The New Political Paradigm in South Korea: Social Change and the Elite Structure by David I....

8/3/2019 The New Political Paradigm in South Korea: Social Change and the Elite Structure by David I. Steinberg

1/23

Cgx Rdudmohav liu ]udcvrdfolof Fi``deiud}oic : 4

]JG CGX RI@O]OFD@ RDUDMOHA OC VIW]J KIUGD>VIFOD@ FJDCHG DCM ]JG G@O]G V]UWF]WUG

Md|om O# V}goceguh .

FIC]GC]V

O# Oc}uimwf}oic

OO# Vifod` dcm Riòfy ]vwcdaov il }jg Rdv}

OOO# Rugvomgc} Uij Aii!jywc dcm }jg Ghdò}duodc ]o`}

O\# Riò}ofd` G`gagc}v il Ughoag Fjdchg

\# Ugadkoch il }jg Viw}j Kiugdc Gò}g

\O# Oaròfd}oicv liu }jg W#V# D`òdcfg

. Md|om O# V}goceguh ov Mov}ochwovjgm Ruilgvviu dcm Mougf}iu il Dvodc V}wmogv,

Vfjii` il Liugohc Vgu|ofg, Hgiuhg}ixc Wco|guvo}y#


2/23

:5 W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

O# Oc}uimwf}oic

Vifod` fjdchg ady eg g|i`w}oicduy iu ug|i`w}oicduy iu, d} }oagv, ei}j# Voao`du`y,

dmaocov}ud}oicv ady eg fdwhj} wr oc dcm d}}gar} }i adcdhg fjdchg, iu ocv}o}w}g o}, iuei}j# D`}jiwhj }jgug jdv eggc d hudmwd` }udcvliuad}oic il g`gagc}v il Viw}j Kiugdc

vifog}y dcm oc}gucd}oicd` ugfihco}oic il o}v gzfgr}oicd` dcm dàiv} gzrìvo|g gficiaof

dffiaròvjagc}v, }jg Ugrweòf il Kiugd *UIK; Viw}j Kiugd/ jdv jdm }xi adniu

ocv}ohd}gm vifod` fjdchgv|ou}wd` vifod` ug|i`w}oicvoc o}v gò}g v}uwf}wug dcm riòfogv

eg}xggc o}v liwcmoch xo}j }jg ocv}d``d}oic il o}v louv} hi|gucagc} wcmgu Rugvomgc}

Vychadc Ujgg oc 4?=: dcm }jg ocdwhwud}oic il Rugvomgc} Uij Aii!jywc oc 5226# Xg

dug cix xo}cgvvoch }jg }joum vwfj fjdchgicg r`dccgm xo}j ruiliwcm oaròfd}oicv

ei}j liu }jg oc}gucd` dlldouv il }jg ugrweòf dcm liu o}v oc}gucd}oicd` ug`d}oicv, gvrgfod``y

}jivg xo}j Ciu}j Kiugd dcm }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv# Oc rdu} }jov ov occi|d}o|g dcm oc rdu}

ugvricvo|g }i fic}ocwoch vifog}d` }udcvliuad}oic# ]jg louv} ocv}o}w}gm fjdchg oc 4?


3/23


]jov rdrgu migv ci} d}}gar}, dcm vjiw`m ci} eg oc}gurug}gm dv d}}gar}och, }i nwmhg }jg

|d`wg iu }jg `gho}oadfy il }jg riòfogv }jd} gaeimy }jgvg fjdchgv# W`}oad}g`y, }jg

Kiugdc rgir`g xo`` rdvv nwmhgagc} ic xjd} ov r`dccgm oc }jg cgx rdu}oford}iuy

mgaifudfy, dv }jov dmaocov}ud}oic jdv fd``gm o}vg`l, ew} }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv xo`` jd|g }img}guaocg jix vwfj fjdchgv, dcm }jg d}}o}wmgv }jd} jd|g ruiar}gm }jgou ficvomgud}oic,

xo`` dllgf} Kiugdc!W#V# ug`d}oicv dcm }jg d`òdcfg dcm oco}od}g dcy dmnwv}agc}v oc W#V#

}jockoch dcm irgud}oicv }jd} ady eg cgfgvvduy# Kiugdcv, liu }jgou rdu}, cggm }i

drrugjgcm }jg oaròfd}oicv il }jgvg ruirivgm fjdchgv liu }jg d`òdcfg dv xg``, ocf`wmoch

}jg òkg`y miagv}of ugvricvg xo}joc }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv }i Kiugdc egjd|oiu#

OO# Vifod` dcm Riòfy ]vwcdaov il }jg Rdv}

]xofg oc }jg vjiu} jov}iuy il }jg UIK xg jd|g xo}cgvvgm }jg oc}uwvoic il cgx dcm

oariu}dc} g`gagc}v oc}i }jg }udmo}oicd`, ugadukde`y v}de`g vifod` ldeuof il Viw}j Kiugd#

G|gc }jg }udwad il }jg Ndrdcgvg fiìcod` uw`g dcm }jg mgd}jv dcm movìfd}oicv il }jg

Kiugdc Xdu mom ci} mgv}uiy }jg }drgv}uy il }jg gvvgc}od``y voz!fgc}wuy!i`m ydchedc!

iuogc}gm vifod` gò}g oc }jg Kiugd# ]jgy ug}docgm }jgou vifod` ji`m i|gu vifog}y oc }jg

Viw}j, d`}jiwhj oc Ciu}j Kiugd }jgou gòaocd}oic xdv |ou}wd``y fiar`g}g }juiwhj

gzjdwv}o|g rwuhgv dcm aohud}oic#

]jg aoò}duy fiwr m}d} il 4?


4/23

:= W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

]jov }vwcdao, jixg|gu, ady eg il g|gc d hugd}gu adhco}wmg }jdc }jg rug|oiwv }xi# O}

jdv euidmgu drrgd` dcm d ldu xomgu vifod` edvg xjgugdv }jg ao`o}duy fiwr m}d} il

4?


5/23


dvvdvvocd}oic# Rduk mom ci} xdc} }i, dcm lg`} jg fiw`m ci}, ug`y ic }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv,

dcm jg vg} iw} ic d mg}guaocgm riòfy il mglgcvo|g vg`l!ugòdcfg#= Oc Rdukv `d}gu

ygduv, gvrgfod``y wcmgu jov ugrugvvo|g _wvjoc dmaocov}ud}oic *4?858?/ }jd} xdv oc

ficlòf} xo}j Rugvomgc} Noaay Fdu}guv jwadc uohj}v riòfogv, W#V#!Kiugd ug`d}oicvxiuvgcgm#

Ol Rugvomgc} Koa Mdg!nwch jdm eggc g`gf}gm oc 4??5 ocv}gdm il 4??8, jov g`gf}oic

xiw`m jd|g fdwvgm ficfguc, rgujdrv g|gc viag i|gu} aoò}duy df}oic daich viag il

}jg Kiugdc aoò}duy, adcy il xjia ficvomgugm joa ldu }ii udmofd` dcm ficfoòd}iuy

}ixdum Ciu}j Kiugd# Ew} ey 4??8 }jg d}aivrjgug jdm fjdchgm, dcm }jg Dvodc locdcfod`

fuovov }jd} dllgf}gm Kiugd gòaocd}gm dcy fugmoeoò}y il }jg Koa _iwch!vda

dmaocov}ud}oic dcm }jivg ficcgf}gm xo}j joa, dv jg jdm }uogm }i mgcy }jg dm|gc} il }jg

fuovov dcm fuo}ofo~gm }jg liugohc rugvv liu ugriu}och ic o}# ]jg Fi`m Xdu jdm eggc i|gu

liu dàiv} d mgfdmg, dcm Ciu}j Kiugd jdm eggc ad}guod``y xgdkgcgm ey o}v gficiaof

fi``drvg dcm ldaocg xjo`g Viw}j Kiugd jdm egfiag dffwv}iagm }i }jg mgaifud}offjdchg il dmaocov}ud}oicv }juiwhj g`gf}oicv# Oc vro}g il }jov, Koa Mdg!nwchv irgcochv

}i Ciu}j Kiugd xgug d mov}ocf} ug|i`w}oic oc liugohc dlldouv#

]jg vgficm g`gagc} il }jov ug|i`w}oic xdv, }jwv, ug`d}oicv xo}j Ciu}j Kiugd, dcm dc

glliu} xdv admg }i vgfwug }jg Viw}jv gdmguvjor oc cghi}od}och xo}j }jg Ciu}j, ud}jgu

}jdc jd|och }jg `gdmguvjor ugadoc xo}j }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv, xo}j xjofj o} jdm hgcgud``y

ugv}gm, gvrgfod``y mwuoch }jg cghi}od}oicv liu xjd} egfdag }jg Dhuggm Ludagxiuk oc

4??=#7 Viw}j Kiugdv `gdmguvjor xdv mgaicv}ud}gm }juiwhj }jg Vwcvjocg Riòfy#

]jg Vwcvjocg Riòfy xdv dc occi|d}oic }jd} ruiar}gm ficfgucv daich viag il }jg

aiug ficvgu|d}o|g Kiugdcv, ew}, li`ìxoch }jg gv}deòvjagc} il }jg Dhuggm Ludagxiukeg}xggc }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv dcm Ciu}j Kiugd oc If}iegu 4??=, }jg Vwcvjocg Riòfy

vggagm }i eg d ugdvicde`g gz}gcvoic il d nioc} glliu} }i dagòiud}g }jg ldaocg oc }jg

Ciu}j dcm gcvwug }jd} }jg Ciu}j mom ci} gchdhg oc d cwf`gdu xgdricv ruihuda# Oc

gllgf}, d vjol} oc }jg `gdmguvjor il mgdòch xo}j }jg Ciu}j jdm iffwuugmluia }jg

Wco}gm V}d}gv mwuoch }jg Dhuggm Ludagxiuk cghi}od}oicv }i Viw}j Kiugd wcmgu }jg

Vwcvjocg Riòfy#

=# ]jov xdv ruiar}gm oc rdu} ey }jg Hwda Mif}uocg *viag}oagv fd``gm }jg Cozic Mif}uocg/ il 4?


6/23

:< W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

Xjd}g|gu }jg oc}gucd` Viw}j Kiugdc movvd}ovldf}oic xo}j }jg gz}gc} il }jd} riòfy, }jg

ruocfor`g il xjofj xdv hgcgud``y dffgr}gm ey }jg Viw}j Kiugdc rgir`g, ficfguc xdv

jgohj}gcgm egfdwvg, dv }jg jd`àduk il }jg Koa dmaocov}ud}oic }jd} vweiumocd}gm d``

i}jgu riòfogv }i }jd} gcm, dc d``!iw} glliu} xdv admg }i dvvwdhg }jg Ciu}j# ]jovugvw`}gm oc rdyillv }i }jg Ciu}j, fwàocd}och xo}j }jg Ryichydch vwaao}, ew} xo}j

ò}}`g vohc il Ciu}j Kiugdc ugforuifo}y# < ]jg ficfguc liu vwffgvv oc }jd} riòfy xdv

f`gdu`y drrdugc} ey Dwhwv} 5222 xjgc Viw}j Kiugdc rweòvjguv r`gmhgm oc Ryichydch

ci} }i ruoc} fuo}ofova il }jg Ciu}j dv xg`` dv oc }jg d|iomdcfg ey }jg Koa dmaocov}ud}oic

il movfwvvoch Ciu}j Kiugdc jwadc uohj}v dewvgv# Dv }jg Koa dmaocov}ud}oic xiwcm

mixc dcm }jg Hgiuhg X# Ewvj dmaocov}ud}oic xdv ocdwhwud}gm oc }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv,

Rugvomgc} Koav `gdm oc mgdòch xo}j }jg Ciu}j fdag }i d jd`} xjgc Rugvomgc} Ewvjv

dc}ord}jy }ixdum }jg ughoag oc }jg Ciu}j egfdag rweòf mwuoch }jg vwaao} eg}xggc

Rugvomgc} Ewvj dcm Rugvomgc} Koa oc Adufj 5224, vggc o|g ic Viw}j Kiugdc }g`g|ovoic#

