The Neointerpretative Methodology. The Levels of Field Analysis. Research Report on the Lippovan...

8/9/2019 The Neointerpretative Methodology. The Levels of Field Analysis. Research Report on the Lippovan Community in

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]NK GKEDG]KPVPK]B]D\K HK]NEMECEJT']NK CK\KCQ EL

LDKCM BGBCTQDQ'PKQKBPAN PKVEP] EG ]NK CDVVE\BG

AEHH[GD]T DG ME@P[OB

Pbm{ @bc}bqd{

E|dmdbgb @{c{hba

Qdhegb He}eped{

Jb`pdkc Qv{gbp{

]nk Cdvve|bgq bpk b P{qqevnegk aehh{gd}t zd}n b ndq}ept }nb} q}dcc pbdqkq r{kq}degq# tk} hbdgct cdgikm }e

}nk hehkg} el }nk Pkleph el Vb}pdbpan Gdieg# b} }nk kgm el }nk 2:}n

akg}{pt' ]bidgj dg}e baae{g} }nk

pkcdjde{q vedg} el |dkz# }nkt bpk bg bpanbda aehh{gd}t .ecm pd}k leccezkpq$# zneqk dg}kpgbc aenkpkgak dq

kgq{pkm vpdhbpdct `t }nkdp cbgj{bjk .ecm Qcb|egda vkphkb}km zd}n Pehbgdbg zepmq$ bgm }pbmd}degq# bgm

ckqq `t }nk An{pan ep `t ceabc kcd}kq abvbad}t }e igd} }ejk}nkp bgm mk|kcev }nk aehh{gd}tq qthècda epmkp'

Eg }nk e}nkp nbgm# }nk eòka}d|k epmkp pk|kbcq }nk aehh{gd}tq ve}kg}dbc lep mk|kcevhkg}# znkpk }nkdp

kaegehda dglpbq}p{a}{pk dq akg}kpkm e{}zbpmq# heq} el }nk vpevkp}t `kdgj ezgkm `t vkevck zne bpk

q}pbgjkpq }e }nk vcbak# zndck }nk pkqe{pak mkpd|kq lpeh hegkt kbpgkm zepidgj b`pebm ep dg e}nkp vbp}q el

Pehbgdb' Gk|kp}nkckqq# }nk Cdvve|bgq vpe|km }e `k l{cct dg}kjpb}km dg }nk Pehbgdbg }kppd}ept# b} ckbq} dg

Me`p{ob'

Ikt zepmq? Cdvve|bgq# k}ngdad}t# qthècda dglpbq}p{a}{pk# ceabc qthècdq}da# ve|kq}bpd{'


2/33

VBJK 0

]NK GKEDG]KPVPK]B]D\K HK]NEMECEJT']NK CK\KCQ EL LDKCM BGBCTQDQ'

PKQKBPAN PKVEP] EG ]NK CDVVE\BG AEHH[GD]T DG ME@P[OB

B[J[Q] 0664

]B@CK EL AEG]KG]Q D' Hk}nemecejt ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1

D'2' ]nk ck|kcq el ldkcm bgbctqdq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =

D'0' E`qkp|b}degq pkjbpmdgj jb}nkpdgj mb}b '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;

D'1' E`qkp|b}degq pkjbpmdgj }nk |bcdmd}t el }nk mb}b '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''


3/33

VBJK 1



B[J[Q] 0664

D' HK]NEMECEJT

]nk pkqkbpan zbq aegm{a}km `t q}{mkg}q el }nk Hbq}kp dg Qka{pd}t Q}{mdkq bgm `t qkaegm tkbp

Qeadecejt {gmkpjpbm{b}k q}{mkg}q# zd}n }nk q{vvep} el }nk Pehbgdbg Babmkhtq K{pevkbg Akg}kp lep

K}ngda Q}{mdkq .KAKQ$' ]nk ldkcm pkqkbpan }eei vcbak m{pdgj }nk 0>}n

el B{j{q} bgm }nk =}n

el Qkv}kh`kp dg

}nk bpkb el }nk |dccbjkq QbpdandedQcb|b P{q Qcb|b Akpank O{pdce|ab vkp}bdgdgj }e ]{cakb Ae{g}t'

Dg }ndq hb}kpdbc zk zdcc hbik qehk aegqdmkpb}degq eg }nk gkedg}kpvpk}b}d|k hk}nemecejt#

kqvkadbcct eg }nk ck|kcq el bgbctqdq' Zk zdcc qkki }e e`qkp|k nez }nk }npkk ck|kcq# kr{bcct |bcdm dg pkjbpmq

}e }nkdp ezg }p{}n# aehveqk }nk dg|kq}djb}km pkbcd}t' [qdgj }nk }nkepk}dabc q{vvep} el }nk hk}nemecejt zk

zdcc b}}khv} }e kcbèpb}k b qnep} qtg}nkqdq pkjbpmdgj }nk Cdvve|bg aehh{gd}t el Me`p{ob'

]nk hk}nemecejt {qkm dq }nk gkedg}kpvpk}b}d|k egk# akg}kpkm eg dmkg}dltdgj }nk dglpbq}p{a}{pk el

}nk dg|kq}djb}km aehh{gd}t # è}n qthècda bgm eòka}d|k .q}b}dq}daq$' ]nk dgq}p{hkg}q {qkm zkpk }nk

vbp}dadvb}d|k e`qkp|b}deg .e`qkp|b}deg qnkk}$# qkhd q}p{a}{pkm dg}kp|dkz# qeadecejdabc vne}ejpbvnt# |dccbjk

qnkk}' ]nk dg|kq}djb}km vev{cb}deg zbq aehvpdqkm el }nk vkpqegq .vkpqegbcd}dkq$ zd}n b mdpka} peck dg

bmhdgdq}pb}dgj }nk aehh{gd}t .hbtep# hkmda# kgjdgkkp# qaneec vpdgadvck$# }nk egkq zd}n qthècda vezkp

.vpdkq}# hkmda# vpelkqqep%}{}ep$# zd}n kaegehda q}pkgj}n .kg}pkvpkgk{pq$# ep qdhvck vkevck zd}n baakqq }e

