The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the...
Transcript of The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the...
![Page 1: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP
![Page 2: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview of the Nervous System
General parts:
• The brain
• The spinal cord
• The nerves and sense organs
General functions:
• controls and coordinates body’s activities
• helps us sense and respond to changes in the environment
![Page 3: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Functions Sensory Input: • Sensation of hot and cold via sensory nerves to the
brain • Response to external stimuli
Integration: • Data interpretation by the brain and spinal cord
• Sums up data and sends out impulses
Motor Output: • Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord
to the effectors (muscles, glands, organs) • Responses include muscle contractions, gland secretions, and
changes in organ function
![Page 4: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Divisions of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System (CNS):
• The brain and spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
• Consists of cranial and spinal nerves
![Page 5: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Structure of a Neuron Cell body – contains the
nucleus and other organelles
Dendrites – receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons
Axon – conducts nerve signals
– group together in a bundle and form a nerve
– axon bundle is called a tract in the CNS
![Page 6: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sensory Neuron
Where found: Outside of the brain and spinal cord (PNS)
Function:
bring sensory info from skin, muscles and organs to the spinal cord (CNS)
Sensory receptors
![Page 7: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sensory receptor
Long dendrites (called an
axon)
Cell Body
Short Axon leading to
spinal cord
![Page 8: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Interneurons (Association Neurons)
Found: CNS only
Function:
Convey impulses between
various parts of the CNS
• Integrate messages
• Are involved in thinking, memory, and language processing
• Link other neurons
![Page 9: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sensory Neuron
Short dendrites (of
interneuron)
Cell Body
Short Axon leading
motor neuron
![Page 10: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Motor Neurons (efferent) • Found: CNS and PNS
• Function:
– Carry nerves impulses from the CNS to the
muscles , glands and organs (effectors)
![Page 11: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CNS
Short dendrites
Cell Body
Long Axon to effector
![Page 12: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Neuromuscular junction – where the neuron meets a muscle
![Page 13: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Steps of a nerve impulse from a neuron to a muscle
• Nerve impulse travels down axon.
• Calcium is released.
• Neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal.
• Neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft .
• Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on muscle cell.
• Impulse travels through muscle cell…
![Page 14: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of Muscles
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
![Page 16: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Smooth Muscle
• Found in hollow parts of the body (stomach, intestines, blood vessels, bladder)
• Many mitochondria (needs lots of energy)
• Involuntary
• Does not fatigue easily
![Page 17: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cardiac Muscles
• Found in Heart
• Many mitochondria
• Involuntary rhythmic contractions
• Never rests
![Page 18: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Skeletal Muscle
• Some more mitochondria than others
• Voluntary
• Attached to bone via tendons
• Over 600 in your body
![Page 19: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Plasma membrane = sarcolemma
Cytoplasm = sarcoplasm
Mitochondria= where CR occurs
Endoplasmic Reticulum = sarcoplasmic reticulum
A skeletal muscle cell
![Page 20: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Organization: Microscopic to macroscopic
• Myofibril – actin and myosin unit
• Muscle fiber – muscle cells with organelles
• Fascicle = bundle of muscle fibers
• Muscle = organ ( includes all above parts)
![Page 21: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sarcomere
• Protein filaments
– Thin filaments-Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin
– Thick filaments-Myosin
• Contraction of a muscle occurs as the actin filaments move over the myosin filaments
![Page 23: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
How muscle contracts • ATP and Calcium are necessary
• Calcium binds to troponin, tropomyosin moves to reveal myosin head binding sites.
• Myosin heads bind to actin and pull inward • https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__breakdown_of_atp_and_cross-bridge_movement_during_muscle_contraction.html
![Page 25: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Role of ATP in muscle contraction
![Page 27: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Contraction = movement of actin over myosin
![Page 28: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
M line
Thick myosin without overlap of actin = H zone Middle of I band (actin protein attached) = Z line
![Page 29: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Steps of Muscle Contraction
1. Impulse travels across sarcolemma and down t-tubules
2. SR releases calcium
3. Calcium binds to troponin proteins on actin
4. Tropomyosin proteins on actin move to reveal myosin head binding sites
5. Myosin heads bind to actin and pulls inward
6. Myosin heads detach from actin (requiring ATP)
![Page 31: The Nervous and Muscular Systems…and the role of ATP€¦ · •Signals (nerve impulses) from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles, glands, ... •Nerve impulse travels](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffc4c70ca86856d5502fd59/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Slow vs. Fast Slow twitch fibers: aerobic
• More endurance, high resistance to fatigue
• Helpful in long-distance running, biking, jogging, swimming
• Dark: many mitochondria
Fast twitch fibers: anaerobic
• Strength, quick fatigue
• Weight lifting, sprinting
• Light: few mitochondria