The Neolithic Revolution

(8000BCE-3500BCE)•Sometimes termed the Agricultural Revolution.•Humans begin to slowly domesticate plant and animal stocks in Southwest Asia.•Agriculture requires nomadic peoples to become sedentary.•Populations begin to rise in areas where plant and animal domestication occurred.

WHEN? End of the last ice age about 10,000 years ago

Some groups adapted to the new environment

Some groups remained hunter gatherers

The groups that adapted

created a more reliable food supply

less diversified

huge impact upon the environment

animals were domesticated for food and labor

RESULT

Populations increased

Family groups gave way to village and later urban life

Patriarchy and forced labor developed

Emergence of Pastoralism in Africa and Eurasia.

Pastoralists mobility became conduits for spreading technology and ideas as the interacted with settled communities

Around 10,000 years ago, NR let to the development of new and more complex ECONOMIC and SOCIAL systems

Mesopotamia, Nile River, Indus River, Yellow River, Mesoamerica

Pastoralism developed on the grasslands of Eurasia and Africa

Different crops and animals were domesticated

Agricultural impacted environmental diversity

Grazing large numbers of animals led to erosion

Costs & Advantages of Agriculture

Advantages Costs•Steady food supplies

•Greater populations

•Leads to organized societies capable of supporting additional vocations (soldiers, managers, etc.)

•Heavily dependant on certain food crops (failure = starvation)

•Disease from close contact with animals, humans, & waste

•Can’t easily leave sites

You must be able to identify the CORE and FOUNDATIONAL CIVILIZATIONS on a map.

Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley

Egypt in the Nile River Valley

Mohenjo-Daro and the Harappa in the Indus River Valley

Shang in the Yellow or Hwang He River Valley

Olmecs in Mexico

Chavin in Andean South America

Agriculture Slowly Spreads: What do you notice about the core

areas?

Independent Development vs. Cultural Diffusion

• Areas of Independent Development:

1. SW Asia (wheat, pea, olive, sheep, goat)

2. China & SE Asia (rice, millet, pig)3. Americas (corn, beans, potato,

llama)

• Areas of Agriculture Through Diffusion:

1. Europe2. West & Sub-Saharan Africa (?)3. Indus River Valley (rice cultivation)

Interactions Between Nomadic Peoples and Sedentary Agricultural

Peoples •Some nomadic peoples engaged in pastoralism.

•Some practiced slash & burn agriculture. •The violent and peaceful interaction between nomads and agriculturalists endures throughout history. (Trade & raids)

•High starch diets slowly allowSedentary populations to grow.

•First plow invented c.6000BCE;crop yields grow exponentially by 4000BCE.Pop. grows from 5-8 million to 60-70 million. •Eventually agricultural populations begin to spread out, displacing or assimilating nomadic groups; farming groups grow large enough for advanced social organization.

Sedentary Agriculturalists Dominate

First Towns Develop

Catal HuyukModern Turkey

First settled:

c. 7000BCE

JerichoModern Israel

First settled:

c. 7000BCE

First Towns Develop

•Towns require social differentiation: metal workers, pottery workers, farmers, soldiers, religious and political leaders. (POSSIBLE B/C FOOD SURPLUSES!)

•Served as trade centers for the area; specialized in the production of certain unique crafts

•Beginnings of social stratification (class)

Towns Present Evidence of:

•Religious structures (burial rites, art)

•Political & Religious leaders were the same

•Still relied on limited hunting & gathering for food

Roles of Women

•Women generally lost status under male-dominated, patriarchal systems.

•Women were limited in vocation,worked in food production, etc.

•Women may have lacked thesame social rights as men.

Agricultural and Pastoralism began to transfer human Societies

Reliable and more abundant food supplies resulting in an increase in population

Surplus food and other goods led to specialization of labor and new social classes (artisans, warriors, elites)

Technical innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation

Pottery

Plows

Woven Textiles

Metallurgy

Wheels and wheeled vehicles

Metal Working: From Copper to Bronze•The working of metals

became very important to early human settlements for tools & weapons.•Early settlements gradually shifted from copper to the stronger alloy bronze by 3,000BCE—ushers in the Bronze Age!

•Metal working spread throughout human communities slowly as agriculture had.

Further Technological Advancements

Wheeled Vehicles•Saves labor, allows transport of large loads and enhances trade

Potters Wheel (c.6000BCE)•Allows the construction of more durable clay vessels and artwork

Irrigation & Driven Plows•Allows further increase of food production, encourages pop. growth

Early Human Impact on the Environment

•Deforestation in places where copper, bronze, and salt were produced.

•Erosion and flooding where agriculture disturbed soil and natural vegetation.

•Selective extinction of large land animals and weed plants due to hunting & agriculture.

Advanced Civilization: The Next Step?•By 3500BCE, relatively large,

advanced preliterate societies had developed along the Indus, Huang He, Nile, and Tigris & Euphrates Rivers.

•As societies grew in size and need, sedentary human beings were once again faced with pressures to adapt to changing natural and human environments.