}nk qthècda epmkp el }ndgjq .ve|kq}bpd{$# pkjbpmckqq el bjk' Zk mkldgk ve|kq}bpd{ bq `kdgj }nk qnbpkm

aehheg cbz el }nk ceabc epmkp# zd}n qthècda vezkp# zndan kqvkadbcct pklkpq }e }nk le{gmdgj ht}nq el }nk

aehh{gd}t' @kqdmk zd}n }nk qthècda dglpbq}p{a}{pk# b qkpdkq el zpd}}kg ep mdjd}bcct pkaepmkm dglephb}deg

pkjbpmdgj }nk eòka}d|k dqq{kq .q}b}dq}dabc mb}b eg kaegeht# km{ab}deg# a{c}{pk# mkhejpbvnt# k}a'$ zkpk

mea{hkg}km bgm bgbctkm bq zkcc'

]nk gkedg}kpvpk}b}d|k hk}nemecejt nbq }nk eòka}d|k el pkaepmdgj pkbcd}t bq d} dq q}epkm bgm

qnbpkm .}npe{jn q}epdkq$ `t qdjgdldabg} ba}epq# znkpk qdjgdldabg} dq mkldgkm `t }nk ceabc pkvpkqkg}b}d|kq

}nkhqkc|kq' Egk el }nk q}bp}dgj vedg}q .vpkhdqkq$ el }nk hk}nemecejt veq}{cb}kq }nb} zk abg {gmkpq}bgm

}nk ldkcm mb}b dlzk hbgbjk }e nbphegdk }nkh zd}n b qkgqk# zndan dq vpe|dmkm ldpq}ct `t }nk dg|kq}djb}km

aehh{gd}t' ]nk eòka}d|k mb}b zdcc bcqe `k `pe{jn} {gmkp }nk cdjn} el }nk qdjgdldabg}dg pkcb}deg zd}n }nk vpe`ckhq el }nk aehh{gd}t' Nkgak# }nk mb}b pkjbpmdgj nkbc}n ep mkhejpbvnda lc{a}{b}degq zdcc `k el

dg}kpkq} }e {q dg pkcb}deg zd}n }nk aehh{gd}tq jkgkpbc vb}n el k|ec{}deg# zd}n }nk lba}epq }nb} dhvba} }nk

n{hbg aehvegkg} el mk|kcevhkg}9 kaegehda mb}b .d'k' abvd}bc baa{h{cb}deg# cbgm bgm hkbgq el

vpem{a}deg ezgkpqndv$ bpk }e `k jb}nkpkm bgm bgbctkm bjbdgq} }nk mk|kcevhkg} el h{c}dvck cbtkpq q{an

bq qeadbc gk}zepi# mkhejpbvndaq# a{c}{pbc bm|bgakq bgm n{hbg kaecejt'

]npe{jn }nk gkedg}kpvpk}b}d|k hk}nemecejt zk jbdg baakqq }e qdjgdldabg} kgqkh`ckq zd}ne{}

acbdhdgj }e dmkg}dlt }nk zneck# }nk cb}}kp `kdgj bvvpe~dhb}km dg }dhk# }npe{jn q{aakqqd|k q}{mdkq' ]nk

pkqkbpankp mekq ge} pkzpd}k }nk dg}kpvpk}b}d|k vb}}kpg# gep apkb}k ndkpbpandkq9 nk egct dg}kpcdgiq }nk lba}q

pk|kbckm' ]nk qdjgdldabg} dq mk|kcevkm bq b qkpdkq el k|kg}q bgm lba}q `t }nk qthècdabcctpkck|bg} vkpqegq

zd}ndg }nk aehh{gd}t' ]nk qthècda anbdg el mea{hkg}b}deg dq vbp}dbcct baakqqkm }npe{jn }nk

dgq}p{hkg}bcd}t el b lkz aeg}ba} vkpqegqlbadcd}b}epq el }nk pkqkbpan# {q{bcct dg}kccka}{bcq zne bpk |dqd`ck

}e }nk dgd}db}ep el }nk pkqkbpan .pkaehhkgmkm `t }nk aehh{gd}dkq }nb} nb|k pkvpkqkg}b}d|kq dg

@{anbpkq}# `t vkpqegq zne nb|k aeggka}degq dg }nk bpkb el q}{mt k}a'$ `{}# bq b p{ck# }nkqk vkpqegq

aedgadmk zd}n }nk baigezckmjkm ckbmkpq el }nk bpkb }e `k dg|kq}djb}km2'

2Zk h{q} ge} gkakqqbpdct q{`q{hk }nk pkck|bg} vkevck el }nk vcbak bgm }nk ceabc kcd}k# `kab{qk }nkpk dq b pdqi el }nk cb}}kp `kdgj mdqaeggka}km lpeh }nk

bpkbq {pjkg} hb}}kpq# `kdgj bcdkgb}km lpeh }nk bpkbq qvdpd}' D} dq# }nkpklepk# veqqd`ck# }nb} }nk cd|dgj kckhkg}q el }nk ce abc mtgbhda mkgqd}t hbt nb|k

ceq} }nkdp hkbgdgj }e }nk ceabc kcd}k zndan# jd|kg }nb} d} hbt vpe|k }e `k }nk k~vegkg} el b mkceabcdkm vkpakv}deg# hbt ckbm }nk pkqkbpankp eg b zpegj

vb}n' Lep {q# pkck|bg} vkevck bpk }nk k~vkp}q }nb} Hbcaeh Jcbmzkcc hkg}degq dg ndq èei# kg}d}ckm ]nk ]dvvdgj Vedg} .dg Pehbgdbg V{ga} Apd}da$' Nez


4/33

VBJK =



B[J[Q] 0664

D'2' ]NK CK\KCQ EL LDKCM BGBCTQDQ

]nk dg|kq}djb}km pkbcd}t nbq }npkk ck|kcq el hbgdlkq}b}deg# kban pe{gmdgj {v d}q ezg }p{}n'

2' ]nk ck|kc el }nk ceabc }p{}n el ceabc aeg|da}degq# zndan vkp}bdg }e }nk eòka}d|k epmkp el }nk

ceabc pkbcd}t' ]ndq dq }nk ck|kc el }nk ceabc pkbcd}dkq# bppbgjkm `t }nk vezkp el ceabc qthècdq}daq' ]neqk zne`kq} mkqapd`k }ndq ck|kc el ceabc }p{}n bpk kqvkadbcct }nk pkvpkqkg}b}d|k vkpqegbcd}dkq# }neqk zne ikkv

bgm# }e b akp}bdg k~}kg}# mkldgk }nk dmkg}d}bpt mdpka}deg .qkgdepq }e zneh }nk aehh{gd}t cdq}kgq el#

