldin the Lake Champlain region of New York

orfheasrem New York MapleDop,eraltionwith Cornell Cooperativen;"~~""'~on' of Natural Resources.

re!tdquartef€x:i at Lake Placid in the OlympicRegioubut . visit many area maple operations in the tri-countyregion of Clinton, Essex, and Franklin Counties, A portion of the

. tour will also take place at the Uihlein Sugar Maple Field Station ofCornellUniversity locatyd near Lake Placid,

Please mark the dates .'for this interesting and informative mapleevent. More irJformation' Will be forthcoming. For questions pleasecontact~:~wis J. 7 or via e-mail: '

.;'jj:'i';ii[' .

The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000 15

ijs20@comell.edu or Beth Spaugh at (51eas9@comell.edu

Also of ;nterest to maple producers is thci'Vemumt Mapleramd;2000 to be held July 27~29, 2000 in Orleans County withheadquarters at Jay Peak Resort. The dates-for the New York ,.Maple Tour and Vermont Maplerarna offer an opportnnityand "convenience for those who would liketo bothevints with.:" 'one day for travel between the two.

August 18-20, 2000 (Friday -NYS Woodsinen.'s Field Days. "

activItie-s there will also be two daysfrom logging to sawmilling. Callactivities and workshop topics.

September 18-20, 200() (Monday -FRAGMENTATION 2000 -- AForests in the 21st Century will be held on SeJJteiiriberl8in Annapolis, MD at the Radisson Hotel. . ,

The conference will have three functions; (1) Sharing~Bringingdiverse experts together to examine what w'ekn()'V .about private 'forests of all sizes, ranging from.sma " 'hunks; (2)Comparing: To identify areas ofdon't-know situations regarding prospects 9r.:,~ g privateforests in the 21st century; and (3) Reportin~t:Qu.ickly assemblinga proceedings that makes the conference papers and discussionswidely available through as many communications channels aspossible.

For more information contact Mike Jacobson.AssistantProfessorlExtension Forester, Pennsylvania State Uniyersity,School of Forest Resources, 7 Ferguson Building, Uni~er&ltyPark, PA 16802 Phone: (814) OVJ'-V'+\.J'l.

September 22-24, 2000 (Friday -NYFOA Fall Meeting planned. CharlesDemonstration Forest, Warrensburg, NYinformation.

October 10-13, 2000 (Tuesday - FriSUNY College of Environmental Scito announce the Third Biennial ConferencCrops Operations Group on October 10-1New York.

Join us for technical presentations and afield tolltm ...,ewYork:' s scenic Finger Lakes wine country, Hear the latestprogress reports from researchers and practitioners. Examinewoody energy crops, planting and harvesting equipment, wood-to-fuel processing equipment, and a wood/coal co-filing powerplant. Please contact SUNY-ESF if interested in providingequipment displays or demonstrations,

For more information: Phone: (315) 470-6891 Fax: (315) 470-6890 Email: ce@esfedu Webpage: wwwesfedu/willow

partially concealed in the tunnel, whichanchors it in place, and partiallyexposed to facilitate adult emergence.

Damage by this insect does not killthe host tree but can create seriousdefects in the wood as a result of pitchpockets and pitch-filled seams. Eventu-ally, galleries (Fig. 4) beneath the barkand their associated resin deposits areovergrown and incorporated into thesapwood as the tree grows. Thesedefects are not noticed until a damagedlog is processed. From a sawtimberstandpoint in the northeast, this defectis associated with white pine more thanother species.

Most damage by pitch mass boreroccurs to ornamentals and shade treesaround homes or in parks. Unsightlymasses of pitch three to four incheswide accumulate during summer, andeventually pitch may trickle down thestem and form long white streaks onthe bark. In addition to white pine,common hosts include Norway spruce,blue spruce and Austrian pine.

Management recommendationsfor pitch mass borer are based more oncommon sense than controlled studies.On yard trees, for instance, the pitchmass can be removed easily and a stiffwire worked into the gallery. Theintent is to "spear" the caterpillar.Removal of the insect will stop resin

The Pitch Mass BorerDOUGLAS C. ALLEN

Isuspectmany forest owners haveseenlarge globs of pitch on thetrunks of certain conifers, without

recognizing them as evidence of insectdamage. These white to yellowishmasses of solid resin are most obviouswhen newly formed during the growingseason (Fig. 1). Usually the pitch massdarkens with age.