]jd} vg} edfk UIK!W#V# ug`d}oicv dcm gllgf}o|g`y wcmgufw} Rugvomgc} Koav

dmaocov}ud}oic# ]jg fjdchg oc rgcocvw`d cghi}od}och `gdmguvjor edfk }i }jg Wco}gmV}d}gv xdv v}ugch}jgcgm dv d ugvw`} il }jg ug|g`d}oic il Ciu}j Kiugdc fjgd}och ic }jg

Dhuggm Ludagxiuk dcm }jg rweòf mgfovoic ey }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv }i d}}gar} }i v}ir

Ciu}j Kiugdc cwf`gdu ruihudav#

]juiwhjiw} }jov rguoim il viag =7 ygduv, jixg|gu, g`gagc}v il }jg i`m gò}g v}uwf}wug

fic}ocwgm }i gzgu} ocl`wgcfg oc }jg vifog}y# Kgy illofod`v liwcm oariu}dc} riv}v }jd}

}udcvfgcmgm dcy rdu}ofw`du dmaocov}ud}oic, dcm gdfj il }jivg }xi vohcolofdc} fjdchgv

}iik r`dfg xo}j }jg cgx dmaocov}ud}iuv wcmguv}dcmoch }jd}, d} `gdv} daich }jg i`mgu

dcm aiug ficvgu|d}o|g g`gagc}v il }jg rirw`d}oic, fic}ocwo}y oc ei}j oc}gucd` dcm

gz}gucd` riòfogv xdv cgfgvvduy liu Kiugd }i mg|gìr dcm liu o}v rui}gf}oic oc }jg Fi`m

Xdu dcm xo}j }jg ri}gc}od` dcm ficv}dc} vrgf}gu il Ciu}j Kiugdc dhhugvvoic#

OOO# Rugvomgc} Uij Aii!jywc dcm }jg Ghdò}duodc ]o`}

Rugvomgc} Uijv g`gf}oic xdv dv wcgzrgf}gm dv o} xdv wcrugfgmgc}gm# Jd|och uovgc }i

ruiaocgcfg dcm rixgu }juiwhj jov ixc glliu}v, xo}jiw} }jg ciuad` fugmgc}od`v il }jg

gò}g gmwfd}oicd` dcm vifod` gv}deòvjagc} oc Viw}j Kiugd,8 dcm dv d fdardohcgu dcm


7/23


dm|ifd}g il jwadc uohj}v dcm `gvv ugòdcfg ic }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv, jg oc joavg`l xdv d

rguvicd` adcolgv}d}oic il d vifod` ug|i`w}oic, wr}wucoch aiv} gzrgf}d}oicv il jix d

agaegu il }jg gò}g aohj} eg gcòv}gm#: Koa Mdg!nwch xdv oc mge} }i }jg Wco}gm

V}d}gv, dv jg il}gc rweòf`y dmao}}gm, egfdwvg }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv jdm }xofg vd|gm jovòlg luia ei}j }jg Rduk dcm Fjwc dmaocov}ud}oicv# Rugvomgc} Uij, jixg|gu, jdm ewo`} d

hiim rdu} il jov fduggu mov}dcfoch joavg`l luia }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv, dcm oc fic}udv} xo}j

adcy oc d`` rug|oiwv dmaocov}ud}oicv, jg jdm cg|gu g|gc |ovo}gm }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv#? O}

viic egfdag g|omgc}, jixg|gu, }jd} }jg ug|i`w}oic xdv ugrugvgc}gm ey ci} ic`y }jg

rugvomgc} joavg`l ew} d`vi }jg dmaocov}ud}oic jg euiwhj} oc dcm }jivg jg gzf`wmgm#

G|gc ol Viw}j Kiugdc vifog}y jdm eggc g|i`|och, aimguco~och, dcm egfiaoch aiug

hìed``y iuogc}gm, }jg g`gf}oic il Rugvomgc} Uij xdv d mov}ocf} vjifk }i }jg gv}deòvjagc}#

Rugvomgc} Uij joavg`l dcm jov g`g|d}oic }juiwhj dc g`gf}oic }i }jg johjgv} illofg dug

g|omgcfg il vwfj vifog}d` fjdchgv# Jov dcm jov dmaocov}ud}oicv glliu}v }i }udcvliua

g`gagc}v il }jg rixgu gò}g oc }jd} vifog}y oc dmmo}oic vjiw`m eg vggc dv ei}j occi|d}oicdcm dc d}}gar} }i adcdhg xjd} jdv cix egfiag aiug gz}gcvo|g fjdchg, `gm oc rdu}

ey d aiug |ifd` riu}oic il }jg Kiugdc rirw`dfg }jd} jdv cgx, }gfjciìhofd` agdcv il

gzrugvvoch o}v |ogxv dcm ocl`wgcfoch }jg riò}ofd` ruifgvv#42 Weotwo}iwv fg`` rjicgv

dcm }jg Oc}gucg} jd|g gcde`gm }jg yiwchgu rirw`d}oic }i jd|g dffgvv }i cic}udmo}oicd

dcm cic}udmo}oicd``y fic}ui``gm d|gcwgv il ocliuad}oic dcm }i aieoò~g twofk`y *oc }jg

v}ugg} iu }juiwhj }jg ed`ì} eiz/ }i vwrriu} iu irrivg riò}ofd` fdwvgv# Rugvomgc} Uij

ady jd|g ugfihco~gm }jov }ugcm dcm fdro}dò~gm ic o} }i xoc }jg rugvomgcfy, ew}

vwevgtwgc} y jg jdv jdm }i agg} viag}oagv dc}o}jg}ofd` iengf}o|gv}jg gzrgf}d}oicv

il jov vwrriu}guv dcm }jg rwuvwo} il cd}oicd` oc}gugv}v# Adcdhoch ug|i`w}oicv iu g|gc

vifod` xd|gv, ol ci} }vwcdaov, ugtwougv mgl} deoò}ogv#44

Riòfy mollgugcfgv eg}xggc Viw}j Kiugd dcm }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv i|gu Ciu}j Kiugd

dcm }jg Ciu}jv cwf`gdu riòfy dug }jg aiv} ie|oiwv dcm d`vi }jg aiv} oariu}dc}

oaagmod}g ovvwgv eg}xggc }jg }xi d`ògv# ]jg wcmgcode`g oariu}dcfg il }jgvg

:# ]jg v}ugvv ic liuad` gmwfd}oic dcm mghuggv oc Kiugd `gm ievgu|guv }i egòg|g }jd} lw}wug rugvomgc}vxiw`m d`` jd|g Rj#M# mghuggv# Xjgc Fjwch Aich!nwc il }jg Jywcmdo ldao`y ugfgo|gm d Rj#M# mghuggluia }jg Nijcv Jirkocv Wco|guvo}y, icg ievgu|gu ugadukgm }jd} yiw aohj} ci} cggm d Rj#M# mghugg }iuwc Jywcmdo, ew} yiw ruiede`y mom cggm icg }i egfiag }jg rugvomgc} il }jg fiwc}uy#

?# ]juiwhj wcrugfgmgc}gm johj!`g|g` *|ofg rugvomgc}od`/ dffgvv rui|omgm }i @gg Jio!fjdch mwuoch jov rug!g`gf}oic }uor }i Xdvjoch}ic, }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv vohcd`gm o}v fjiofg il fdcmomd}g, xjofj ady jd|g jdm dedfk`dvj gllgf}, d} gdv} ic }jg yiw}j# Liu dc ocliuad}o|g gvvdy ic Rugvomgc} Uij, vgg Rdv}ugofj *5227/#

42# O da ocmge}gm }i Rdw` Fjdaeguòc liu jov fiaagc}v ic }jg adcdhgagc} il vwfj fjdchg#

44# Viag jd|g duhwgm }jd} Rugvomgc} Uij jdv ci} }wucgm `gl} ew} jdv }wucgm }ixdum }udcvrdugcfy dcmxiu`m v}dcmdumv# Xjg}jgu gl}, fgc}gu!`gl}, iu oegud`, }jgug vggav o}}`g miwe} il jov ghdò}duodc drruidfj}i riòfy# Oc d vgcvg, }jg oegudò~gm riò}ofd` vyv}ga il Viw}j Kiugd jdv ugvw`}gm oc }jd} v}d}g egfiaochd ciuad` riò}ofd` v}d}g xo}j d euidm vrgf}uwa il |ogxv, xjgug|gu Rugvomgc} Uij ady lo} dìch o}#


8/23

:: W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

mollgugcfgv, rdrgugm i|gu oc illofod` W#V# dcm Kiugdc v}d}gagc}v }jd} d`` ov xg`` eg}xggc

}jg d`ògv, wcoc}gc}oicd``y mo|gu}v d}}gc}oic luia }jg oc}gucd` vjol}v }dkoch r`dfg }jd},

d`}jiwhj `gvv oaagmod}g dcm }jugd}gcoch, dug v}o`` vohcolofdc} dcm dllgf} }jg d}}o}wmgv

dcm riòfy v}dcfg }ixdum }jg Ciu}j dcm }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv# ]jgvg riòfy mollgugcfgvdug two}g wcmguv}dcmde`g egfdwvg W#V# riòfy ruoiuo}ogv dug xiu`mxomg *cwf`gdu

cicruiòlgud}oic, aovvo`g fic}ui`v, dcm cicv}d}g }guuiuov}v, liu gzdar`g/ dcm, xjgc

ughoicd`, dug louv} lifwvgm ic Ndrdc dcm }jgc ic Ciu}jgdv} Dvod, il xjofj }jg Kiugdc

rgcocvw`d ov voar`y icg rdu}; jixg|gu, Viw}j Kiugdv riòfogv dug lifwvgm louv} ic }jg

rgcocvw`d o}vg`l dcm }jgc ic }jg Ciu}jgdv} Dvodc ughoic#

Ei}j Kiugd dcm }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv dug oc }jg }juigv il jgohj}gcgm cd}oicdòva, }jg

`d}}gu oc }jg riv}44 Vgr}gaegu 5224 rguoim# ]i Daguofdcv, }jov ov aiv} ie|oiwv oc

}jgou ficfguc i|gu dc}o!W#V# mgaicv}ud}oicv oc }jg Viw}j, ew} d`òdcfg ld}ohwg dcm d

vwuhg oc W#V# oc}gugv} oc d l`gzoe`g mglgcvg riv}wug, ocf`wmoch }jg ai|gagc} il W#V#

}uiirv luia }jg UIK *xo}jiw} }jg cgfgvvo}y il Viw}j Kiugdc ficfwuugcfg/ vjiw`mci} eg i|guìikgm# Oc }jg Viw}j, }jov }dkgv }jg rivo}oic il rweòf oc}gugv} oc riòfogv

aiug ocmgrgcmgc} il }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv, d`}jiwhj }jg d`òdcfg ov v}o`` il viag oariu}dcfg

oc ei}j riò}ofd` dcm vgfwuo}y }guav, d} `gdv} }i }jg i`mgu, gv}deòvjgm gò}g# 45 Oc }jg

oc}gugv}v il }jg d`òdcfg dcm cd}oicd` vgfwuo}y, Viw}j Kiugd jdv fgmgm }i }jg Wco}gm

V}d}gv g`gagc}v il o}v vi|gugohc}y *liu gzdar`g, fiaeocgm liufgv fiaadcm, }jg V}d}wv

il Liufgv Dhuggagc}, dcm aovvo`g udchg ugv}uof}oicv/, dcm rweòf rugvvwugv aiwc} }i

gv}deòvj d aiug gtwo}de`g ug`d}oicvjor#

]jgug jd|g eggc fjdchgv, viag ci} vi vwe}`g, oc }jg rivo}oic il }jg UIK dcm }jg

Wco}gm V}d}gv ughdumoch }jgou v}dcfgv }ixdum }jg Ciu}j# ]jg riòfy mollgugcfgv }ixdum

}jg Ciu}j jd|g ugv}gm ic adukgm`y mo|guhgc} dvvwar}oicv ic xjofj }i edvg riòfy#Icg ov jix awfj figufo|g }jugd} gdfj vomg ov rugrdugm rweòf`y }i gzjoeo} }ixdum }jg

