The New Faces of the Developing World Cities Slums The New Faces of the Developing World Cities By;...

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Slums The New Faces of the The New Faces of the Developing World Developing World Cities Cities By; By; Navid Foroutan Navid Foroutan BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health (School of Population Health, (School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New University of Auckland, New Zealand) Zealand)

Transcript of The New Faces of the Developing World Cities Slums The New Faces of the Developing World Cities By;...

Page 1: The New Faces of the Developing World Cities Slums The New Faces of the Developing World Cities By; Navid Foroutan BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health (School.

Slums The New Faces of the The New Faces of the

Developing World CitiesDeveloping World Cities

By;By;Navid ForoutanNavid Foroutan

BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health (School of Population Health, (School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New University of Auckland, New

Zealand)Zealand)

Page 2: The New Faces of the Developing World Cities Slums The New Faces of the Developing World Cities By; Navid Foroutan BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health (School.

In today’s world, slums and their In today’s world, slums and their existence is a reality which can not existence is a reality which can not be ignoredbe ignored

Hundreds of millions of people are Hundreds of millions of people are living in very poor living living in very poor living environments without access to environments without access to basic living requirements basic living requirements

Today, massive urbanisation and Today, massive urbanisation and slumification of urban centres is slumification of urban centres is one of the biggest challenges of one of the biggest challenges of public healthpublic health

Page 3: The New Faces of the Developing World Cities Slums The New Faces of the Developing World Cities By; Navid Foroutan BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health (School.

Learning objectivesLearning objectivesAt the end of this presentation you will have At the end of this presentation you will have

a brief knowledge of;a brief knowledge of;

1- Urbanisation in the beginning of 211- Urbanisation in the beginning of 21stst centurycentury

2- Basic characteristics of an urban slum2- Basic characteristics of an urban slum

3- Major health issues that the slum dwellers 3- Major health issues that the slum dwellers faceface

4- Global statistics and slum concentration 4- Global statistics and slum concentration in different world regions in different world regions

5- Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in 5- Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in relation to slums and slum dwellersrelation to slums and slum dwellers

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Urban PopulationUrban Population

In the developed world, 952 million In the developed world, 952 million people or 77% of the population (of people or 77% of the population (of 1.23 billion) will live in urban areas by 1.23 billion) will live in urban areas by 20152015

In the developing regions, 2.9 billion In the developing regions, 2.9 billion people or 48.7 % of the population (of people or 48.7 % of the population (of 5.97 billion) will live in urban areas by 5.97 billion) will live in urban areas by 20152015

Page 5: The New Faces of the Developing World Cities Slums The New Faces of the Developing World Cities By; Navid Foroutan BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health (School.

Urban Population growthUrban Population growth

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Urban vs. Rural populationUrban vs. Rural population

Page 7: The New Faces of the Developing World Cities Slums The New Faces of the Developing World Cities By; Navid Foroutan BDS (India), PGDip Pub Health (School.

Population of some of the Mega-Cities in Less Population of some of the Mega-Cities in Less Developed Regions by 2015 (in millions); Developed Regions by 2015 (in millions);

Mumbai 22.6Mumbai 22.6 Mexico City 20.6Mexico City 20.6 Dhaka 17.9Dhaka 17.9

Illegal Housing in developing world;Illegal Housing in developing world;

e.g.e.g. of of more than 50% illegal; more than 50% illegal; Addis Ababa 85%Addis Ababa 85% Jakarta 62%Jakarta 62% e.g. of 30-50% of illegal housing;e.g. of 30-50% of illegal housing; Manila 40%Manila 40% Karachi 50%Karachi 50%

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Slum Slum (Definition)(Definition)

A slum household is a household that lacks A slum household is a household that lacks any one of the following five elements:any one of the following five elements:

Access to improved waterAccess to improved water ( ( access to access to sufficient amount of water for family use, at sufficient amount of water for family use, at an affordable price, available to household an affordable price, available to household members without being subject to extreme members without being subject to extreme effort)effort)

Access to improved sanitationAccess to improved sanitation ( ( access to an access to an excreta disposal system, either in the form of excreta disposal system, either in the form of a private toilet or a public toilet shared with a a private toilet or a public toilet shared with a reasonable number of people)reasonable number of people)

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Slum Definition Cont.Slum Definition Cont.