The insect most commonly respon-sible for this activity in our region iscalled the pitch mass borer. It belongsto a group known as the clearwingmoths; so called because, unlike atypical moth, adults have wings withdistinct membranous (translucent) spotsdevoid of scales (Fig. 2). The moth'sgeneral body color is metallic blue-black with a conspicuous bright orangeband on the abdomen (the posteriorhalf of the body) and an orange "tuft"of scales at the tip of the abdomen. Itsfront wings have a metallic-greenluster. Many clearwing moths resemblewasps.

Figure 1 Pitch mass (actual size 4" in diameter). Figure 2 A clearwing moth (arrow indicates a wing spot devoidof scales).

Eggs appear during June throughAugust, the time of year when adultsare active. Single eggs are depositedadjacent to wounds or pruning scars,often immediately below branches.

The larval or caterpillar stage isbright white to off-white and approxi-mately one inch long when full grownwith reddish brown mouthparts (Fig.3). Caterpillars feed on the inner barknear the sapwood. In the process ofentering a tree and excavating thefeeding gallery, they sever many resincanals. This damage causes copiousamounts of resin (pitch) to flow out thegallery onto the bark. The pupa (a lifestage where the caterpillar changes intoan adult) forms in a cell beneath thiscovering of hardened pitch. When thepupal stage is completed, and immedi-ately before moth emergence, the pupawiggles its way to the outside of thepitch mass through a tunnel previouslyexcavated by the caterpillar. It remains

continued on next page

16 The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

Figure 3 Caterpillar of pitch mass borer.

flow and allow the gallery and dam-aged wood to heal. The life cyclerequires two to three years; therefore,physical removal of the caterpillar ismost effective (i.e., the injury healsmore quickly) during the first yearwhen the caterpillar is still relativelysmall.

Avoid physical injury to tree bolesand prune trees properly to encouragerapid healing. For example, pruneduring the dormant season, do not

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leave a stub and cut as close as possibleto the bark ridge at the base of thebranch without injuring the calluscollar. if!.;..

This is the 50th in theseries of articlescontributed by Dr.Alien, Professor ofEntomology at SUNY-ESF. Reprints of thisand the completeseries are availablefrom NYFOA. It isalso possible todownload thiscollection from theDEe Web page at:http://www.dec.state.ny.us/dlf/privland/forprot/health/nyfo/

index. html.

Figure 4 Feeding gallery of pitch mass borer.

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The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000 17

calling" as soon as they see trees that willmeet their expenses and provide anadequate profit margin for their work.Profits for forest owners increase greatlyas the trees continue to grow from 12 toat least 18 inches dbh. Table 1 illustratesa number of important timbermanagement considerations:

• At 12 to 14 inches DBH,hardwoods have a low value, but therate at which they are increasing invalue is high, especially for fast-growing trees with proper growingspace.• As a sugar maple tree increases indiameter from 14 to 24 inches, itmay increase 33 percent inmerchantable height, increase 4 timesin volume (110 to 458 bd ft), andincrease more than lO-fold in dollarvalue ($44 to $458). If the tree is ofveneer quality, its value may besubstantially more.• At 14 to 18 inches DBH,hardwoods may nearly double invalue for each 2 inches of growth indiameter as log grade improves withsize and as height growth continues.

Tree Value:A Basis for Woodland Management1

GARY R. GOFF AND PETER J. SMALLIDGE

Although relatively few forestowners state that financial gainfrom sawtimber sales is the

primary reason for owning forestland,virtually ALL private forests areharvested for sawtimber-sooner or later!Therefore, it is generally financiallyadvantageous for forest owners to managetheir stands for the eventual sale.

Typically, sawtimber managementactivities are quite compatible, evencomplementary, to other ownershipobjectives such as wildlife. Appropriate,timely silvicultural practices often willdouble the eventual sales revenue whilesimultaneously improving wildlife habitat,enhancing biodiversity AND promotingsustainable production.

The final goal of timber managementis the harvest and sale of trees suitable forlumber or veneer. Harvesting and sellingtimber is the payoff for years of timbermanagement or, at the very least, theculmination of decades of forest growth.It is important to plan and proceedcarefully. It may be years before a forestrecovers from improper harvestingpractices.