Ciu}j# ]jg Wco}gm V}d}gv ficv}dc}`y ugo}gud}gm o}v rivo}oic }jd} ci riòfy *ocf`wmoch

liufg/ xdv ill }jg }de`g xjo`g o} mgf`dugm }i }jg Ciu}j }jd} }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv xiw`m

ci} d}}dfk o} dcm }jd} o}v vi|gugohc}y xdv ugfihco~gm# Viw}j Kiugd egòg|gm }jd} |oi`gcfg

xdv ci} dc ir}oic dcm }jd} xdu xdv }jg xiuv} rivvoeoò}y, dcm o} illgugm vohcolofdc}

gficiaof ficfgvvoicv }jd} }i viag oc }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv vadfkgm il drrgdvgagc}#

]jg voz!rdu}y }d`kv oc Egonoch }jd} gcmgm oc Vgr}gaegu 5227 xo}j dc dhuggm v}d}gagc}

rdrgugm i|gu mollgugcfgv oc }oaoch dcm garjdvov eg}xggc }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv dcm }jg

Ciu}j, xjofj egfdag drrdugc} }jg li`ìxoch mdy xo}j Ciu}j Kiugdc v}d}gagc}v ic

}jg }oaoch il }jg òhj}!xd}gu ugdf}iu ovvwg# ]jivg ugdf}iuv *ocf`wmgm oc }jg Dhuggm

45# Icg fwuugc} adcolgv}d}oic il }jd} fjdchg ov dc d}}gar} ey ruihugvvo|gv }i }gdu mixc }jg v}d}wg ilHgcgud` Miwh`dv AdfDu}jwu oc Ocfjgic, fiaagaiud}och }jg Ocfjgic `dcmoch }jd} }wucgm }jg }omg oc }jgKiugdc Xdu# ]jgy fjduhg }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv rug|gc}gm }jg wcolofd}oic il }jg rgcocvw`d wcmgu Ciu}jKiugdc dwvrofgv# Dl}gu d ruiìchgm vo`gcfg, Rugvomgc} Uij ocmofd}gm *vohcolofdc}`y ic d }uor }i Cgx _iuk/}jd} }jg v}d}wg vjiw`m ugadoc#


9/23

Cgx Rdudmohav liu ]udcvrdfolof Fi``deiud}oic : ?

Ludagxiuk il 4??=/ jdm gduògu eggc movfdumgm dv dc ir}oic ey }jg Ewvj dmaocov}ud}oic,

ew} oc Vgr}gaegu 5227 o} dhuggm }i ocf`wmg }jga, ruiede`y d} }jg ocvov}gcfg il }jg

Fjocgvg, oc }jg locd` v}d}gagc} d} viag ocmgloco}g }oag#

D cgxgu g`gagc} il riòfy mged}g ov i|gu }jg twgv}oic il jwadc uohj}v oc Ciu}j

Kiugd# Xo}j gllgf}o|g ìeeyoch ey Viw}j Kiugdc Fjuov}odc dcm ficvgu|d}o|g huiwrv,

}jov jdv eggc }dkgc wr ey adcy oc }jg W#V# Fichugvv dv dc ovvwg il ficfguc, dcm }jg

Ewvj dmaocov}ud}oic *d} }jg ocvov}gcfg il }jg Fichugvv/ jdv drrioc}gm dc dumgc} jwadc

uohj}v fiiumocd}iu ic Ciu}j Kiugd, awfj }i }jg fjdhuoc il }jg Viw}j Kiugdc

hi|gucagc}# D`}jiwhj }jgug ov ci ugdvic }i twgv}oic }jg oc}gcvo}y il lggòch il adcy oc

}jg Viw}j i|gu }jg ròhj} il }jgou eug}jugc oc }jg Ciu}j *dcm 42 rgufgc} il }jg Viw}jv

rirw`d}oic jd|g }jgou ldao`y iuohocv oc }jg Ciu}j/, }jov ov d`vi d fic|gcogc} riò}ofd`

ovvwg }i eg udovgm dhdocv} }jg dmaocov}ud}oic il Rugvomgc} Uij, xjofjòkg }jd} il

Rugvomgc} Koa Mdg!nwchmigv ci} xdc} }i illgu oargmoagc}v }i }jg oarui|gagc} il

ug`d}oicv xo}j }jg Ciu}j#46

D`}jiwhj riòfy }ixdum }jg Ciu}j jdv fdr}wugm oc}gucd}oicd d}}gc}oic, oc d two}g mollgugc}

ew} gtwd``y oariu}dc} adccgu }jg Uij hi|gucagc}v glliu}v }i }udcvliua Viw}j Kiugdc

vifog}y dug vohcolofdc} dcm oariu}dc} ei}j oc}gucd``y dcm liu }jg lw}wug il }jg d`òdcfg#

O\# Riò}ofd` G`gagc}v il Ughoag Fjdchg

Rugvomgc} Uijv vwuruovg g`gf}oic jdv eggc dcd`y~gm adcy }oagv dcm cggmv ci lwu}jgu

gzròfd}oic jgug# ]jg ui`g il yiw}j dcm }jg fjdchoch il hgcgud}oicv, }jg wvg il }jg

Oc}gucg} }i aieoò~g Viw}j Kiugdv yiw}j, }jg huix}j il cd}oicdòva, dcm }jg uovg il

dc}o!W#V# vgc}oagc} gvrgfod``y daich }jd} g`gagc} il }jg rirw`d}oic dug d`` xg`` kcixc

*V}goceguh 522=/# ]jg mg|gìragc} il d cgx riò}ofd` fòad}g ugl`gf}gm oc }jg adkgwr

il *vg`l!omgc}ologm/ ruihugvvo|gv iu oegud`v oc }jg Cd}oicd` Dvvgae`y aouuiuv }jov fjdchg

dv xg` dcm jdv ugvw`}gm oc d aiug omgiìhofd iuogc}d}oic }ixdum }jg gl}# Viag 84 rgufgc}

il }jg Wuo Rdu}y ficvomgu }jgavg`|gv ruihugvvo|gv, xjo`g }jg Cd}oicd Dvvgae`y dv d

xji`g jdv aiug }jdc miwe`gm o}v vg l!omgc}ologm oegud agaeguv *V}goceguh dcm Vjoc 5227/#

D`}jiwhj }jg oar`gagc}d}oic il cgx riòfogv xo`` mgrgcm oc rdu} ic }jg deoò}y il }jg

rugvomgc}v Wuo Rdu}y }i ughdoc d adniuo}y oc }jg Cd}oicd` Dvvgae`y }juiwhj fidò}oic

ewo`mochd adniuo}y }jd} ov g`wvo|g dcm jdv vjol}gm i|gu }oag}jg fiarivo}oic il }jg

dvvgae`y o}vg`l ov ocmofd}o|g il }jg fjdchgv }jd} dug }dkoch r`dfg# Ci} ic`y ov }jg Wuo

Rdu}y i|guxjgàoch`y admg wr il vg`l!omgc}ologm ruihugvvo|gv, ew} d }joum cd}oicd`

46# Jwj Nwch, d Ciu}j Kiugdc daedvvdmiu }i }jg Wco}gm Cd}oicv *WC/, oc 4??6 iu 4??= }i`m }jov xuo}gumwuoch d rguvicd` oc}gu|ogx }jd} }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv xiw`m louv} eg oc}gugv}gm oc cwf`gdu ovvwgv, }jgcaovvo`gv, dcm }jgc yiw xo`` ai|g }jg hid`riv} dcm egfiag oc}gugv}gm oc jwadc uohj}v# O ocmofd}gm }jovxdv ruiede`y dffwud}g#


10/23

?2 W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

rdu}y, xo}j 46 rgufgc} il }jg |i}g oc }jg aiv} ugfgc} g`gf}oic, jdv duovgc# ]jg

Mgaifud}of @deiu Rdu}y jdv d r`d}liua }jd} xiw`m drrgd` }i adcy il }jivg oc }jg

mgaifud}of `gl} }juiwhjiw} }jg xiu`m# ]jgug jd|g eggc d}}gar}v ey }jg rugvomgc} }i

liua d adniuo}y fidò}oic, ew} }jd} jdv ci} rui|gm vwffgvvlw`# ]jg fiarivo}oic il }jgdvvgae`y o}vg`l, jixg|gu, jdv adukgm`y d`}gugm#4= Rugvomgc} Uij jdv d`vi ruirivgm d

fidò}oic xo}j }jg Hudcm Cd}oicd` Rdu}y, ew} }jov jdv eggc ugngf}gm ey }jg `d}}guv

`gdmguvjor#

\# Ugadkoch il }jg Viw}j Kiugdc Gò}g

]jg dmaocov}ud}oicv euidm riòfy dhgcmd jdv eggc vg} liu}j wcmgu }jg edccgu il

rdu}oford}iuy mgaifudfy# ]jg Xge vo}g il }jg rugvomgc}47 rugvgc}v d }uiokd il hid`v>

mgaifudfy xo}j }jg rgir`g, d vifog}y il ed`dcfgm mg|gìragc}, dcm dc gud il rgdfg

dcm ruivrguo}y oc Ciu}jgdv} Dvod# Xo}joc }jov dhgcmd dug 45 riòfy hid`v }jd} rugvgc}

d fiarugjgcvo|g d}}gar} }i oarui|g }jg v}d}g dcm }jg ì} il }jg fo}o~gcuy# ]jgug

vggav ò}}`g twgv}oic }jd} Rugvomgc} Uij, ey ei}j }gargudagc} dcm riòfy, ov oc}gugv}gm

oc d rirwòv} vg} il ruihudav }jd} dug doagm d} }jg xg`ldug il }jg rgir`g dv d xji`g#

Dv xo}j adcy vwfj riò}ofd` r`d}liuav xiu`mxomg, }jgy ady eg aiug jirg }jdc dug

òkg`y }i egfiag ugdò}y#

Wcdu}ofw`d}gm dv d riòfy dhgcmd, jixg|gu, ov d vguogv il df}o|o}ogv dcm r`dcv }jd},

}dkgc }ihg}jgu *iu dv Xdvjoch}ic rdu`dcfg xiw`m jd|g o}, ey ficcgf}och }jg mi}v, iu

dv d hgv}d`}/, fic|gy }i }jov ievgu|gu dc drrdugc} glliu} }i ugadkg }jg gò}g v}uwf}wug

il Viw}j Kiugdc vifog}y# Xjg}jgu }jov jdv eggc d fduglw``y ficv}uwf}gm v}ud}ghy iu

dm jif ficfgr}v dcm ruirivd`v dcm jixg|gu awfj }jgvg |duoiwv omgdv ady jd|g

eggc d`}gugm iu dedcmicgm egliug }jgy xgug liuad``y ruirivgm, ol d`` jdm eggc

oar`gagc}gm, }jgvg xiw`m jd|g }udcvliuagm }jg cd}wug il }jg gò}g v}uwf}wug il Viw}j

Kiugd# Jix awfj il }jov dhgcmddv rgufgo|gm ey }jivg iw}vomg }jg rugvomgc}v

rdu}y iu fouf`gov v}d}gm riòfy, jix awfj ov }uod` ed`ìicv d}}gar}och }i hdwhg rweòf

ugvricvgv, dcm jix awfj ov }jg rguvicd` |ogxv il viag il Rugvomgc} Uijv v}d`xdu}v

iu viag fiaeocd}oic il d`` il }jg dei|gov viag}oagv wcf`gdu, ew} }jg rd}}guc vggav

drrdugc}#4))gchòvj#rugvomgc}#hi#ku)xdur)gc)cgxv)hid v#rjr#

4


11/23

Cgx Rdudmohav liu ]udcvrdfolof Fi``deiud}oic ? 4

Oc Rugvomgc} Uijv dmmugvv }i }jg cd}oic ic }jg }jg jov}iuofd` `ghdfy *il

rui! dcm dc}o!Ndrdcgvg g`gagc}v, `gl}ov}v dcm uohj}ov}v, dcm mof}d}iuod` dcm ugvov}dcfg

g`gagc}v/, mo|ovoicv oc }jg riò}ofd ruifgvv, dcm mo|ovoicv fdwvgm ey vifod dcm gficiaofoaed`dcfg dcm movrduo}y# ]jgvg dug }jgagv }jd} jg jdv dmmugvvgm dcm }jd} jg vdyv

jg xo`` fic}ocwg }i dmmugvv#

]jg cgx riòfy dhgcmd ov fiarivgm il d |duog}y il g`gagc}vocf`wmoch }jg

aduhocdò~d}oic il }jg i`mgu, fic}ocwoch gò}g; ruirivd`v }i gmwfd}g d cgx gò}g; rui|ovoic

il d mollgugc}od}gm drruidfj }i ocliuad}oic; dcm fugd}oic il d cgx riòfy gc|ouicagc}#