}kbankpq# ae{gadchkg# ep dg}kccka}{bcq pkqvka}km `t }nk aehh{gd}t$' Hepke|kp# d} aegqdq}q el mkldgd}degq

pkjbpmdgj }nk aehvegkg} kckhkg}q el }nk aehh{gd}t' Lep k~bhvck# znb} dq gephbc # znb} bpk }nk

qthècda aeepmdgb}kq el }nk ceabc epmkpbcc pkjbpmdgj }nk akg}kpel }nk aehh{gd}t .}nk qk}}ckhkg} aepk$#

lbhdct# lbd}n bgm An{pan# ep }pbmd}deg hb}}kpq'

Lpeh bg eòka}d|k vedg} el |dkz zk nb|k }nk q}b}dq}dabc mb}b el }nk aehh{gd}t pkjbpmdgj }nk

mkhejpbvnt .nkbc}n$# kaegeht bgm a{c}{pk .km{ab}deg$# dgac{mdgj }nk kaeqtq}kh el }nk aehh{gd}t .}nk

dg}kjpb}deg `k}zkkg |bpde{q eaa{vb}degq# nb`d}b}deg bgm gb}{pbc epmkp$' Qdh{c}bgke{qct# zk zkpk bcqe

b`ck }e pkaepm }nk b|bdcb`dcd}t }e aehh{gdab}k zd}n q}pbgjkpq' ]nk evkg b}}d}{mk el }nk aehh{gd}t

pkjbpmdgj d}q dg|kq}djb}deg `t k~}kpgbc kckhkg}q dq aegmd}degkm `t }nk cdhd}q el gephbcd}tzndan vkp}bdg }e

kban aehvegkg} el }nk aehh{gd}t' ]nk aehh{gd}t hkh`kpq b|bdcb`dcd}t }e aehh{gdab}k zd}n }nk

pkqkbpankp dq aegmd}degkm `t vpkqapdv}degq# `t }nk gephbc# bq d} dq k}ankm dg }nk aeccka}d|k hkg}bc

aegakv}degq# pkjbpmckqq el }nk vkpqegbc b|bdcb`dcd}dkq el }nk dg}kp|dkzkm vkpqeg ep }nk pkqkbpa nkpq b`dcd}t

}e `pkbi }nk dak'

0' ]nk ck|kc el ceabc dgqdjn}q dg}e }nk jkgkpbc |dkz kgaehvbqqkq }nk dmkecejt vpeoka}km e|kp }nk

zepcm .}nk aegakv}deg bè{} }nk zepcm$zndan }nk ceabc aehh{gd}t nbq ge vezkp }e anbgjk# `{} zndan dq b

vbp} el }nk ceabc qthècdq}da' Vbp} el }nk ve|kq}bpd{# }nkqk ceabc dgqdjn}q q{`hd} }e b pklkpkg}dbcbgm }e }nk

aegakv}degq pkjbpmdgj }nk zepcm# dg jkgkpbc' ]nk aegapk}k epmkp el }nk aehh{gd}t q}bgmq {gmkp b

qthècda {h`pkccb' D} kgaceqkq jkgkpbcdb}degq pkbandgj `ktegm }nk dhhkmdb}k {qkl{cgkqq# bgm aehveqkq b

jkgkpbc |dkz `bqkm eg zndan }nk pkqvegmkg}q .}nk ceabc aehh{gd}t$ o{mjk e{}qdmkpq' El}kg}dhkq }ndq ck|kc

nbq gephb}d|k aehvegkg}q# epmbdgdgj znb} dq bgm znb} dq ge} mkqdpb`ck'

D} dq l{gmbhkg}bc ge} }e vkpakd|k }nk pkqkbpan bq evveqd}k }e }nk ck|kc el ceabc dgqdjn}q dg}e }nk jkgkpbc

|dkz# }nk cb}}kp l{p}nkp aegmd}degdgj }nk hepk kcbèpb}k baakqq }e }nk ldpq} ck|kc el pkbcd}t kg{gadb}km

kbpcdkp' ]ndq ck|kc {q{bcct aehvpdqkq }nk qkcl kq}kkh el }nk aehh{gd}t dg pkcb}deg }e e}nkp aehh{gd}dkq' Dg

}nk abqk el vbp}da{cbp k}ngda jpe{vq# }nk qkcl kq}kkh dq bqqeadb}km zd}n b akp}bdg q{vkpdepd}t aehvck~

mdpka}km }ezbpmq }nkdp gkdjnèpq# ep }ezbpmq }nk pkq} el qeadk}t'

]nk ck|kc el ceabc vpeoka}degq pkvpkqkg}q }nk qkcl aegqade{qgkqq el }nk aehh{gd}t dg pkcb}deg }e

}nk E}nkp' D}q heq} |d|dm hbgdlkq}b}deg abg `k e`qkp|km zd}ndg }nk ckbmkpq el }nk aehh{gd}tq qvkkankq

bè{} }nkhqkc|kq? vpdkq}q# vpelkqqepq# ckbmkpq el }nk ceabc a{c}{pbc(k}ngda epjbgdb}degq' Aegapk}kct# }nkck|kc el ceabc dgqdjn}q aehkq dg}e vcbt bl}kp }nk aeccea{}ep zbphq {v .{q{bcct dg}kccka}{bcq ep kcmkpct

vkpqegq# zne veqqkqq zdqmeh bgm%ep ndq}ept igezckmjk$# }e }nk k~}kg} }nb} nk dq zdccdgj }e }bci' ]nk

hehkg} }ndq }npkqnecm dq `pkbankm abg `k aegqdmkpkm b apd}dabc vedg} }e }nk cejda el }nk q}{mt# bq }nk

vkpqeg `kdgj dg}kp|dkzkm hbt khd} `dbqkm evdgdegq zndan hbt mk}kphdgk }nk pkqkbpankp }e pkba} dg b

vkpqegbc hbggkp' Q{an pkba}degq h{q} `k b|edmkm bgm q{vvpkqqkm dg epmkp }e jd|k zbt }e }nk lcez el }nk

qhbcc }ndgjq hdjn} vpe|eik q{`q}bg}dbc anbgjkq' ]nb} dq# }nk vkpqegq zne l{ga}deg bq mb}b `bqkq# }neqk } nb}# dg b a{c}{pbc# kaegehda# qeadbc# vecd}dabc k}a'

hkbgdgj# igez }nk vcbak cdik }nk `bai el }nkdp nbgmq' ]nkt hbt `k vbp} el }nk kcd}k# `{} ge} gkakqqbpdct' ]nkt bpk ikt (dglephkpq }nk pkqkbpankp ldgmq

kd}nkp dg b mdpka} hbggkp# ep }npe{jn }pdbc(bgm(kppep# `t q{aakqqd|k mdqa{qqdegq'