Just as a brief exercise to help yougain some insight to relative value ofdifferent sawtimber species, take amoment to fill in the blanks on thefollowing table. Let's assume each tree ispart of a medium-sized sale and containstwo 16-ft. logs. Price is for stumpage (theprice a logger would pay for the tree as itstands on the stump, in the woods).Answers are at end of article.

What's that tree worth?1. 20-inch dbh* white pine.

$__ sawtimber $__ firewood

2. 20-inch dbh black cherry$__ sawtimber $__ firewood

3. 20-inch dbh red maple$__ sawtimber $__ firewood

*dbh = diameter breast height (4.5 ft.from the ground)

Stumpage value varies greatly by species.Several other variables greatly influencesawtimber values also such as quality oflogs, size and volume of the sale,efficiency of the harvest, distance tomills, size of trees, limitations orconditions of the sale, etc. The NYSDept. of Environmental Conservationpublishes their "Stumpage Price Report"semi-annually. This report lists the mostcommon and range of stumpage prices forseveral species by region throughoutNYS. You may subscribe by contacting:NYSDEC, Div. Lands and Forests,Forest Products U & M Section, 50 WolfRd., NY 12233-4253. Ph. 518/457-7370.

When To HarvestAs soon as a tree has enough wood

fiber to meet the costs of felling, limbing,bucking, skidding, loading, transporting,and processing, it has a positive dollarvalue to the forest owner and ismerchantable. It is usually financiallyunwise to harvest trees as soon as theyreach the minimum merchantable size,however, because they are not yet at theiroptimum value. Loggers will "come

Table 1. Stumpage Value of Sugar Maple Trees Based on Size and Gradea No. of 16- Volume c Dollar Age of Value/tree Value/tree Annual

DBH foot logs b Grade value/ tree compound(inches) (bd. ft.)

MBFd Firewood Sawtimber growth

rate"

12 1.0 58 2 to 3 300 50 2 1714 1.5 110 2 t03 400 60 3 4416 1.5 146 2 500 70 5 73

18 2.0 240 I to 2 850 80 7 20420 2.0 305 I to 2 850 90 9 259

24 2.0 458 1,000 110 13 458

}1.5%

(1/12"28 2.0 635 1,000 134 17 635 growth

rin

aDiameter at breast height or 4 It, feet above ground. blntemational lr.-inch rule.

cGrade classification of butt log: I = highest value. These are typical grade changes with size.

dBased on the quality of expected yield of one-inch lumber, 1998 NYS stumpage value.

eDoes not include inflation, but quality sawtimber value generally matches or exceeds the inflation rate.

I Adapted from Cons. Cire. 19(4), 1981, by Robert Morrow, Dept. Nat. Res., Cornell Univ.

18 The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

65-75 years 75-95 years 95-124 years

Table 2. Average age at which timber species reach financial maturity (24 inches DBH*) in managed-stands** on good sites.

125 years or more

White pineTulip poplarRed oakRed pine

Black oakBlack cherryWhite ashBasswood

HemlockSugar mapleRed mapleYellow birchHickoryBeech

WhiteoakChestnut oak

-DBH - diameter at breast height or 4 Y:.feet above ground.--Growth rate may be one-third less in unmanaged stands.

• At a growth rate of 2 inches indiameter every 10 years (10 growthrings/inch), a tree will double invalue in 10 years (a compoundgrowth rate of 7 percent, notincluding inflation).• At 20 to 24 inches DBH,hardwoods increase substantially on adollar basis, but because the gradehas peaked, the rate at which theirvalue is increasing may slow to acompound growth rate of 3 percentor less. The increase in dollar valueis mostly the result of the increase involume.• At 24 to 28 inches DBH, the dollarvalue continues to increase, butchange in grade and height areunlikely. Also, growth in diameter istypically slower as the tree reachesbiological maturity. These twofactors could reduce the compoundgrowth rate to 2 percent or less.

Table 1 illustrates the potential valueof high-quality 14- to 20-inch crop trees.These trees are merchantable butdefinitely not "financially" mature. Theyare the true money makers in a woodlandand therefore should not be harvestedduring this prime growth period unlessthey are crowded. Not all trees in a standwill show this kind of value growth. Themajority of trees should, over time, beremoved from the stand through thinningor timber stand improvement (TSI),thereby improving the growing conditionsof the favored crop trees, Firewood is agood market for such trees. Note thatbecause firewood trees do not improve ingrade, their value is tied directly tovolume growth only. Consequently, theirannual compound value growth rate isonly about 1.5%.