D movfwvvoic il }jov dhgcmd dcm o}v garjdvov li`ìxv#

Aduhocdò~d}oic il }jg I`m Gò}g

Fjdchgv oc }jg riòfy dm|oviuy rii`# ]jg riòfy!iuogc}gm huiwr xo}j xjofj }jgWco}gm V}d}gv jdv xiukgm i|gu }jg ygduv jdv ugadocgm ug`d}o|g`y ficv}dc}# ]jgvg

johj`y gmwfd}gm dcm oc}gucd}oicd``y dv}w}g ocmo|omwd`v jdm il}gc d}}gcmgm hudmwd}g

vfjii`v deuidm, aiv}`y oc }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv, dcm ugrugvgc}gm d aimgud}g eimy il

irocoic oc ld|iu il oarui|gm ug`d}oicv xo}j }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv, jixg|gu awfj dcy

ocmo|omwd` aohj} jd|g movdhuggm xo}j W#V# riòfogv oc dcy rdu}ofw`du log`m# Oc dfdmgaof

fouf`gv, }jgy xgug ugrugvgc}gm ey }jg Vgiw` Liuwa, dc ocliuad` ew} johj`y ocl`wgc}od`

huiwr il aozgm dfdmgaofodcv dcm d lgx ewvocgvvrgir`g xji fiw`m eg fiwc}gm ic }i

eg ficv}uwf}o|g, il}gc ficv}uwf}o|g`y fuo}ofd`, il W#V#!Kiugdc ug`d}oicv# ]jov huiwr

jdv cix eggc illofod``y vjwccgm iu vjwc}gm dvomg, dcm d cgxgu, yiwchgu huiwr jdv

gaguhgm#48 D lgx jdm eggc gmwfd}gm d} rugv}ohoiwv Kiugdc wco|guvo}ogv dcm deuidm,

ew} }jg yiwchgu huiwr ugrugvgc} xjd} jdv eggc fd``gm }jg 6:< hgcgud}oic, adcy ilxjia xgug ndo`gm iu xgug oc irrivo}oic }i }jg riòfogv il }jg Rduk dcm Fjwc ughoagv

}jd} jdm fic}ocwgm xo}j drrdugc} rweòf *ew} il}gc ug`wf}dc}/ W#V# vwrriu} liu ei}j

dw}jiuo}duodc uw`guv# ]jg cgx riòfy dm|oviuy huiwr vggav ldu aiug cd}oicdòv}of, vggav

`gvv oc}gucd}oicd``y gzrguogcfgm, egòg|gv Ciu}j Kiugdc oc}gc}oicv dug aiug egcohc,

dcm ov aiug vkgr}ofd` il }jg W#V# ui`g ic }jg rgcocvw`d dcm oc }jg ughoic#

Ugmov}uoew}oic il }jg xgd`}j dcm }jg ai|gagc} il }jg fdro}d`# Rugvomgc} Uijv

illofod` riòfy }i ai|g }jg fdro}d` luia Vgiw` }i }jg Fjwchfjich ughoic fdwvgm

ficvomgude`g ficv}gucd}oic oc ei}j riò}ofd` dcm vifod` fouf`gv# D`}jiwhj jov r`dc jdv

eggc mgf`dugm o``ghd` ey }jg Ficv}o}w}oicd` Fiwu}, }jg rugvomgc} v}o`` oc}gcmv }i ai|g d

cwaegu il kgy aocov}uogv }i }jg cgx vo}g dcm fugd}g d cgx fo}y }jgug# Iv}gcvoe`y, }jg

48# D ci}gm gzfgr}oic }i }jov xdv }jg drrioc}agc} dv daedvvdmiu }i }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv il Ruilgvviu JdcVwch!nii, liuagu`y il Kiugd Wco|guvo}y dcm liugohc aocov}gu wcmgu Rugvomgc} Koa _iwch!vda# Jgvggagm iw}vomg }jg ughoagv occgu fouf`g# Jov drrioc}agc} vggagm mgvohcgm }i ugdvvwug }jg Wco}gm V}d}gvdcm, ocmggm, o} mom vi#


12/23

?5 W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

ai}o|g egjocm }jov glliu} xdv }i `g|g rui|ocfod ocgtwdò}ogv ey rui|omoch gficiaof

ocfgc}o|gv }i d ug`d}o|g`y v}dhcdc} rdu} il }jg fiwc}uy *d rdu} oc xjofj Rugvomgc} Uijv

rdu}y jdv ic`y aduhocd` vwrriu}/#4: D`}jiwhj }jov ady eg }uwg oc rdu}, }jgug ov dci}jgu,

vwrr`gagc}duy rivvoe`g gzr`dcd}oic# Dv }jg Xiu`m Edck *@gor~ohgu g} d`# 5225/ ci}gmaiug }jdc d mgfdmg dhi, ocfiag mov}uoew}oic oc }jg UIK xdv ci} }ii edm *g|gc

}jiwhj o} hi} xiuvg li`ìxoch }jg locdcfod` fuovov il 4??8/, ew} xgd`}j mov}uoew}oic xdv

gzfggmoch`y riiu# Xgd`}j oc Viw}j Kiugd ov ugl`gf}gm gvvgc}od``y oc ugd` gv}d}g ji`mochv,

dcm }jwv }jg ai|gagc} il }jg fiwc}uyv fdro}d` xiw`m jd|g ugvw`}gm oc d adniu vjol} oc

}jg rd}}gucv il xgd`}j daich }jg gò}g dcm }jg fugd}oic il d cgx huiwr il ciw|gdw

uofjg# D`}jiwhj }jg Uij dmaocov}ud}oic fiw`m ci} `g|g` ocfiag mov}uoew}oic, }jg edvov

liu }jg dmaocov}ud}oic ov }jd} o} aohj} adkg ocfiag mov}uoew}oic gvv wcg|gc dcm rui|omg

riò}ofd` vwrriu} }i }jg cgx, yiwchgu hgcgud}oic#4? Ocfiag mov}uoew}oic ovvwgv ficfguc

}jg rugvomgc} dcm }udcvfgcm }jg ficfgr} il ai|och }jg fdro}d` iu aocov}uogv# Rugvomgc}

Uij ov d rirwòv}, dv xdv Koa Mdg!nwch, dcm jg ov ficfgucgm deiw} }jg ròhj} il }jg

iumocduy Kiugdc fo}o~gc#

Gòaocd}och Ndrdcgvg ficcgf}oicv il }jg rdv}# Dci}jgu d}}gar} }i movfugmo} }jg

liuagu gò}g ov }jg oc|gv}ohd}oic oc}i }jivg xji fi``deiud}gm xo}j }jg Ndrdcgvg mwuoch

}jg fiìcod` gud# ]jov xdv mgaicv}ud}gm xo}j }jg rdvvdhg oc 522= il }jg Vrgfod` @dx

ic ]uw}jv Ficfgucoch Dc}o!Kiugdc Df}o|o}ogv Mwuoch Liufoe`g Ndrdcgvg Iffwrd}oic,

dcm }jg Edvof @dx ic }jg Ug|ogx il Rdv} Jov}iuy liu ]uw}j dcm Ugficfoòd}oic#

]jgvg xgug ci} d}}gar}v }i dffwvg dcyicg il fuoagv; ocv}gdm, }jgou oc}gc} xdv }i

lwcf}oic dv }jg edvov liu d }yrg il }uw}j fiaaovvoic }jd} xiw`m f`gdu wr }jg dciadògv

il }jg rdv}# ]jg rugvomgc} fd``gm liu driìhogv dcm ugrdud}oicv, dv aohj} eg drruiruod}g,

rgujdrv voao`du }i xjd} Rugvomgc} Koa Mdg!nwch jdm micg liu gduògu movvomgc}v#

Rugvomgc} Uij admg }jov }jg }irof il jov 47 Dwhwv} 522= Ocmgrgcmgcfg Mdy vrggfj,dcm jg ugo}gud}gm o} d ygdu `d}gu#

]jg irrivo}oic oaagmod}g`y oc}gurug}gm }jov dv dc dmaocov}ud}oic d}}gar} }i movfugmo}

Rduk Hgwc!jyg, }jg jgdm il }jg irrivo}oic Hudcm Cd}oicd` Rdu}y dcm }jg mdwhj}gu il

Rduk Fjwch!jgg, xji jdm eggc oc }jg Ndrdcgvg duay# ]jg irrivo}oic }jgc ocvov}gm

}jd} vwfj octwouogv d`vi ocf`wmg }jivg xji fi``deiud}gm xo}j }jg Ciu}j Kiugdcv xjgc

}jgy }gariuduo`y iffwrogm `duhg rdu}v il }jg Viw}j oc 4?72# ]jov xiw`m ocf`wmg }jg

ld}jgu!oc!`dx il Rugvomgc} Uij joavg`l# Aiug mggr`y, jixg|gu, o} xdv }jg }udmo}oicd`

ydchedc gò}g }jd} fi``deiud}gm xo}j }jg Ndrdcgvg *dv }jgy xgug }jg gmwfd}gm huiwr

4:# ]jg Rduk, Fjwc, dcm Uij ]dg!xii hi|gucagc}v xgug Kywchvdch iuogc}gm# Koa Mdg!nwch dcm UijAii!jywcv edvof vwrriu} ogv oc }jg Fji``d rui|ocfgv, xjo`g Koa Nich!ro` *xji xdc}gm }i eg d rixgueuikgu oc jov `d}gu ygduv/ xdv ocl`wgc}od` oc }jg Fjwchfjich dugd#

4?# ]jg rugvomgc} jdv d`vi ocmofd}gm }jd} }jg dmaocov}ud}oic r`dcv }i ocfugdvg }dzgv ic ugd` gv}d}g oc iumgu}i fdà vrgfw`d}oic#


13/23


oc }jg vifog}y/; }jwv, }jg movfugmo}och il }jg ldaoògv il }jgvg g`gagc}v xiw`m jg`r

rwuhg }jg rdv} f`dvv v}uwf}wug ey gzrivoch }jivg xji jdm egcglo}gm wcmgu }jg

Ndrdcgvg#52

Rugvomgc} Uij ov cix dm|ifd}och cgx rgcmoch `ghov`d}oic> }jg Vrgfod` @dx ic }jg

Ugfi|guy il Ruirgu}ogv il }jg Rgir`g [XjiQ Fduuogm Iw} Rui!Ndrdcgvg, Dc}o!Kiugdc

Df}o|o}ogv, dcm ic 4< Dwhwv} 5227, jg v}d}gm *Illofg il }jg Rugvomgc} 5227/> D

jov}iuofd` dciad`y xo`` eg gòaocd}gm vi }jd} }jg mgvfgcmdc}v il }jg rgurg}ud}iuv il }jg

dc}o!Kiugdc df}o|o}ogv xo`` ci ìchgu eg de`g }i gcniy }jg xgd`}j dffwaw`d}gm ey }jgou

dcfgv}iuv d} }jg fiv} il }jg cd}oic dcm fiwc}uy# ]jov xo`` ci miwe} ocfo}g |ifolguiwv

mged}g xo}joc }jg Cd}oicd` Dvvgae`y dcm oc }jg vifog}y d} `duhg, dcm o} udovgv adcy

`ghd` ovvwgv, ocf`wmoch }jd} il gz riv} ldf}i `ghov`d}oic# O} vjiw`m eg ci}gm }jd} Ciu}j