5/33


6/33

VBJK .\bpegb# q'b'# v' 24$' Nkgak# zk pkban bge}nkp vpe`ckh# }nb}

el}nk pkadvpeabc dg}kjpb}deg bgm bqqdhdcb}deg `k}zkkg }nk Aeqqbaiq bgm }nk e}nkp Q}bpe|kpq zd}ndg }nk

Cdvve|bg aehh{gd}dkq .d`dmkh$' Bq }nk P{qqdbg èpmkpq k~vbgmkm }ezbpmq }nk Mbg{`k# }nkt hdjpb}km#

ge cb}kp }nbg 2>2=(2>2;# }ezbpmq }nk Hbphbpb Qkb bgm }nk Bkjkbg Qkb .Dmkh# v' 06$' ]nk qkaegm

q{vveqd}deg bcckjkq }nb} }nkpk nbq `kkg bg {gdg}kpp{v}km vpkqkgak el }nk Aeqqbaiq dg }nk bpkb `kjdggdgj

zd}n }nk tkbp el 2:=6'

Bge}nkp aeg}pe|kpqt vpkqkg}km `t Bck~bgmp \kpegb dq }nb} el }nk }dhk cbvqk el }nk Aeqqbaiaehh{gd}dkq vpkqkgak dg Me`p{ob# eg zndan }nkpk bpk }ze qakgbpdeq' Egk el }nkqk# epdjdgb}dgj qdgak }nk

24}n

Akg}{pt# q}b}kq }nb} }nk Gkipbqe|d}kq nb|k qk}}ckm dg }nk Mbg{`k bpkb b} }nk kgm el }nk 2::6q

`kjdggdgj el }nk 2:>6q bgm }nb} }nkt mdm ge} hd~ zd}n }nk e}nkp Q}bpe|kpq dg }nk bpkb .d`dmkh$'

Dg ndq èei# ]nk P{qqdbg Cdvve|bgq el Pehbgdb .0662$# Ldcdv Dvb}de| vpkqkg}q }ze ntve}nkqkq eg

}nk epdjdg el }nk Cdvve|bgq dg Pehbgdb' Baaepmdgj }e }ndq# b ldpq} ntve}nkqdq ze{cm `k }nb} }nk Q}bpe|kpq

nb|k qk}}ckm zd}ndg }nk Pehbgdbg }kppd}ept `klepk Vb}pdbpan Gdieg q pkleph' B q{vvep}kp el }ndq

ntve}nkqdq# Lkgejnkg Qk|bq}dbg .244># 066=$# dg epmkp }e |bcdmb}k ndq acbdhq# hbikq pklkpkgak }e }nk

zpd}dgjq el }nk }pb|kckp K|cdb Akck`d# zne `k}zkkg 26< 2>20$ }nk _bvepentk Aeqqbaiq .el

[ipbdgdbg epdjdg$ mkq}petkm }nk |dccbjk el Qbpdanded .}nk akg}kp el Me`p{obg Aeqqbaiq$# lepadgj }nk

dgnb`d}bg}q }e pk}pkb} }e }nk qe{}n# dg @{cjbpdb'

Q}dcc# dl zk leccez }nk k|ec{}deg el }nk P{qqdbg kckhkg} lpeh b abp}ejpbvnda vedg} el |dkz# zd}n }nk

bdm el ndq}ept b}cbqkq# zk hbt `k}}kp {gmkpq}bgm }nk ndq}epdabc bgm jkevecd}dabc aeg}k~} el }nk 2=}n

2:: .znkg Pehbgdb pkjbdgkm Me`p{ob bl}kp

bvvpe~dhb}d|kct ;66 tkbpq el ]{pidqn p{ck$' Gegk el }nk aeccea{}epq nb|k hbmk }nk aeggka}deg `k}zkkg }nk

Pehbg(Jpkki bgm Vpe}epehbgdbg>

qk}}ckhkg}q# e{} el zndan qehk bpk k|kg cbpjkp }nbg }nk Cdvve|bg

|dccbjkq }nkt dgac{mk .qkk Qcb|b P{q# qd}{b}km zd}ndg }nk Pehbg lep} el D`dmb }nk cbpjkq} @tbg}dgk

Pehbg mklkgqd|k aehvck~ el DDD \DD akg}{pt Me`p{ob$ bgm }nk Pehbgda aeg}k~}# pkqvka}d|kct }nk

Vpe}epehbgdbg @tbg}dgk# bgm q{`qkr{kg}ct }nk Pehbgdbg aeg}k~} .Hdpakb }nk Kcmkp$ bgm k|kg ckqq qe

zd}n }nk vkbqbg} hdjpb}degq lpeh Zbccbandb }e Me`p{ob `klepk 2}n

akg}{pt' D} dq b lba} }nb} }nkt zkpk vbp} el }nk kcd}k hdcd}bpt {gd}q el }nk E}}ehbg Khvdpk {g}dc }nkqk

zkpk mdq`bgmkm bpe{gm }nk nbcl el }nk 24}n

akg}{pt# zd}n Qbpdanded ba}dgj bq }nkdp hdcd}bpt akg}kp'

]nk cbgmhbpiq el }nk ceabc epmkp qkkh }e `k# vpdhbpdct# }nk lbhdct bgm }nk cbgj{bjk' Heq}

vkevck zne zkpk q{òka} }e e{p dg|kq}djb}deg bjpkk eg }nk dhvep}bgak el lbd}n }nk ecm pd}k ep}neme~t#