The timber value of individual treesregardless of species, logging costs, and

FigureI, Western Finger Lakes Average Price per MBF

current market trends, is largely afunction of the total amount of wood fiberthey contain and the quality of theirlumber or veneer. Log grade isdetermined by size (diameter and length),form, and the presence or absence ofdefects such as knots, ingrown bark, andworm holes. In general, as a treeincreases in size, its logs increase ingrade; as grade and size increase, so doesvalue. Diseased trees, in contrast, maylose value and grade faster then theygrow in volume. A timber harvest shouldtherefore occur when the rate of treegrowth and value have peaked.

Hardwoods such as sugar maple, ongood sites, reach financial maturity (theage at which a tree is no longerincreasing in value at an acceptableprofitable rate) at about 20 to 24 inches;on poor sites it may be reached at 16 to20 inches. As indicated in Table 2, theage at which trees reach financialmaturity varies significantly depending onthe species, site quality, damage frominsect and disease attacks, andmanagement. Many factors influencewhen financial maturity is reached. Forestowners should work with a professionalforester to determine the timing ofharvests.

The Influence of Trends andInflation

No discussion aboutsawtimber stumpage values iscomplete without consideringtrends and inflation. Figure 1shows the price trends (mostcommon price) of threecommon sawtimber speciesover the decade from 1988 to1998 in the Western FingerLakes region of NYS. Thesefigures were taken from theNYSDEC stumpage price

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continued on page 20

600

500

400

$/ 300

MBF200

(Doyle) -Hard Maple100

-Red OakoL-~~~~~~~~~--~

88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Year

The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000 19

Tree Value (Continued from page 19)

Sugar maple was the big winner overthat time period, increasing in grossstumpage value by about 500% (a state-wide phenomenon). Red oak didreasonably well with an increase of about33%. White ash increased only by 20%.When adjusted for inflation however (bysubtracting the Consumer Price Indexincrease of about 38% over that timeperiod), you can see that only sugarmaple increased substantially. Red oakwas essentially static and white ash lostabout 18%. The bottom line is, however,stumpage value of quality hard woodsgenerally keeps pace with inflation. Woodis a commodity item that is strongly tiedto the general economy. Therefore theannual compound value growth ratesgiven in Table 1 are not greatlyinfluenced by inflation.

The authors of this article believethat demand for quality northernhardwoods (desirable species of highquality form) will continue to outpacesupply. As such, the law of supply anddemand should act to bolster stumpageprices into the foreseeable future.

Species values are influenced byconsumer fads will continue to fluctuatehowever. Consequently it is prudent tobuild some flexibility into harvestschedules to take advantage of changingmarkets. If prices appear down, waiting 3to 5 years may be a good idea.Remember, trees store very well on thestump, in fact they continue to grow!

Answers to opening quiz: A tree with 2,16-ft. logs contains 233 board feet oflumber (Doyle log rule) or 1 standardcord of firewood. Current stumpageprices per 1000 b.ft. are about $90,$1080, and $230 for pine, cherry, and redmaple, respectively in Area C of theWinter 2000 NY Stumpage Price Guide.There is no market for conifer firewood,and hardwoods are worth about $9/cord.Therefore, the above sawtimber trees areworth: pine-$21, cherry-$252, redmaple-$54 .•.

Gary R. Goff is MFa/COVERTS ProgramDirector and Extension Associate, CornellUniversity, Dr. Peter Smallidge is the State

Extension Forester, Cornell University.

Suggested Readings:Timber Management for Small

Woodlands -IE 180, by Gary Goff,James Lassoie, and Katherine Layer.1984. (rev. 1995). Available for $5.50(include tax and $1.00 shipping) from:Cornell Univ., Resource Center-MW,7 Bus. & Tech. Park, Ithaca, NY14850.

Stumpage Price Trends (1973 to 1996)for Reporting Area L: Clinton, Essex,and Franklin Counties, by JefferyPrime. 1998. NY Forest Owner, Vol.36, no. 2, pgs. 14-15.