Kiugd jdv fduuogm iw} viag il }jg aiv} gz}gcvo|g rwuhgv il rui!Ndrdcgvg g`gagc}v

egfdwvg }jivg xji xgug fìvg }i }jg Ndrdcgvg il}gc xgug }jg `duhgv} `dcmixcguv oc

}jg Ciu}j# Icg fiw`m duhwg }jd} Koa O`!vwchv oco}od` gho}oadfy fdag luia jov *ugd` iurwuriu}gm/ dc}o!Ndrdcgvg hwguuo``d df}o|o}ogv dcm luia jov rwuhg il rui!Ndrdcgvg

g`gagc}v# ]jg ie|guvg il }jd} fioc xdv }jg fjduhg }jd} }jg Viw}j Kiugdc hi|gucagc}

xdv o``gho}oad}g egfdwvg o} xdv d `dfkgy il }jg Daguofdcv dcm ug}docgm Ndrdcgvg

fi``deiud}iuv#

Ov }jov dc}o!Ndrdcgvg v}dcfg dc d}}gar} }i mglocg, ugmglocg, iu fuyv}d`ò~g Kiugdc

omgc}o}y9 Oc viag vgcvg, }jg fw`}wud` vwu|o|d` il }jg rgir`g jdv mgrgcmgm ic o}v logufg

rui}gf}oic il `dchwdhg dcm fw`}wug, dcm oc }jg euidmgv} vgcvg }jg rwuolofd}oic il }jg

rdv} ady eg |ogxgm dv ug`d}gm }i }jov ocfjid}g cggm#

Ugliuaoch }jgfjdgei`# ]jg fjdgei`jd|g eggc d fic}ocwoch ficfguc il }jg Rugvomgc}Uij, dcm }jgou gvvgc}od` v}udch`gji`m ic }jg xg``!egoch il }jg gficiay dcm o}v }udmoch

rd}}gucv jdv fdwvgm ficfgucv oc d cwaegu il dmaocov}ud}oicv dcm daich }jivg xji

xovj liu hugd}gu gtwo}y oc dffgvv }i adukg}v# Dv d jwadc uohj}v dm|ifd}g, dxygu Uij

jdm il}gc vomgm xo}j `deiu dhdocv} fjdgei` adcdhgagc}#54 Xjd} }jg rugvomgc}

ugdòv}ofd``y fdc mi, egyicm v}ugch}jgcoch aiciri`y ghov`d}oic iu gcliufoch }dz fimgv,

vggav two}g òao}gm; jov ficfguc ov d ruimwf} il }jg gzfggmoch`y gz}gcvo|g ui`g il }jg

fjdgei` egfdwvg Kiugd ov d fiwc}uy jgd|o`y mgrgcmgc} ic }udmg }jgy `duhg`y fic}ui`#

]jg rugvomgc}v ruoiuo}y, jixg|gu, vggav }i eg }jg mg|gìragc} il }jg UIK dv }jg

gficiaof dcm locdcfod` jwe oc Ciu}jgdv} Dvod# ]jov ficfguc, }i xjofj jg jdv mg|i}gm

ficvomgude`g d}}gc}oic dcm rguviccg`, jdv agdc} }jd} fjdgei` ugliua awv} eg d vgficm

52# ]jg louv} |of}oa ouicofd``y xdv }jg fjdouadc il }jg Wuo Rdu}y, xjivg ld}jgu jdm eggc oc }jgci}iuoiwv Ndrdcgvg riòfg#

54# ]jg liwcmgu il Jywcmdo jdm vdom }jd} jg xiw`m cg|gu d`ìx `deiu wcoicv oc jov fichìagud}g, ew}Jywcmdo xdv liufgm }i mi vi `d}gu#


14/23

?= W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

ruoiuo}y egfdwvg }jg fic}ocwgm ruivrguo}y dcm ui`g il }jgfjdgei` dug ugtwougm g`gagc}v

liu dcy jwe v}ud}ghy# 55

Gmwfd}oic il d Cgx Gò}g

Vgiw` Cd}oicd` Wco|guvo}y# ]jgug jdv eggc oc}gcvg movvd}ovldf}oic daich `duhg

g`gagc}v il }jg Kiugdc rirw`d}oic xo}j }jg gò}g v}uwf}wug il wco|guvo}y gmwfd}oic# Oc

}jg gdu`y rguoim il }jg ugrweòf, Kiugdc v}wmgc}v xji xgc} deuidm liu hudmwd}g v}wmogv

fiw`m |ou}wd``y eg dvvwugm il ruilgvviuod` rivo}oicv oc }jg gò}g rweòf dcm ruo|d}g

wco|guvo}ogv oc Kiugd egfdwvg vwfj mghuggv ficlguugm wric }jga hugd} vifod` v}d}wv

dcm rugv}ohg, ocf`wmoch eg}}gu aduuodhg rivvoeoò}ogv# Dv Kiugdcv oc hugd} cwaeguv

ug}wucgm luia i|guvgdv gmwfd}oic, dcm dv }jg irgcochv oc }jgvg wco|guvo}ogv ie|oiwv`y

moaocovjgm, dvroudc}v liwcm }jgavg`|gv d} vgficm! iu g|gc }joum!}ogu wco|guvo}ogv,

wco|guvo}ogv oc vad``gu rui|ocfod dugdv, iu oc hi|gucagc}!vricviugm }jock }dckv d}}dfjgm

}i |duoiwv aocov}uogv iu ocv}o}w}oicv, vwfj dv fo}ogv iu rui|ocfgv#

]jg hugd}gv} dc}ord}jy xdv mougf}gm d} Vgiw` Cd}oicd` Wco|guvo}y, xjofj xdv d} }jg

drgz il d`` vwfj wco|guvo}ogv# Viag v}dll dcm v}wmgc}v }jgug gzjoeo}gm ficvomgude`g

duuihdcfg }ixdum i}jgu dfdmgaofodcv# ]jgug xdv d ruiliwcm lggòch }jd} }jgug xdv

movfuoaocd}oic oc dmaovvoicv dhdocv} }jivg luia }jg rui|ocfgv# D`}jiwhj }jov xdv ci}

cgfgvvduo`y d ugvw`} il mgòegud}g riòfogv, o} vggagm g|omgc} egfdwvg }jg vfjii` vyv}ga

xdv vi awfj eg}}gu oc Vgiw`# ]jwv, v}wmgc}v *xjivg rdugc}v d`vi fiw`m dllium ruo|d}g

}w}iuoch/ luia Vgiw` jdm d ldu eg}}gu fjdcfg il gc}uy wcmgu fiarg}o}o|g gzdaocd}oicv#56

Viag dvvifod}gm xo}j }jg Uij dmaocov}ud}oic jd|g dm|ifd}gm fjdchoch }jov gò}g

v}uwf}wug# Viag jd|g fd``gm liu }jg gòaocd}oic il Vgiw` Cd}oicd` Wco|guvo}y *iu vi }jgrugvv jdv ugriu}gm, d`}jiwhj }jov xdv ci} riòfy/, xjo`g i}jguv jd|g vdom }jd} oc iumgu

}i gcvwug gtwdò}y il dmaovvoic, }jg wco|guvo}y vjiw`m eg ai|gm }i }jg rui|ocfgv *cgdu

xjd} xdv }i jd|g eggc }jg cgx fdro}d`/# ]jgvg glliu}v jd|g ci} vwffggmgm, ew} }jg

fic}ocwoch movrw}gv i|gu }jg gc}udcfg gzdaocd}oicv }i Vgiw` Cd}oicd` Wco|guvo}y ugl`gf}

}jg ficfgucv }jd} }jg i`m gò}g v}uwf}wug, xo}j o}v ficvomgude`g ocl`wgcfg ic rugvgc}

gò}g v}uwf}wug, vjiw`m eg i|gu}wucgm# Oc rdu}, go}jgu v}d}wv mgrgcmgm ic gmwfd}oic iu

gmwfd}oic xdv wvgm }i ud}oly gò}g v}d}wv# O} ov ouicof }jd} Vgiw` Cd}oicd` Wco|guvo}y

vggav johj`y cd}oicdòv}of dcm }jg `gdv} oc}gucd}oicd il }jg louv}!}ogu wco|guvo}ogv oc Kiugd#

55# Viag jd|g vdom }jd} Rugvomgc} Uij ov ruiewvocgvv ew} }jd} jov garjdvov ic ugliua v}gav luia jovrugmo`gf}oic liu gtwo}y dcm }udcvrdugcfy#

56# Oc }jg gdu`y rguoim il ocmwv}uodò~d}oic, ewvocgvv dcm adcwldf}wuoch adcdhguv dvvohcgm luia Vgiw` }i}jg rui|ocfgv il}gc `gl} }jgou ldaoògv oc Vgiw` vi }jd} }jgou fjo`mugc fiw`m d}}gcm eg}}gu ruoaduy dcmvgficmduy vfjii`v dcm, }jwv, wco|guvo}y# Viag fìvg }i }jg dmaocov}ud}oic fjduhgm }jd} }jg adniuo}y ilVgiw` Cd}oicd` Wco|guvo}y v}wmgc}v fdag luia }jg |guy dll`wgc} dugd il Kdchcda oc Vgiw`, ew} i}jguvf`doa }jd} ic`y deiw} 45 rgufgc} dug luia }jd} rdu} il Vgiw`#


15/23


Ruo|d}g gmwfd}oic dcm }jg }gdfjguv wcoic# Ruo|d}g vgficmduy gmwfd}oic d`vi xdv

}jg rui|ocfg il }jg i`m gò}g# @ghov`d}oic jdv eggc ruirivgm dcm ov wcmgu mged}g

ficfgucoch dagcmoch }jg `dx ic ruo|d}g vfjii`v }jd} xiw`m adkg }jga aiug

dffiwc}de`g dcm xiw`m d`vi ho|g }jg Kiugd ]gdfjguv dcm Gmwfd}oicd` Xiukguv Wcoicd hugd}gu vdy oc }jg adcdhgagc} il }jgvg vfjii`v, xjofj dug il}gc fic}ui``gm ey }jg

ldaoògv il }jg liwcmguv#5= ]jg wcoic, liwcmgm oc 4?:?, ov kcixc dv icg il }jg aiv}

udmofd` dcm gl}!`gdcoch il vwfj wcoicv, dcm adcy d}}uoew}g }jg uovg oc dc}o!W#V# vgc}oagc}

daich aomm`g vfjii` dcm johj vfjii` v}wmgc}v }i o}v ocl`wgcfg# Wcmgu cgx `ghov`d}oic,

}jg wcoic xo`` jd|g d hugd}gu vdy oc }jg adcdhgagc} il }jgvg vfjii`v dcm xo`` eg

ugrugvgc}gm ic }jgou eidumv il }uwv}ggv# Oc }jov adccgu, }jg yiwchgu hgcgud}oic xo`` eg

de`g }i eg gzrivgm }i }jg |d`wgv dvvifod}gm xo}j }jg rugvgc} dmaocov}ud}oic dcm o}v

vwrriu}guv *Kiugd Jgud`m5227/#

Gmwfd}oicd` ugliua d} }jg wco|guvo}y `g|g`# ]jg hi|gucagc} jdv ocmofd}gm o}v

oc}gc}oic }i }udcvliua }jg wco|guvo}y gmwfd}oicd` vyv}ga oc }jg UIK }juiwhj }jg 422!_gdu Ugliua R`dc liu Cd}oicd` Gmwfd}oic# Fo}och fiuuwr}oic oc drrioc}agc} il ldfw`}y,

ruie`gav xo}j }jg }gcwug vyv}ga, dcm iw}aimgm gmwfd}oicd` rudf}ofgv, }jg hi|gucagc}

mgfomgm }i d`ìfd}g -:22 ao`òic oc 5227 liu v}uwf}wud` fjdchg# Rofkoch 47 wco|guvo}ogv

dv mg|gìragc} fgc}guv, }jg hi|gucagc} dcciwcfgm o} xiw`m ho|g movdm|dc}dhgv }i

wco|guvo}ogv uglwvoch }i ugliua, adkoch o} jdum liu }jga }i vwu|o|g# D cgx ewugdw

xo}joc }jg Aocov}uy il Gmwfd}oic xo`` jdcm`g }jgvg fjdchgv, ocf`wmoch fjdchgv d} ruo|d}g

wco|guvo}ogv#57 Koa Noc!ryi, mgrw}y ruoag aocov}gu, Aocov}uy il Gmwfd}oic dcm Jwadc