`{} b} }nk qbhk }dhk }nkt abgge} jpbqv }nk peck el }nkdp ezg an{pan dgq}d}{}deg dg }ndq aehvck~' ]nk

pkcb}d|k mdqo{ga}deg `k}zkkg }nk dgq}d}{}deg d}qkcl .cbai el }p{q} dg }nk an{pan bgm }nk vpdkq}$ bgm }nk ck|kc

el lbd}n k~nd`d}km vpe`b`ct dgmdab}kq b q}dcc {gqk}}ckm qthècda le{gmb}deg# 166 tkbpq bl}kp }nk bvvbpd}deg

el }nk Cdvve|bgq dg }nk Pehbgdbg qvbak' ]nk qd}{b}deg dq k|kg hepk qkpde{q dl zk }bik dg}e baae{g} }nk

lba} }nb} ge} k|kg {g}dc }nk vpkqkg} mbt }nk Cdvve|bg kcd}kq nb|k ge} pkbankm bg bjpkkhkg} aegakpgdgj

}nkdp ndq}epdabc epdjdgq# }nb} }nk `{ci el }nk lecicepk vpkqkg} dg }nkdp qaneec hbg{bcq dq hbdgct hbmk {v el

P{qqdbg dhvep}q bgm }nb} }nkdp le{gmdgj q}epdkq bpk bcheq} aehvck}kct ceq}' Hepke|kp# }nk cbgj{bjk el

>]npe{jn }nk mkgqd}t el d}q lep}dldab}degq# `bqdcdabq# Kvdqaevbc an{pankq# pebmq# Me`p{ob dq bhegj }nk heq} zkcc kgmezkm cb}dg bpkbq el Qe{}n Kbq}

K{pevk' D} nbm aeg}dg{bcct `kkg {gmkp }nk p{ck el }nk Pehbg Khvdpk# q}bp}dgj lpeh }nk Dq}

akg}{pt {v {g}dc }nk tkbpq' ]nkqk ldphq pkvpkqkg}km }nk mkadqd|k lba}ep dg nbc}dgj }nk

khdjpb}deg vnkgehkgb .}nkt ellkpkm bg bc}kpgb}d|k lep }nk hbqqd|k khdjpb}deg }ezbpmq `k}}kp oe`q

b`pebm$' Eg }nk e}nkp nbgm# O{pdce|ab ae{cmg} hbgbjk }e pkmdpka} d}q kaegehda acdhb}k }e gkz mehbdgq el

mk|kcevhkg}# k|kg }ne{jn d} nbq b ce} el ve}kg}dbc01

' ]ndq dq heq} cdikct }nk pkbqeg lep zndan }nk ndjnkq}

vkpakg} el }nk zepi lepakq khdjpb}deg nbq `kkg pkjdq}kpkm dg O{pdce|ab .pe{jnct 0;+ el d}# lpeh }nk mb}bellkpkm `t }nk }ezg nbcc$' Lpeh b }e{pdq}da vedg} el |dkz }nkpk dq egct egk èbpm bgm cemjdgj dg }nk ceabcd}t#

}nk pebmq }e }nk hbdg }e{pdq} b}}pba}deg vedg}q bpk bcheq} dhvpba}dab`ck# bgm }nk vpelkqqdegbc

pkepdkg}b}deg ae{pqkq ellkpkm `t }nk }ezg nbcc bpk dgklldadkg}'

D\' 0' DGLPBQ]P[A][PK

Zk hbt kge{gak nkpk b vbpbme~ el }nk dppdjb}deg qtq}khq? }nk aehh{gk qvkadbcdkm dg

bjpda{c}{pk# zk bpk }bcidgj nkpk bè{} Qcb|b Akpank# mekq ge} veqqkqq bg dppdjb}deg qtq}kh# zndck

O{pdce|ab# b ceabcd}t ndq}epdabcct bqqeadb}km zd}n }nk vdqada{c}{pk `pbgan# nbq bg bcheq} dg}ba} dppdjb}deg

qtq}kh# `{dc} dg }nk aehh{gdq} kpb .bgm nbpgkqqkm egct b} bpe{gm =6+ el d}q abvb`dcd}dkq `kab{qk el }nk

ndjn aeq}q el hbdg}bdgdgj d}$' Nezk|kp# d} h{q} `k hkg}degkm }nb}# dg Qcb|b Akpank# dl Akb{kqa{ ze{cm

nb|k cd|km cegjkp# }nk dppdjb}deg qtq}kh ze{cm nb|k q}bp}km zepidgj# `kab{qk nk k~vbgmkm d} {v }e {q # bq

egk el e{p aeccea{}epq q}b}km' B qdhdcbp vnkgehkgeg abg `k e`qkp|km dg Qbpdanded# znkpk egct pe{jnct

2;+ el }nk kg}dpk lkp}dck qedc nbq b l{ga}degbc dppdjb}deg qtq}kh'

Pkjbpmdgj }nk bzl{c aegmd}deg }nk pebmq bpk dg bgm }nk pkba}deg el ceabc bgm ae{g}t b{}nepd}dkq

zndan dq aegqdmkpkm dgbmkr{b}k `t }nk |dccbjkpq# d} dq zep}n hkg}degdgj }nb} }nk |dccbjkpq }eei hb}}kpq dg}e

}nkdp ezg nbgmq? }nk pebm }e Qbpdanded bgm O{pdce|ab# zndan nbq ge} `kkg pkvbdpkm lep e|kp 06 tkbpq# nbq

`kkg me{`ckm `t b vbpbcckc pebm }nb} vbqqkq }npe{jn }nk znkb} cbgkq'

]nk dglpbq}p{a}{pk dq bg ba}{bc mdqae{pbjkhkg} }e }nk `{qdgkqq vcbgq el dg|kq}epq bgm qe nk abhk

}e dg|kq} nkpk' Bgm nk `{hvkm dg}e }nk neppd`ck dglpbq}p{a}{pk # }kccq egk el e{p aeccea{}epq' Eg }nk e}nkpnbgm# dg O{pdce|ab lep k~bhvck# }nkpk bpk }ze vpeoka}q }nb} bdh }e hemkpgdk }nk pebmq `t baakqqdgj

02Dmkh'