Security of tenureSecurity of tenure ( ( evidence of evidence of documentation to prove secure tenure documentation to prove secure tenure status or de facto or perceived status or de facto or perceived protection from evictions protection from evictions ))

Durability of housingDurability of housing ( ( permanent and permanent and adequate structure in non-hazardous adequate structure in non-hazardous location)location)

Sufficient living areaSufficient living area ( ( not more than not more than two people sharing the same room)two people sharing the same room)

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Global StatisticsGlobal Statistics 970 million people live in slums in 2005970 million people live in slums in 2005

More than 70% of urban population in More than 70% of urban population in Africa live in slums Africa live in slums

270 million urban residents in south 270 million urban residents in south and central Asia live in slumsand central Asia live in slums

It is projected that if urban poverty It is projected that if urban poverty rises at the same pace nearly 2 billion rises at the same pace nearly 2 billion people would be in slums by 2030people would be in slums by 2030

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Slum vs. Non-Slum population in different Slum vs. Non-Slum population in different world regionsworld regions

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Percentage of slum dwellers in different world Percentage of slum dwellers in different world regionsregions

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Water and SanitationWater and Sanitation

Water and sanitation for urban poor;Water and sanitation for urban poor; In 2000 about 1.1 billion people around the In 2000 about 1.1 billion people around the

world lacked access to safe drinking waterworld lacked access to safe drinking water Another 2.4 billion to improved sanitationAnother 2.4 billion to improved sanitation Access to safe drinking water:Access to safe drinking water: – – Slums 37.2%Slums 37.2% – – Overall urban 75.8%Overall urban 75.8% access to safe sanitation:access to safe sanitation: – – Slums 19.8%Slums 19.8% – – Overall urban 64.0%Overall urban 64.0%

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Health risks to slum dwellersHealth risks to slum dwellers

• Contaminated water (cholera , typhoid, etc)Contaminated water (cholera , typhoid, etc)• Inadequate disposal of human wastesInadequate disposal of human wastes• Wastewater and garbageWastewater and garbage• Insects, pests (e.g. rats) and parasites in Insects, pests (e.g. rats) and parasites in

homeshomes• Insufficient living spaces, poor ventilation Insufficient living spaces, poor ventilation

and overcrowdingand overcrowding

• Children at risk from traffic, unsafe or Children at risk from traffic, unsafe or contaminated sitescontaminated sites

• Indoor air pollutionIndoor air pollution

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Health risks to slum dwellers, contHealth risks to slum dwellers, cont

• House sites vulnerable to landslides or House sites vulnerable to landslides or floodsfloods

• Nutritional deficienciesNutritional deficiencies

• No or inadequate health care and No or inadequate health care and adviceadvice

• No emergency servicesNo emergency services

• High rates of mental illness and suicideHigh rates of mental illness and suicide

• AIDS AIDS

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Urban population living in SlumsUrban population living in Slums

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Infant mortality in the worldInfant mortality in the world

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Infant Mortality in BangladeshInfant Mortality in Bangladesh

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Millennium Development GoalsMillennium Development Goals

MDG (target 11, goal 7): MDG (target 11, goal 7): to improve to improve the lives of at least 100 million the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by the year 2020 slum dwellers by the year 2020

It is only 10 per cent of the present It is only 10 per cent of the present worldwide slum population, which, worldwide slum population, which, left unchecked, will multiply three left unchecked, will multiply three fold to 3 billion by the year 2050fold to 3 billion by the year 2050

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MDG, cont.MDG, cont.

How ? Any programme ?How ? Any programme ? No , at the global level no agency No , at the global level no agency

is driving this processis driving this process There is a strong need for a new There is a strong need for a new

“healthy slums programmes“ that “healthy slums programmes“ that can be launched jointly by can be launched jointly by organisations like : WHO, UN-organisations like : WHO, UN-HABITAT and UNICEF.HABITAT and UNICEF.

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Health Promotion for Slum Health Promotion for Slum DwellersDwellers

Any programme of health promotion Any programme of health promotion and improving quality of life of the and improving quality of life of the slum dwellers should; slum dwellers should; Bring high quality health Bring high quality health

interventions to the slum neighbour interventions to the slum neighbour hoodshoods

Be accompanied by participation of Be accompanied by participation of the slum community in designing and the slum community in designing and various other stagesvarious other stages

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Health Promotion for Health Promotion for Slum Dwellers, cont.Slum Dwellers, cont.

Requires a multi sectoral approach Requires a multi sectoral approach involving a range of departments at involving a range of departments at local and national levels local and national levels

Include strengthening of the capacity Include strengthening of the capacity of slum dwellers , local governments of slum dwellers , local governments and other stakeholdersand other stakeholders

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References and further readingReferences and further reading

www.unhabitat.org www.un.org/millenniumgoals www.unwater.org Robert Neuwirth: Shadow Cities, New

York, 2006, Routledge Mike DavisMike Davis: : Planet of Slums, London, New Planet of Slums, London, New

York 2006York 2006 World Mortality Report, 2005World Mortality Report, 2005