The New Deal Continued Chapter 14. 1936-1939 Unemployment (16.9%) and the number of people on public...
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Transcript of The New Deal Continued Chapter 14. 1936-1939 Unemployment (16.9%) and the number of people on public...
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The New Deal ContinuedChapter 14
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1936-1939Unemployment (16.9%) and the number of people on public relief remains high
But Congress is now less willing to blindly endorse FDR’s suggestions (and to pay for them!)
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ROOSEVELT’S COALITION*People who voted for him
FDR supporters and Democratic Party included:
“Solid South”- anti-Repub since Civil War
Political Machines of large cities and immigrants
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Organized labor - The Wagner Act allowed them to organize
Blacks - left the “Party of Lincoln” for New Deal Democrats
Scholars -
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1936 ELECTION
Roosevelt wins in a landslide against Alf Landon of Kansas
*61% to 37% of popular vote
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Attack on the Supreme CourtFDR says it’s too inefficient and slow and pushes Congress to reform it
Wanted to be able to add a new Supreme Court Justice for every justice on the court over 70 that refused to retire*This was viewed as an attack on the (conservative) Supreme Court and opposed by virtually everyone
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Recession of 1937-1938
~Expenditures in public works and other employment programs were reduced~Fed. Reserve raised interest rates for loans which reduced business investments
THINKING THE ECONOMY HAD RECOVERED ENOUGH TO REDUCE RELIEF FUNDING:
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~Conditions similar to the first months of the Great Depression in 1930~More deficit spending by the government in 1938 when renewing relief efforts
~New Social Security taxes also reduced the amount of money businesses and people had to invest and spend
*This resulted in:
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Growth of Organized Labor
1935 Wagner Act: legalizes organization of labor
American Fed. Of Labor (AFL): supported the organization of only skilled workers
*THIS RIGHT HAD BEEN LOST WHEN THE NIRA WAS STRUCK DOWN BY SUPREME COURT
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Congress of Industrial Organizations: created by John Lewis to support the organization of all workers in an industry skilled or unskilled
In conflicts between management and labor the “sit down strike” tactic is first utilized
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Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938Established:A minimum wage ($0.40/hr)A maximum work week (44 hrs)
Banned child labor (under 16) in industries with interstate commerce
“To put a floor through which wages shall not fall, and a ceiling beyond which the hours of industrial labor shall not rise”
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The Dust Bowl1932-1936 drought years bring more misery to farmersFarmers suffered from land lost to foreclosure, loss of topsoil, or both
AGRICULTURE:
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“BLACK BLIZZARDS” OR “DUSTERS”
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“Okies” (and “Arkies”) move west for work in the orchards and fields of the west coast states
*Treated poorly by most and were unwelcome by people who had their own Depression-related problems
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Tenant Farming and SharecroppingTo plant and work a field for the owner or bank, using the harvest to repay loans or rent.
*When the New Deal policies paid farmers to plant fewer acres, these people were often out of work – with no compensation
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Programs to reform/help farmers included:Low interest loans
Electrification of rural areas
Resettling of farmers to better land
Soil Conservation techniques taught•Shelter Belts•Strip farming
*2ND A.A.A. – used congressional appropriations ($) to avoid it
being struck down by the Supreme Court like the first one
was
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Entertainment* This is considered by many to be the “Golden Years” of the American Film Industry
Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers
1939
1933
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Washoe TheatreAnaconda, MT
*Still retains the theater stylefrom that earlier era…
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Shirley Temple
Clark Gable
ERROL FLYNN
*Stars included:
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Radio
~Daytime serials were called “soap operas” because soap companies often sponsored them ~War of the Worlds scare 1938 -
(*H.G. WELLS (author) VS ORSON WELLES) (radio dramatizer)
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Art- WPA Projects:
-Photographers were paid for pictures of depression-era hardships
- Gutzum Borglam works on Mt. Rushmore
Ex. Dorothea Lange’s “Migrant Mother”
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Sports
Joe Louis – The “Brown Bomber”, a
popular heavyweight
boxing champ
J. Owens - 1936 Berlin Olympic
sprinter/jumper (*won 4 gold
medals!)
Lou Gehrig – NY Yankee great , the “Iron Horse”
BABE DEIDRIKSON – great
female multi-sport athlete
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Crime/ Law
Al Capone -
Bonnie N’ Clyde -
Baby Face Nelson -
Ma Barker -
John Dillinger -
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J. Edgar Hoover
*Longtime and powerful head of the F.B.I.
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1932 KIDNAPPING OF LINDBERGH’S BABY
*Considered the “crime of the century”
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Black Americans- Received skills/trades through federal programs like the CCC, WPA, etc.
PRO:
- Appointed to gov’t positions
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CON:- Discriminated against in many areas- Often forced to live in segregated areas- Lynchings (60 between 1930-34)
*FDR refused to make lynching a fed crime because he didn’t want to create opposition with Southern legislatures
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Native Americans ~ John Collier (a
reformer)) heads the Bureau of Indian Affairs
~Works to stop further sales of Indian lands
~Also benefited from new deal programs (Ex. CCC)
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Women~ Being appointed to gov’t positions gave
women more status to fight for their rights
Ex. F. Perkins (Sec of Labor)
~ Eleanor Roosevelt campaigned for women’s rights (as well as human rights)
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Impact of the New Deal~GREATLY INCREASES SIZE/SCOPE OF FED GOV’T~CHANGES VIEW OF GOV’T ASSISTANCE FROM ONE OF CHARITY TO ONE OF “ENTITLEMENT”
*TODAY (since the 1990’s) A PERIOD OF WELFARE REFORM…
•The Fed Gov’t now assures every citizen of a minimum standard of living (thru min wage, medicaid, soc sec, medicare, unemployment, WIC, AFDC, SNAP, subsidized housing, and other gov’t programs…)