00 Nkpk zk ldgm bcc el }nk q}b}kq vpe}ka}deg dgq}d}{}degq# lep vebandgj# cbzq# bgm qe eg' ]nkpkq }nk vecdak# pdjn}5 ]nkpkq }nk lpeg}dkp vecdak# }nk

nkbmr{bp}kpqel }nk pbgjkpq9 Kaecejt# bcqe nkpk }nk @deqvnkpk Pkqkp|b}degq Kaecejdabc Vecdak# bgm gez }nkpkq b gkz vecdak# }nk Mbg{`k Vecdak'

]nkpk bpk ld|k el }nkqk dgq}d}{}degq# zndan h{q} hkbg }nkt meg} me }nkdp oe`# pdjn}5 Zkcc znt meg} }nkt me }nkdp oe`5 Zkcc b heg}n bje }nk Mbg{`k

vecdak bvvkbpkm# bqdmk lpeh }nk vecdak zk nbm .$ ]nk P{pbc Vecdak# `{} zkpk ge} ae{g}dgj }nb} egk' Bhbqqkm dg }ndq |dccbjk' Zkcc te{ }kcc hk# znb}

gkp|k }nkt nb|k }e veban znkg nkpkBn# bgm ge} egct }nb}# `{} zk nb|k }nk GBVB nkpk# zndan dq }nk Gb}degbc Bjkgat lep Vdqada{ c}{pk bgm Br{ba{c}{pk#

bgm }ndq egk nbq d}q pkvpkqkg}b}d|k nkpk zne q{vkp|dqkq }nk zneck mkbc' Qe qd~ q}b}k dgq}d}{}degq' D}q o{q} dhveqqd`ckqe qd~ dgq}d}{}degq .aeccea{}ep

O{pdce|ab$'01

K|kg }ne{jn O{pdce|ab aehh{gk nbq bg dppdjb}deg qtq}kh d} dq ge} nbpgkqqkm bq d} dq ldgbgadbcct dgbaakqqd`ck ge} egct }e }nk |dccbjkpq# `{} }e }nk

aehh{gkq bmhdgdq}pb}deg bq zkcc'


16/33

VBJK 2%2442 dq }nk egk }nb} {gckbqnkm `e}n kaegehda anbeq .}nk mkq}p{a}deg el }nk jpkb} ae(evkpb}d|k

ezgkpqndvq# }ejk}nkp zd}n }nk }kangdabc q}p{a}{pkq? dppdjb}degq# qtq}khq lep q{vvctdgj kcka}pdad}t# `{dc}

qvbakq$ bq zkcc bq qeadbc anbeq }npe{jn v{qndgj vkbqbg}q dg}e }nk vpba}dak el bg bjpda{c}{pk el q{`qdq}kgak'

A{ppkg}ct# }ne{jn# zd}n }nk bppd|bc el lepkdjg dg|kq}epq zne `e{jn} cbpjk bpkbq el cbgm# }nk vpevkp}t

pkjdhk zbq pb}degbcdkm' ]nk cbgm `kabhk kaegehdabcct klldadkg} }npe{jn }nk {gdldab}deg el }nk vpevkp}dkq

bgm }nkdp dgaepvepb}deg zd}ndg }nk gkz abvd}bcq qvnkpk el dg}kpkq}' ]ndq dq }nk pkbqeg lep zndan zk abg

bqqkp} }nb}# dg }nk dg|kq}djb}km ceabcd}dkq# vpevkp}t vkp qk mekq ge} nb|k b qab}}kpkm anbpba}kpdq}da' Lpeh b

qeadbc q}bgmvedg}# }ne{jn# }nk cbgm nbq `kaehk k~}kpdep}e }nk |dccbjk# }npe{jn }nk e{}zbpm akg}kpdgj el

}nk vpevkp}t pkjdhk# `kdgj }bikg e{} el }nk ceabc vkbqbg}ptq nbgmq' ]n{q# }nkpk dq }nk vpe`ckh el d}q

qeadbc klldadkgat# el }nk kllka}q }ndq nbq eg }nk ceabc aehh{gd}t' ]nk dg|kq}hkg}q }nk cbpjk ezgkpq ep

ckbqknecmkpq nb|k `pe{jn} dg }nk bpkb nb|k hbgbjkm }e pb}degbcct epjbgdk }nk bjpda{c}{pbc qvbak# dg epmkp

}e b}}bdg b `k}}kp e{}v{} vkp nka}bpk# `{} }nk gkz kaegehda pb}degbcd}t dq k~}kpdep }e }nk |dccbjk# `kdgj


17/33

VBJK 2:



B[J[Q] 0664

kgjbjkm dg kaegehda bgm ldgbgadbc adpa{d}q lepkdjg }e }nk |dccbjk' ]nk cbpjk vpevkp}t vpkqkg}ct eaa{vdkq

e|kp 46+ el }nk }e}bc lkp}dck qedc md|dmkm dg}e = cbpjk bqqeadb}degq dg Qcb|b Akpank .bgm zndan aehvpdqkq

=6+ el }nk }e}bc kaegehda ba}d|d}t$# bvvpe~dhb}kct :6+ dg O{pdce|abq abqk bgm e|kp 4;+ dg Qbpdanded'

Lpeh }nk q}b}dq}dabc mb}b b}}bdgkm0=

# vpevkp}t# dg d}q hboepd}t# dq ezgkm `t bjpda{c}{pbc bqqeadb}degq

.Qcb|b Akpank$ ep }nk cbpjk ezgkpqndv .O{pdce|ab$# bcegjqdmk }nk vkbqbg}q aeccka}d|k vpevkp}dkq

.Qbpdanded$' Dgmd|dm{bc vpevkp}dkq pkvpkqkg} egct =+ .Qbpdanded$# 26+ .Qcb|b Akpank$ bgm 2=+ .O{pdce|ab$ el

}nk lkp}dck qedc' ]n{q# }nk ldpq} dhvpkqqdeg ze{cm `k }nb} }nk vpevkp}t pkjdhk dq zkcc epjbgdkm# dg

mdhkgqdegq }nb} nbpgkqq }nk qedcq pkqe{pakq }e }nk hb~dh{h' @{}# lpeh }nk e{}v{} vkp nka}bpk zk jk} b

`k}}kp {gmkpq}bgmdgj }nb} }nk vpevkp}t dq# dg }ze el }nk }npkk aehh{gkq0;