Ugviwufgv Mg|gìragc} v}d}gm *Aic}j`y Niichdch 5227/> O} ov }oag liu wco|guvo}ogv

}i d`vi lgg` }jg rdoc il ugv}uwf}wuoch [dìch xo}j gficiaof dcm ewvocgvv ugv}uwf}wuochQ#

Dffgvv }i Ocliuad}oic

Fwueoch }jg dc}oughoag rugvv# Oc dc gc}iwudhg vyv}ga il riò}ofd` rdu}ogv, xjofj

jdv eggc }jg hgcgud` ficmo}oic il Kiugdc riò}ofv d`}jiwhj }jd} ov fjdchoch, ìyd`}ogv

dug johj`y rguvicd` dcm ocliuad}oic ov dc d}}uoew}g il }jd} rguvicdò~d}oic il rixgu# O}

ov vohcolofdc} }jd} d`` Kiugdc dmaocov}ud}oicv il d`` riò}ofd` rguvwdvoicv jd|g }uogm }i

vwrrugvv, fic}ui`, iu aimoly }jg |ogxv il }jg irrivo}oic# ]jgvg rugvvwugv jd|g udchgm

luia Kiugdc Fgc}ud` Oc}g`òhgcfg Dhgcfy illofod`v vo}}och oc cgxvrdrgu gmo}iuod` illofgv

5=# Mwuoch }jg Ndrdcgvg fiìcod` rguoim, Kiugdcv fiw`m d|iom ficlovfd}oic il wuedc `dcm ey liwcmochvfjii`v, xjofj xgug edm`y cggmgm d} }jd} }oag# Adcy rgir`g mom vi# Egliug Kiugd niocgm }jg Iuhdco~d!}oic liu Gficiaof Fiirgud}oic dcm Mg|gìragc} *IGFM/ mwuoch }jg dmaocov}ud}oic il Rugvomgc} Koa_iwch!vda, }jg Kiugdc dmaocov}ud}oic |ifolguiwv`y mglgcmgm o}v rug|gc}oic il }gdfjguv liuaoch wcoicvegfdwvg, vi }jg duhwagc} udc, }jov xiw`m eg mgv}uwf}o|g il }jg dw}jiuo}y dcm rugv}ohg il }gdfjguv oc dFiclwfodc vifog}y# Ic niococh }jg IGFM, Kiugd jdm }i ugfihco~g }jg wcoic dcm d`vi d`ìx i}jgu wcoicv}i gchdhg oc riò}ofd` df}o|o}ogv#

57# V}d}g fic}ui` i|gu adcy dvrgf}v il ruo|d}g gmwfd}oic jdv eggc }udmo}oicd` oc Viw}j Kiugd#


16/23

?< W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

mwuoch rdu} il }jg Rduk Fjwch!jgg dmaocov}ud}oic, }i }jg rwuhg il aiug oegud` agaeguv

il }jg agmod wcmgu Fjwc Mii!jxdc, dcm }i }jg glliu}v }i fic}ui` }jg aiug uohj}!xoch

rugvv }juiwhj dwmo}v, locgv, dcm ndo` }guav mwuoch }jg Koa Mdg!nwch dmaocov}ud}oic#

]jgug ov ci miwe} }jd} vocfg 4?:8 }jgug jdv eggc aiug luggmia il }jg rugvv }jdc d}

dcy rguoim oc Kiugdc jov}iuy# G|gc xo}joc }jd} fic}gz}, }jg hi|gucagc}v glliu}v }i

adcorw`d}g irocoic dcm ao}ohd}g edm rweòfo}y fic}ocwg# ]jg Uij dmaocov}ud}oic jdv

}dkgc d mollgugc} drruidfj xo}j }jg vdag hidàimgud}och fuo}ofova il }jg gzgfw}o|g

eudcfj ey }jg aiug ficvgu|d}o|g Fjivwc Oèi, Mich!D Oèi, dcmNiichdch Oèi#

Dhdocv} }jg |ogxv il }jg Oc}gucd}oicd` Rugvv Ocv}o}w}g, xjofj aico}iuv rugvv luggmia,

o} jdv rdvvgm `ghov`d}oic }jd} euidmgcv }jg xdy }jd} gmo}iuod` mgfovoicv dug ugdfjgm dcm

jix mov}uoew}oic }dkgv r`dfg# Dvvgae`y agaeguv jd|g rdvvgm `ghov`d}oic dhdocv} }jg

adniu rdrguv xo}j }jg `duhgv} foufw`d}oicv, fjduhoch }jga xo}j aiciri`y rudf}ofgv#

Rugvomgc} Uij, d} }jg 7:}j Xiu`m Cgxvrdrgu Fichugvv, xjofj ag} oc Vgiw` ic 62

Ady 5227, v}d}gm>

Jixg|gu, }jov [fo|o` vifog}y mg|gìragc}Q ldo`gm }i ficvomgu }jg ldf} }jd} }jg rugvv

o}vg`l fiw`m egfiag d riò}ofd` rixgu }juiwhj }jg aiciri`y il }jg adukg} dcm

aiciriòv}of hi|gucdcfg# # # # Oc }jov òhj}, o} ov |guy oariu}dc} }i rui|omg liu dc ocv}o}w}oicd`

mg|ofg fdrde`g il ugv}udococh }jg dewvg il rixgu ey }jg rugvv# # # # ]jg lwcf}oic il }jg

rugvv }i fuo}ofo~g awv} eg garjdvo~gm oc d vifog}y xjgug }jg fuo}ofd` ovvwg ov vifod`

fijgvoic dcm ci} mgaifudfy, }jg rugvv vjiw`m rugvgc} lw}wug!iuogc}gm dcm fugd}o|g

d`}gucd}o|gv, ocv}gdm il ldccoch luof}oic#

]xi fiaruiaovg rugvv `dxv jd|g eggc rdvvgm ey }jg Cd}oicd` Dvvgae`y dcm xgc}

oc}i gllgf} oc Dwhwv} 5227# ]jgy dug }jg cgxvrdrgu `dx dcm }jg rugvv dueo}ud}oic`dx# ]jg rugvv dueo}ud}oic `dx d`ìxv dcy }joum rdu}y }i fd`` liu d ug}udf}oic dcm

uglw}d}oic g|gc ol guuiuv xgug ocdm|gu}gc}# ]jg Rugvv Dueo}ud}oic Fiaaovvoic mgfomgv

}jgvg fdvgv#5< ]jg hi|gucagc} ov r`dccoch }i vg} wr d vrgfod` `dx loua }i euoch vwo}v

dhdocv} }jivg ficvomgugm }i jd|g euikgc }jov `dx#58 Icg fic}ui|guvod` g`gagc} ov }jd}

vwfj fdvgv ady eg euiwhj} xo}joc }jugg aic}jv, ew} ichioch oc|gv}ohd}oicv vwfj dv

fiuuwr}oic vfdcmd`v oc|i`|g gz}gcmgm rguoimv, dcm }jwv }jg rweòfv ficfgucv ady ci}

eg ag}# ]jg cgxvrdrgu `dx ov vdom }i r`dfg fdrv ic }jg cwaegu il adukg}v irgc }i

5 Ugfgc}`y Gcdf}gm @dxv, md}gm 4 Ndcwduy5227, ]jov df} fiaeocgv rui|ovoicv liu fiargcvd}oic dv vg} liu}j oc vg|gud` rug|oiwv Df}v, vwfj dv }jgDf} ic Hwdudc}gg il Luggmia dcm Lwcf}oicv il Cgxvrdrguv, g}f#, dcm Euidmfdv}och Df}, g}f# O} fic}oc!wgv> ]jg rugvv vjd`` ci} ocluochg wric d rguvicv uohj}v ughdumoch jov)jgu olg, luggmia, rjyvofd` xg``!egoch, jgd`}j, ugrw}d}oic, ruo|dfy, oadhg, cdag, fic|guvd}oic, rweòfd}oicv, ruo|d}g mifwagc}v, g}f#]jov xiw`m vgga }i fiaruiaovg dcy fuo}ofova il dcy ocmo|omwd`# ]jg `dx egfdag gllgf}o|g voz aic}jvdl}gu rdvvdhg#

58# Vohcolofdc}`y, Fjivwc Oèi *}jg aiv} |ifolguiwv fuo}of il }jg Uij hi|gucagc}/ xdv fo}gm aiv}lugtwgc}`y, xjo`gJdckyiug *d rui!Uij cgxvrdrgu/ xdv fo}gm }jg `gdv} cwaegu il }oagv#


17/23


}jg rugvv *wcmgu dc dc}oaiciri`y ud}oicd`g/ dcm rui|omgv vwevomogv, }jwv wcmgufw}}och

}jg ocmgrgcmgcfg il }jg rugvv# ]jg adniu rdrguv dllgf}gm dug }jivg }jd} jd|g eggc

fuo}ofd` il }jg Uij dmaocov}ud}oic# Wcmgu }jg cgxvrdrgu `dx, gmo}iuod` fiaao}}ggv xo``

eg vg} wr ey `deiu dcm adcdhgagc}, dcm d Cgxvrdrgu Mg|gìragc} Fiaao}}gg*fiarivgm il Aocov}uy il @deiu, Cd}oicd` Dvvgae`y, dcm agmod v}dll/ xo`` mov}uoew}g

lwcmv }i vwfj rdrguv xjgug dm|gu}ovoch ov }jgc 72 rgufgc} il rdhg vrdfg#5:

Rugvv dffgvv }i hi|gucagc}# ]jg hi|gucagc} jdv d`vi ugv}uof}gm }jg dffgvv il

}jg rugvv }i hi|gucagc} illofod`v, xji awv} jd|g drrui|d` egliug }jgy }d`k }i }jg

agmod# D`}jiwhj }jg Kiugdc agmod dcm hi|gucagc} xgug irgud}och ic d aimg` il

aocov}guod`!rugvv ug`d}oicv edvgm ic }jg vyv}ga oc Ndrdc *rii`v il ugriu}guv dvvohcgm

}i gdfj aocov}uy/ dcm d`}jiwhj d vohcolofdc} daiwc} il }jg ugriu}dhg xdv oc ldf}

hi|gucagc} jdcmiw}v, }jov lwu}jgu ocvw`d}gv }jg dmaocov}ud}oic luia }jg rugvv dcm,

ocmougf}`y, luia }jg rirw`dfg# Adcy cgxvrdrguv jd|g rui}gv}gm }jov ai|g egfdwvg o}

òao}v }jg ocliuad}oic d|do`de`g }i }jg rweòf#

]jg Riòfy Dhgcmd

Fo|o` vgu|ofg ugliua# ]jg riòfy dhgcmd il }jg Kiugdc hi|gucagc} xo`` eg dllgf}gm

ey }jg nwmofod` vyv}ga, xjofj jdv dùgdmy liwcm dhdocv} }jg v}d}g oc viag fdvgv# ]jg

cgx fjogl nwv}ofg il Viw}j Kiugdv Vwrugag Fiwu}, @gg _ich!jwc, ov gzrgf}gm }i

ugfiaagcm }jg ciaocd}oic il }jg ugr`dfgagc} il ? il }jg 46 nwv}ofgv ic }jd} fiwu}

xo}joc }jg cgz} ygdu, xjofj ady fjdchg }jg fiarivo}oic il }jg hgcgud``y ficvgu|d}o|g

fiwu}# Au# @gg jdv ocmofd}gm }jd} jg xo`` ci} eg eiwcm ey dhg iu iuohoc oc jov fjiofgv,

xjofj ady rivo}o|g`y dllgf} }jg deoò}y il }jg gzgfw}o|g eudcfj }i hg} cgx `ghov`d}oic

dw}jiuo~gm, ocf`wmoch }jg Cd}oicd` Vgfwuo}y @dx#5? ]jg mdy li`ìxoch jov dvvwar}oicil illofg, Fjogl Nwv}ofg @gg dcciwcfgm }jd} }jg fiwu} xiw`m ug|ogx rug|oiwv mgfovoicv

dhdocv} movvomgc}v luia }jg dw}jiuo}duodc rguoim }i mg}guaocg xjg}jgu nwv}ofg jdm eggc

vwe|gu}gm *Fjivwc Oèi 5227/#

D cgx g`gagc} oc }jg dmaocov}ud}oicv glliu}v }i }udcvliua }jg gò}g ov }i ugliua }jg

ewugdwfudfy, xjofj }udmo}oicd``y jdv eggc d fuo}ofd` fiaricgc} il }jg gò}g v}uwf}wug#