Financial Maturity: A Guide to WhenTrees Should be Harvested -FNR 91,by W. L. Mills and John C. Callahan.1981. Purdue Univ., CooperativeExtension Service, 1140 Agr. Admin.Bldg.,West Lafayette, IN 47907.

Special Report: ECONOMICS. TheAmerican Tree Farmer. Vol. 3, no. 1.1984. (entire issue devoted to financialconsiderations of sawtimbermanagement). Am. Forest Foundation,Suite 780, 1111 19th St., NW,Washington, DC 20036.

LANDOWNERSMaples, Cherry & Red Oak are in strong demand, if you are interested in

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20 The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000

Forestry: 100 Years and GrowingHENRY KERNAN .

The new millennium also marks acentury since the founding ofthe Society of American Forest-

ers (SAF). In November 1900 sixforesters met at the residence of

Gifford Pinchot in Washington to foundwhat is now the national society that

guides, promotes and speaks for aprofession of over 20,000 members.Although a country-wide inventory of

forest resources did not exist, Pinchothad convinced himself and others,including President Roosevelt, that

deplorable forest conditions presaged a

timber famine. There was muchevidence of such conditions: millionsof acres of wildfires each year, millions

of acres of cut-over, burned-over treestumps, and the eager entrance oftimber industries into the unexploited

forests of the west and south.

Forests had a large part in convert-ing a thinly populated wilderness intothe world's leading industrial nation.

Pinchot reasoned that timber wasneeded for the future as well as thepast. He brought from the French

forestry school few guides to actionbecause the problems were different.

Europeans use less wood for buildingthan we do, and their damp northern

woodlands seldom burn. Goats do notplague our landscapes as they have forcenturies plagued those of the Mediter-

ranean. The European problem was to

convert sproutlands to timberlands;ours was to manage far more diverseand resilient forests.

A century later our 747 million

acres of forested land are, by andlarge, doing well. We draw upon themfor the abundant and low-cost timber

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that contributes so much to our wel-fare; and we are more likely now than

a century ago to recognize their non-timber values. Their growth exceeds

removals by one-third. Our plantations

now number in the tens of millions of

acres, 2,636,101 acres added in 1997alone. Forest-dwelling wildlife, deer,turkey, elk and others are on theincrease. Areas reserved for wildernessand parks amount to 52 million acres.

We have learned to control forest fires.

We are also learning the part fires havein sustaining the health and well-functioning of several important forest

types, such as those of the southernpines.

continued on page 22

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Contact Lake George Forestry today toarrange a free initial consultation.

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The New York Forest Owner 38:3 • May/June 2000 21

Forestry: 100 Years (con't from page 21)

Professional foresters and theirorganizations have had a decisive partin conserving and enhancing our forestheritage since 1900. They have done sobecause theirs is an environmentalscience whose practice has a soundresearch base in responding to humanneeds, for wilderness as well as wood.Yet the idea that forestry is treebutchery prevails and persists. Forexample, "I suppose," said to me ahigh-up in California's civil service,"that you, being a forester, want to cutdown all redwoods and turn them intoboards as fast as possible." Thereference was to the Redwood NationalPark. Surely forestry merits better thansuch a boorish and un-called for sneer.

True, foresters are involved ingrowing and converting trees into thethousands of wood products that areneeded, wanted and paid for, but their

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interest and responsibilities are farwider than timber alone. In 1900 therewas one school of forestry at Yale.Today, 70 accredited institutions offertraining for careers in natural re-sources. Student numbers are nearly30,000. The range of their interestsand studies is as broad and deep as theGreat Outdoors.

Those interests and studiesinclude growing and harvesting treesfor human welfare, a fact for whichwe need not apologize or cede envi-ronmental heroism to tree spikers,tree huggers, or sitters such asButterfly Hill, who prevented thefelling of a redwood by sitting in it forthree years."

Henry Kernan is a consulting forester inworld forestry, a Master Forest Owner and aregular contributor to The New York Forest

Owner.

MAGAZINEDEADLINE

Materials submitted forthe July/August issueshould be sent to MaryBeth Malmsheimer,Editor, The New YorkForest Owner, 134Lincklaen Street,Cazenovia, NY 13035or via e-mail atmmalmshe@syr.eduArticles, artwork andphotos are invited and ifrequested, are returnedafter use.

Deadline for material isJune 1, 2000.

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