# ge} epjbgdkm dg epmkp }e

b}}bdg b ndjnkp vpem{a}d|d}t' @e}n dg O{pdce|ab# bgm dg Qcb|b Akpank# }nk e{}v{} vkp nka}bpk qehk}dhkq

pkvpkqkg}q egct b }ndpm el }nk b|kpbjk vpem{a}d|d}t lep }nb} pkqvka}d|k a{c}{pk# pkvep}km gb}degbcct# bq dq

}nk abqk el }nk ve}b}e ep |kjk}b`ck a{c}{pkq' B} }nk qbhk }dhk# }ne{jn# Qbpdanded nbq bg e{}v{} vkp

nka}bpk zndan q{pvbqqkq }nk gb}degbc b|kpbjk# k|kg }ne{jn# lep k~bhvck# }nk q{plbak a{c}d|b}km zd}n

ve}b}ekq mekq ge} k~akkm 266 nka}bpkq' ]n{qct# dg Qbpdanded }nk }e}bc vpem{a}deg el ve}b}ekq dg 0661 abg

`k kq}dhb}km b} 2;66 }egkq .qe bg e{}v{} el 2; 666 ij%nb$' ]ndq e{}v{} abg `k aeppkcb}km zd}n }nk hkbgq

el vpem{a}deg0



B[J[Q] 0664

}nk cbpjkq} vkpakg}# el ;2#=+ dq pkvpkqkg}km `t lpkkcbgak zepikpq16

' D} qkkhq }nb} b qdjgdldabg} vbp} el }nk

vev{cb}deg dg }nk p{pbc bpkb hbikq b cd|dgj el {gvbdm lbhdct zepi' ]n{q# }nk ceabc kaegeht dq ge} kgjbjkm

dg }nk gb}degbc kaegehda adpa{d} `t cbai el vbt zk {gmkpq}bgm# vpdhbpdct# }nk vkbqbg}q cbai el

dhvcdab}deg eg }nk ck|kc el hkpanbgmdqk adpa{cb}deg12

bgm# }nkpklepk# bg {gmkpmk|kcevhkg} el }nk p{pbc

hbpik}'

]nk qbhk }ndgj eaa{pq dg }nk }npkk dg|kq}djb}km aehh{gkq znkpk }nk hboepd}t el }nk zepidgj

lepak dg }nk bjpda{c}{pbc mehbdg dq {gvbdm' Dg e}nkp zepmq# }nk khvcetkp(khvcetkk pkcb}degqndv dq ge} bcqe

mdpka}km }ezbpmq epjbgddgj }nk zepi lepak# }ezbpmq pbdqdgj }nk g{h`kp el vbdm zepi' @{} vkplephbgak dg

bjpda{c}{pk abgge} `k pkbcdkm zd}ne{} }kangecejt bgm epjbgdb}degbc lepak'

]n{q# k|kg }ne{jn }nk cbgm dq pb}degbcdkm dg znb} pkjbpmq d}q epjbgdb}deg .}nk ezgkpqndv dq ge}

qab}}kpkm$# d} mekq ge} jkgkpb}k p{pbc mk|kcevhkg}# `{} dq k~}kpgbcdkm }npe{jn }nk lba} }nb} }nk

vpem{a}deg mekq ge} ckbm }e }nk aegqecdmb}deg el }nk qeadbc qvbak' Zk# }nkpklepk# b} }nk ck|kc el }nk }npkk

aehh{gkq zk dg|kq}djb}km# abgge} qvkbi el b veqd}d|k vpevkp}t pkjdhk zd}n }nk k~akv}deg el }nk

pb}degbcct epjbgdkm cbpjk vpevkp}dkq# }nk zepi dq ge} epjbgdkm eg abvd}bcdq} `bqkq# bgm k|kg znkpk d} dq#

}nk vpevkp}t dq ge} epjbgdkm lpeh b abvd}bcdq} vedg} el |dkz bq d} mekq ge} vpem{ak `kgkld}q lep }nk ceabc

aehh{gd}t qkkdgj bq }nk vpevkp}t dq kgjbjkm dg adpa{d}q k~}kpdep }e }nk aehh{gd}t' ]nk baa{h{cb}deg el

abvd}bc bgm ezgkpqndv el cbgm bgm vpem{a}deg hkbgq mekq ge} ckbm }e }nk mk|kcevhkg} el b ceabc hbpik}bgm }nkpklepk mekq ge} kgae{pbjk qeadbc jpez}n Yhb}kpdbc# mkhejpbvndabc

10X# b lba} zndan aeg}pd`{}kq }e

}nk k~em{q el }nk ceabc zepilepak11

' Hepk qe# dg }nk }npkk aehh{gkq# klldadkgat dg }nk bjpda{c}{pbc mehbdg

dq mdpka}ct dglc{kgakm `t }nk dgq{lldadkg} hkbgq el vpem{a}deg1=

bgm `t }nk veep aegmd}deg }nkqk bpk dg' Lep

}nk gb}degbc b|kpbjk el 066 `dp}npb}k 4# hep}bcd}t nka}bpkq'1;

Baaepmdgj }e }nk Pehbgdbg Gb}degbc Dgq}d}{}k el Q}b}dq}daq# Bgg{bc Q}b}dq}da 066:# anbv}kp 2=# n}}v?%%zzz'dgqqk'pe%ahq%ldckq%vml%pe%abv2='vml


19/33

VBJK 24



B[J[Q] 0664

D\' =' BGDHBCQ

]nk Cdvve|bg aehh{gd}dkq veqqkqq egct b cdhd}km g{h`kp el qnkkv bgm jeb}q# bq zkcc bq megiktq'

Dg }nk vbq} lkz tkbpq# }nk vdj lpeh }nk tbpm nbq `kaehk hepk k~vkgqd|k }nbg }nk hkb} te{ `{t lpeh

jpeakpt q}epkq# qe dg }nk dg|kq}djb}km aehh{gd}dkq# cbpjk bgdhbcq zndan vpe|dmk hkb} bgm hdci abg ge

cegjkp `k le{gm zd}ndg }nk ne{qknecmq# k~akv} eg eaabqdegq' ]nk |dccbjk nbq l{cct dg}kjpb}km d}qkcl dg }nk

hkb} bgm hdci }pbmk# el}kg}dhkq dhvep}km'

Egk el }nk hbdg vpe`ckhq dgmdab}km `t ceabc b{}nepd}dkq dq }nk mpbq}da pkm{a}deg el }nk g{h`kp el