Rug|oiwv dmaocov}ud}oicv jdm v}orw`d}gm }jd} johjgu!`g|g` agaeguv il }jg ewugdwfudfy

5:# Dffiumoch }iCd}oicd` Dvvgae`y il }jg Ugrweòf il Kiugd> Ugfgc}`y Gcdf}gm @dxv, md}gm 4 Ndcwduy5227, }jg Df} ic Hwdudc}gg il Luggmia dcm Lwcf}oicv il Cgxvrdrguv, g}f# *Dagcmagc} }i }jgrug|oiwv Ughov}ud}oic, g}f#, il Rguoimofd`v Df}/ v}orw`d}gv }jd} [rQweòvjguv il rguoimofd`v dcm Oc}gucg}cgxv vo}gv vjd`` gcvwug }jg rdu}oford}oic il ugdmguv oc }jg mgfovoic!adkoch ruifgvvgv, vwfj dv gmo}och iuruimwf}oic# # # # ]jg df} rui|omgv }jd} oc }jg fdvg il gc}uwv}och viag lwcf}oicv il }jg fiaao}}gg }ii}jgu dhgcfogv wcmgu d rugvomgc}od` mgfugg# # # , }jov df} xo`` }dkg r`dfg dl}gu voz aic}jv [il drrui|d`Q# Oc}jg fdvgv il |guolofd}oic dcm rweòfd}oic il fiar`doc}v o} xo`` eg oar`gagc}gm dl}gu gohj}ggc aic}jv#

5?# O da ocmge}gm }i Gadcwg` Rdv}ugofj liu euochoch }jov }i ay d}}gc}oic#


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19/23

Cgx Rdudmohav liu ]udcvrdfolof Fi``deiud}oic ? ?

viagxjd} i|gu }oag, }jg drruidfjgv v}o`` mo|guhg# ]jg Wco}gm V}d}gv jdm louv} fd``gm

liu }jg gòaocd}oic il d`` Ciu}j Kiugdc cwf`gdu ruihudav, vggaoch`y ocf`wmoch }jivg

}jd} xgug mgvohcgm liu rgdfglw` gcguhy ruimwf}oic, egfdwvg }jg W#V# dmaocov}ud}oic

mom ci} }uwv} }jg Ciu}j Kiugdcv# ]jg Wco}gm V}d}gv vggav }i jd|g ai|gm viagxjd}luia }jd} rivo}oic ew} jdv d`vi mg}guaocgm }jd} }jg òhj}!xd}gu cwf`gdu ugdf}iuv }jd}

xgug d} }jg jgdu} il }jg Dhuggm Ludagxiuk dcm ic xjofj }jg Kiugdc Rgcocvw`d

Gcguhy Mg|gìragc} Iuhdco~d}oic *KGMI/ jdm eggc vg} wr }i ficv}uwf} xgug }ii

mdchguiwv# Oc gllgf}, }jg Ewvj dmaocov}ud}oic gllgf}o|g`y mgciwcfgm }jg xiuk il }jg

Fòc}ic dmaocov}ud}oic#64 ]jg Vgr}gaegu 5227 voz!rdu}y!}d`kv dhuggagc} mom agc}oic

}jg ugdf}iuv, rwuriu}gm`y dv d fiaruiaovg eg}xggc }jg Ewvj dmaocov}ud}oic }jd} xdc}gm

}jga gòaocd}gm dcm }jg Ciu}j Kiugdcv xji ocvov}gm }jgy eg ocf`wmgm; ew} }jg }oaoch

ov oc movrw}g# ]jg uohj} xoch il }jg Ugrweòfdc Rdu}y, xjofj }jg Ewvj dmaocov}ud}oic

ughdumv dv gvvgc}od` }i o}v fic}ocwoch vwffgvv, jdv mwuoch }jg rdv} mgfdmg louv} rugmof}gm

}jg fi``drvg il }jg Ciu}j, }jgc egòg|gm }jd} ci cghi}od}oic vjiw`m }dkg r`dfg xo}j d

agaegu il }jg dzov il g|o` egfdwvg }jgy xgug fiar`g}g`y wc}uwv}xiu}jy, dcm }jgcvwrriu}gm }jg rivo}oic il }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv dcm }jg Kiugdc Fjuov}odc uohj} ic ovvwgv il

jwadc uohj}v oc Ciu}j Kiugd# Uohj}!xoch Ugrweòfdcv xgug dhdocv} }jg Dhuggm

Ludagxiuk#

Viw}j Kiugd jdv viwhj} }i dvvwdhg }jg Ciu}j dcm jdv |ohiuiwv`y irrivgm dcy W#V#

r`dc liu d vwuhofd` aoò}duy v}uokg dhdocv} dcy Ciu}j Kiugdc cwf`gdu ldfoò}y, dvvwaoch

}jd} xiw`m eg }gfjcofd``y rivvoe`g# D`}jiwhj adcy xo}joc }jg Uij fouf`g ruiede`y dug

ci} ficfgucgm deiw} Ciu}j Kiugdc cwf`gdu fdrdfo}y egfdwvg }jgy lgg` }jg Ciu}j

xiw`m cg|gu wvg vwfj xgdricv dhdocv} }jg Viw}j, }jg Uij dmaocov}ud}oic jdv ocmofd}gm

}jd} o} }ii xdc}v d cwf`gdu!lugg rgcocvw`d# D} }jg vdag }oag, o} jdv illgugm uofg, lgu}oò~gu,

dcm dvvov}dcfg oc vwrr`y il g`gf}uofo}y vjiw`m Ciu}j Kiugd dhugg }i d cwf`gdu lugg~gdcm oc}gucd}oicd` vdlghwdumv dhdocv} }jg mg|gìragc} il cwf`gdu xgdricv dcm }jgou

ruiòlgud}oic }juiwhj vd`gv deuidm# Egfdwvg Ciu}j Kiugd jdv fd``gm liu dc gcm }i

liim vjoragc}v wcmgu }jg dwvrofgv il }jg WCv Xiu`m Liim Ruihuda *XLR/, xo}j o}v

aiug oc}uwvo|g aico}iuoch, dcm jdv f`doagm o} hg}v gciwhj liim luia Fjocd dcm Viw}j

Kiugd xo}j }jgou aocoad` aico}iuoch, viag jd|g fd``gm liu Viw}j Kiugdc vjoragc}v }i

}dkg r`dfg wcmgu }jg dwvrofgv il d aico}iuoch iuhdco~d}oic vwfj dv }jg XLR *@oa

5227/#

]jg Uij dmaocov}ud}oic jdv d`vi d}}gar}gm }i fic}ocwg drruiruod}g ug`d}oicv xo}j }jg

Wco}gm V}d}gv# ]jov jdv eggc drrdugc} oc }jg movrd}fj il fiaed} }uiirv }i Oudt d`}jiwhj

}jgug jdv eggc awfj movtwog} i|gu }jg ui`g dcm ri}gc}od` wvg il }jg ugadococh W#V#liufgv oc }jg UIK dcm xjg}jgu }jgy fiw`m eg ugmgrìygm g`vgxjgug xo}jiw} Viw}j

64# ]jov ady eg oc}gurug}gm dv rdu} il Ewvjv DEF riòfydcy}joch ew} Fòc}icrgu|dvo|g ocXdvjoch}ic#


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42 2 W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

Kiugdc drrui|d`, d rivo}oic }jd} }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv xo`` d`vi mgcy# Dci}jgu rioc} il

dfw}g movdhuggagc} ov R`dc 725?, xjofj ov dc d}}gar} }i mg|gìr dc drruidfj oc fdvg

}jg Ciu}j fi``drvgv# ]jg Wco}gm V}d}gv jdv ocvov}gm }jd} o}v aoò}duy liufgv r`dy d ui`g

oc }jg iffwrd}oic il }jg Ciu}j, xjo`g }jov ov v}uich`y movrw}gm ey }jg Viw}j Kiugdcv#

Fjdchoch }jg v}uwf}wug il hi|gucagc}# Rugvomgc} Uij ov ic ugfium dv |ixoch }i

}uy }i fjdchg }jg dmaocov}ud}oic il }jg v}d}g, dcm jg vggav }i jd|g dm|ifd}gm d

ficv}o}w}oicd` dagcmagc} liu d cgx rixgu v}uwf}wug# Oc }jg rdv} jg jdv rweòf`y ew}

ievfwug`y ocmofd}gm }jd} jg aohj} ci} vgu|g iw} jov }gua il illofg# ]jgug jd|g eggc

movfwvvoicv deiw} fjdchoch }jg rugvomgc}od` }gua il illofg, g`gf}oic md}gv, dcm rd}}gucv

il ugrugvgc}d}oic# ]jgvg |duoiwv vwhhgv}oicv dug }o}w`du`y mgvohcgm }i gòaocd}g

ughoicdòva dcm |o}wrgud}o|g ldf}oicd` mged}g, ew} dcy il }jga vgga }i eg ocgllgf}wd`,

ol ci} twozi}of, glliu}v }i fjdchg }jg Kiugdc riò}ofd` fòad}g, xjofj ov mggr`y gaegmmgm

oc rd}uic!fògc} ug`d}oicvjorv dcm oc gc}iwudhg riòfogv }jd} xo`` eg }udcvliuagm ic`y

dl}gu ficvomgude`g rguoimv il }oag#

\O# Oaròfd}oicv liu }jg W#V# D`òdcfg

]jg cgx riòfogv il Viw}j Kiugd ugrugvgc} vohcolofdc} mollgugcfgv xo}j }jg Wco}gm

V}d}gv dcm dug wcòkg`y }i movdrrgdu g|gc ol d aiug ficvgu|d}o|g dmaocov}ud}oic ov

g`gf}gm# D`}jiwhj Rugvomgc} Uij fdcci} uwc dhdoc, jg ady }uy }i gcvwug }jd} jov

riòfogv ugadoc oc gllgf}, ew} }jgug xo`` òkg`y eg }gcvoic eg}xggc jov *dcm jov rdu}yv/

cggm }i dvvwug jov edvg il vwrriu} *ocf`wmoch yiw}j dcm òegud`v/ dcm jov cggm }i mgd`

ugdòv}ofd``y xo}j }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv# Jov drrui|d` ud}och ov d} }jov xuo}och |guy ìx

*deiw} 62 rgufgc}/, dcm jg jdv dùgdmy dògcd}gm d `duhg vghagc} il jov fiug vwrriu}

huiwr# Jg jdv, oc d vgcvg, eggc fdwhj} eg}xggc jov yiw}jlw`, ruihugvvo|g vwrriu}guv

xji xdc} d aiug dw}iciaiwv liugohc riòfy dcm jov rgufgo|gm cggm }i fic}ocwg hiim

ug`d}oicv xo}j }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv# Jixg|gu jov dmaocov}ud}oic gcmv, }jg vifod` fjdchgv

*oc fic}udv} xo}j dcy vrgfolof riòfy/ }jd} xg jd|g xo}cgvvgm dug wcòkg`y }i eg ug|guvgm

ey dcy cgx *iu i`m/ huiwr fiaoch }i rixgu# ]jg Wco}gm V}d}gv xo`` jd|g }i fic}gcm

xo}j d cgx Viw}j Kiugd dcm cggmv }i eg rugrdugm }i mi vi oc o}v ixc cd}oicd` oc}gugv}v#

]jg Uij dmaocov}ud}oic jdv d`vi eggc wvoch }jg dc}o!Ndrdcgvg vgc}oagc} }jd} ov `d}gc}

oc Kiugdc vifog}y oc glliu}v }i rwuhg }jg Viw}j il ugvomwd` ocl`wgcfgv dcm il }jivg xji

aohj} jd|g egcglo}gm luia }jg Ndrdcgvg fiìcod` iffwrd}oic# Riiu ug`d}oicv xo}j Ndrdc,

d`xdyv d} uovk i|gu }jg vi|gugohc}y il Mikmi *]dkgvjoad/ Ov`dcm, }jg }ugd}agc} il

Ndrdcv iffwrd}oic oc Ndrdcgvg }gz}eiikv, dcm }jg fialiu} xiagc ovvwg, ady ci} eg

dvvwdhgm ey Ruoag Aocov}gu Nwcofjoui Kio~waov driìhy }i Kiugd dcm Fjocd ic 47

Dwhwv} 5227, d`}jiwhj o} xdv d f`gdu v}d}gagc} admg ic d |guy vohcolofdc} mdy# Ug`d}o|g`y

vaii}j ug`d}oicv eg}xggc Kiugd dcm Ndrdc dug il vohcolofdcfg oc dcy W#V# v}ud}ghy oc

Ciu}jgdv} Dvod# Rugvomgc} Uij ocmofd}gm }jd} jg xiw`m ci} wvg ovvwgv ficfgucoch


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Cgx Rdudmohav liu ]udcvrdfol of Fi``deiud}oic 424

Ndrdc liu riò}ofd` rwurivgv, ew} jg *iu jov dmaocov}ud}oic/ vggav }i jd|g micg vi# 65

]jg Ndrdcgvg jdm ficvomgugm }jg oarui|gagc} oc Kiugdc ug`d}oicv wcmgu }jg Koa

Mdg!nwch dmaocov}ud}oic dc oariu}dc} fic}uoew}oic, ew} }jd} ir}oaova vggav }i jd|g

eggc ìv}# ]jg fwuugc} riòfogv il }jg Uij dmaocov}ud}oic dcm }jg huiwr duiwcm Rugvomgc}Uij ady fdwvg fic}ocwoch vwvrofoic oc Kiugdc!Ndrdcgvg ug`d}oicvjorv, d vo}wd}oic

}jd} vjiw`m eg il ficfguc }i }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv egfdwvg il W#V# ugòdcfg ic Ndrdc dv

}jg òcfjroc il W#V# riòfy oc Ciu}jgdv} Dvod, d ugòdcfg }jd} oc o}vg`l ov hd`òch }i }jg

Kiugdcv#

Dv }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv ov v}ug}fjgm }joc oc Oudt, dv Oudc drrgduv aiug ei}jguviag }i }jg

Ewvj dmaocov}ud}oic, dcm dv rweòf luwv}ud}oic oc }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv xo}j }jg Oudt Xdu

dcm ìvv il òlg huixv, rugvvwugv liu ugmgrìyagc} il W#V# }uiirv luia Kiugd xo``

òkg`y ocfugdvg# Viw}j Kiugdcv jd|g lg`} }jgy xgug ocliuagm, ci} ficvw`}gm, ic rug|oiwv

ugmgrìyagc}v, dcm }jgy jd|g eggc v}wch ey }jgvg wco`d}gud` mgfovoicv# ]jov wcgdvg

ady eg aiug d ruimwf} il d ìvv il ldfg liu d Kiugdc dmaocov}ud}oic }jdc lgduv il dCiu}j Kiugdc d}}dfk, ew} }jgug dug oariu}dc} oaròfd}oicv ug`d}gm }i }jg fic}ocwd}oic

il dc}o!W#V# vgc}oagc}, xjofj fic}ocwgv }i eg ruiliwcm`y oariu}dc} oc vro}g il mgcod`v

luia ei}j hi|gucagc}v dcm }jg `dfk il dcy oaagmod}g dcm ocl`daad}iuy ocfomgc}v# Oc

gllgf}, }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv ady eg dògcd}och nwv} }jivg aiug ficvgu|d}o|g g`gagc}v il

Kiugdc vifog}y xji jd|g iikgm }i }jg rui}gf}o|g vjog`m il }jg d`òdcfg# Oc vro}g il dc

oaagmod}g devgcfg il ocfomgc}v }jd} vrokg dc}o!W#V# vgc}oagc}, }jov xuo}gu egòg|gv

}jgug ov d v}gd`}j fwu|g il uovoch dcm `d}gc} dc}o!W#V# vgc}oagc} }jd} vjiw`m ci} eg

ohciugm#66 D ri`` daich Viw}j Kiugdc yiw}j }jd} ocmofd}gm }jd} }xi!}joumv xiw`m lohj}

liu Ciu}j Kiugd ol }jgug xgug d xdu eg}xggc }jg MRUK dcm }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv

vjiw`m ho|g }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv rdwvg# Xjd}g|gu }jg dffwudfy il vwfj d vwu|gy, xjofj

ady xg`` eg i|gueìxcgai}oicv }jd} mg}guaocg vwfj vwu|gy ugvricvgv oc Kiugddug two}g agufwuod`}jov ov d vgc}oagc} }jd} vjiw`m ci} voar`y eg ohciugm#

W#V#!UIK ug`d}oicv xo`` ocfugdvoch`y eg vggc dv rdu} il W#V#!Fjocd ug`d}oicv, dcm

Kiugdc d}}o}wmgv }ixdum ei}j xo`` eg oariu}dc}# ]jg UIK fwuugc}`y ov jd|och d ì|g

dlldou xo}j Fjocd }jd} }udcvfgcmv }jg ie|oiwv dcm ocfugdvoch`y oariu}dc} gficiaof

65# Rugvomgc} Uij Aii!jywc, oc dc oc}gu|ogx xo}j d cwaegu il Daguofdcv *ocf`wmoch }jov dw}jiu/ d} }jgE`wg Jiwvg oc Nwcg 5225, ocmofd}gm }jd} jg xiw`m ci} garìy dc}o!Ndrdcgvg vgc}oagc} liu riò}ofd`rwurivgv#

66# Dc}o!W#V# vgc}oagc} vjiw`m ci} eg gtwd}gm xo}j dc}o!Daguofdcova, xjofj ov d }i}d` mgcod` il drgir`g dcm d v}d}g# Icg fdc dmaoug |duoiwv dvrgf}v il W#V# vifog}y, vwfj dv }jg gmwfd}oicd` vyv}ga, ew}dmdadc}`y movdrrui|g il W#V# riòfogv iu ui`gv#


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42 5 W#V#Kiugd Dfdmgaof Vyarivowa

ug`d}oicv, ocf`wmoch oc|gv}agc} dcm }udmg#6= ]jg cwaegu il johj vfjii`v }gdfjoch }jg

Fjocgvg dchwdhg miwe`gm oc deiw} d ygdu }i aiug }jdc =22, dcm xjgc }jg d|odc l`w jo}

Egonoch, }jg rugvv ugriu}gm }jd} viag 42,222 Kiugdc v}wmgc}v ug}wucgm jiag# Ew}

}jivg Kiugdcv xji ugfihco~g }jd} }jg W#V# d`òdcfg ov oc }jgou oc}gugv} egfdwvg o}gcde`gv Viw}j Kiugd }i d|iom }ii fìvg dc gc}dch`gagc} xo}j }jg Vfy``d il Fjocd iu

}jg Fjduyemov il Ndrdc cggm }i rdy jggm }i uovoch W#V# cd}oicdòva vocfg ?)44 dcm }jg

vgcvo}o|o}ogv il }jg W#V# rweòf dcm dmaocov}ud}oic# Ew} Kiugd ov ci} fiar`g}g`y lifwvgm

ic go}jgu Fjocd iu }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv

]jg Wco}gm V}d}gv awv} ugfihco~g }jgvg r`dccgm vifod` fjdchgv oc Viw}j Kiugdc

riò}ofd` dcm vifod` fouf`gv jd|g fugd}gm d cgx mycdaof oc }jg d`òdcfg dcm }jd} rdv}

rd}}gucv il oc}gudf}oic xo`` ci ìchgu vwllofg }i adoc}doc }jg ug`d}oicvjor; ocmggm, }jgy

xo`` fdwvg o} }i mg}guoiud}g# ]jgvg cgx rd}}gucv dug okg`y }i fic}ocwg }i eg oariu}dc},

dcm }jgug ov d f`gdu mdchgu }i }jg UIK!W#V# d`òdcfg i|gu }oag ol }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv

migv ci} ugvricm xo}j vgcvo}o|o}y }i }jg cgx rdudmoha il Viw}j Kiugdc riò}ofv }jd}xo`` eg aiug fuo}ofd`, aiug vg`l! dvvgu}o|g, dcm aiug cd}oicdòv}of# _g} o} ov oc }jg oc}gugv}v

il ei}j v}d}gv }i gcvwug fìvg fiirgud}oic ci} ic`y liu ei}j fiwc}uogv ew} liu }jg

ughoic dv xg``#

6=# ]jov oc vro}g il f`doav ey Fjocgvg ugvgdufjguv }jd} }jg dcfogc} kochmia il Kihwuyi *icg il }jg f`dvvof}jugg kochmiav il Kiugd/ }jd} fic}ui``gm awfj il xjd} }imdy ov rdu} il Adcfjwuod dcm }jg ciu}jguc rdu}il }jg Kiugdc rgcocvw`d xdv Fjocgvg# Viag jd|g oc}gurug}gm }jov dv dc d}}gar} }i dvvgu} jov}iuof Fjocgvgfic}ui` i|gu xjd} ov cix Ciu}j Kiugd vjiw`m }jd} v}d}g fi``drvg#


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Cgx Rdudmohav liu ]udcvrdfol of Fi``deiud}oic 426

UGLGUGCFGV

Fjivwc Oèi *gmo}iuod`/# 5227# 5? Vgr}gaegu#

Mich!D Oèi# 5227# Wcficv}o}w}oicd` Ldao`y Oc|i`|gagc} Vyv}ga il Hi|gucagc} Illofod`v# 5?Vgr}gaegu#

Kiugd Jgud`m*gmo}iuod`/# 5227# 47 Vgr}gaegu#

@gor~ohgu, M# A#, M# Mi``du, D# L# Vjduuifkv, V# _# Vich# 4??5# ]jg Mov}uoew}oic il Ocfiag dcm

Xgd`}j oc Kiugd# Xdvjoch}ic, M#F#> Xiu`m Edck#

@oa, Ndvic# 5227# Ciu}jguc Gzrivwug#Cgx _iuk ]oagv# 54 Vgr}gaegu#

Aic}j`y Niichdch# 5227# Oc}gu|ogx xo}j Koa Noc!ryi# Nwcg# j}}r>))eìh#niocv#fia)agmod)ocmgz#dvr9wom+xgoeòfjg#

Illofg il }jg Rugvomgc}# 5227# Dmmugvv ey Rugvomgc} Uij Aii!jywc ic }jg =882#

V}goceguh, Md|om O#, gm# 522=# Kiugdc D}}o}wmgv }ixdum }jg Wco}gm V}d}gv> Fjdchoch Mycda!

ofv# Cgx _iuk> A# G# Vjdurg#

V}goceguh, Md|om O#, dcm Aywch Vjoc# 5227# Luia Gc}iwudhg }i Omgiìhy9 ]gcvoicv oc Viw}j

Kiugdc Riò}ofd` Rdu}ogv oc ]udcvo}oic# Riò}ofv, Hi|gucdcfg, dcm Vgfwuo}y Vguogv rd!rgu ci# ?# Jici`w`w> Gdv}!Xgv} Fgc}gu# xxx#gdv}xgv}fgc}gu#iuh)v}iugm)rmlv)RVxr22?#rml#

The New Political Paradigm in South Korea: Social Change and the Elite Structure by David I....

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Transcript of The New Political Paradigm in South Korea: Social Change and the Elite Structure by David I....