`e|dgkq bgm abvpdgkq dg }nk cbq} : tkbpq1

$ abg anbgjk# eg b hkmd{h bgm cegj }kph `bqdq# }nk

kaegehdabc bgm qeadbc# hbt`k k|kg }nk a{c}{pbc aegldj{pb}deg el }nk bpkb# }npe{jn b}}pba}dgj qvkadbcdq}q dg

epmkp }e hbdg}bdg }nk kgkpjk}da lbphq dg Me`p{ob bgm e}nkp bpkbq el Pehbgdb'

\' NKBC]N

Nkbc}n dq egk el }nk heq} dhvep}bg} mdhkgqdegq el }nk ceabc ve}kg}dbc lep mk|kcevhkg} b

aehh{gd}t veqqkqqkq' ]ejk}nkp zd}n }nk kaegehda bgm a{c}{pbc mdhkgqdegq# nkbc}n nbq b ap{adbc |bc{k lep

}nk {gmkpq}bgmdgj el nez aehh{gd}dkq k|ec|k' ]nk q}b}k el`kdgj nkbc}nt abg `k b jeem dgmdab}ep el }nk

q{aakqq el b aehh{gd}t# }nk aegac{qd|k k~vpkqqdeg el }nk r{bcd}t el qeadbc cdlk' Dg e}nkp zepmq# nkbc}n dq

pkck|bg} `e}n }e }nk dgmd|dm{bc bgm }e }nk aehh{gd}t dg d}q kg}dpk}t' ]n{q }nk mdhkgqdeg el nkbc}n

1

Baaepmdgj }e Hkmdblb~# 0:}n

B{j{q} 066># AK_ zdcc mk|kcev }ze Bkecdbg kgkpjt vpem{ a}q dg Me`p{ob'


20/33

VBJK 06



B[J[Q] 0664

kh`emdkq }nk anbgakq el b q{`qkr{kg} k|ec{}deg dg }kphq el `de(vqtanecejdabc |bcdmd}t el }nk n{hbg

lba}ep dg b qeadbc aeg}k~}'

]nkpk bpk }ze pkck|bg} bqvka}q zk zdcc }bik dg}e baae{g} dg }ndq abqk? }nk jkgkpbc nkbc}n

aegmd}deg el }nk vev{cb}deg bgm }nk baakqq }e hkmdabc qkp|dakq'

]nk ldpq} pkck|bg} bqvka} zk zdcc mdqa{qq dq }nk Cdvve|bgq jkgkpbc nkbc}n aegmd}deg' ]ndq bgbctqdq

dq `bqkm eg? hkmdabc pkaepmq pkjbpmdgj anpegda vb}dkg}q pkjdq}kpkm m{pdgj }nk cbq} }pdhkq}kp el }nk tkbpq

066: bgm 066># }nk g{h`kp el aegq{c}b}degq bgm }pkb}hkg}q lep 066< bgm 066:# mdqa{qqdegq nbm zd}n

g{pqkq# aehh{gd}t bqqdq}bg}q bgm lbhdct mea}epq' Dg epmkp }e kq}b`cdqn }nk Cdvve|bgq jkgkpbc nkbc}n

aegmd}deg zk }eei dg}e baae{g} b g{h`kp el dgmdab}epq? }nk bmmpkqqb`dcd}t# }nk dgadmkgak el mdqkbqkq bgm

}nkdp mk}kphdgbg} lba}epq# }nk ck|kc el vkpqegbc ntjdkgk# k}a'

Bmmpkqqb`dcd}t dq b vpdhk dgmdab}ep el aegakpg lep vkpqegbc nkbc}n' ]npe{jn d} zk {gmkpq}bgm }nk

lpkr{kgat zd}n zndan }nk vb}dkg}q |dqd} }nk mea}ep' D} pklcka}q }nk g{h`kp el aegq{c}q ellkpkm bgm }nk

g{h`kp el }pkb}hkg}q vpkqapd`km `t }nk lbhdct mea}ep zne ba}d|b}kq zd}ndg }nk dg|kq}djb}km aehh{gd}dkq'

Dg }nk abqk el Qcb|b Akpank14

# dg }nk tkbp 066:# aehvbpkm }e }nk tkbp 066


21/33

VBJK 02



B[J[Q] 0664

JPBVNDA 1 K\EC[]DEG EL ]PKB]HKG] VPKQAPDV] DEG

Mkqvd}k }nk ndjn mkjpkk el bmmpkqqb`dcd}t# mea}epq bpk aegakpgkm e|kp }nk lba} }nb} vb}dkg}q qnez

{v lep aegq{c}q znkg }nkdp mdqkbqk dq dg d}q ldgbc q}bjkq# djgepdgj }nk qthv}ehq dg }nk kbpct q}bjkq' B

qdjgdldabg} vkpakg} el }nk }e}bc vb}dkg}q djgepk }nk dgadvdkg} qthv}ehq el mdqkbqkq# `kcdk|dgj }nkh }e `k

egct }nk kllka} el bjdgj ep mbt }e mbt vpe`ckhq'

Dg pkjbpmq }e }nk mdqkbqk dgadmkgak# lpeh }nk mb}b zk e`}bdgkm dg Qcb|b Akpank bgm lpeh }nk

mdqa{qqdeg zk nbm zd}n }nk hkmdabc q}bll el }nk e}nkp }ze |dccbjkq# zk e`qkp|km }nb}# e{} el bcc anpegda

dccgkqqkq# }nk ndjnkq} dgadmkgak el dccgkqqkq pkvpkqkg} abpmde(|bqa{cbp mdqkbqkq# leccezkm `t g{}pd}deg

mdqkbqkq q{jbp mdb`k}kq# c{gj mdqkbqkq# {cakp pkcb}km mdqkbqkq# adppneqdq bgm e}nkp anpegda nkvb}d}dmkq?

}nk hbdg anpegda mdqkbqkq vkevck q{llkp lpeh bpk abpmdba mdqkbqkq? ntvkp}kgqdeg# dqankhda

abpmdehtevb}nt ''' hbgt nb|k `kj{g }e qnez qdjgq el mdb`k}kq# `kab{qk }nkt bpk ge} kb}dgj pdjn}' Abgakp

dgadmkgak dq |kpt cez .`kcez 2+$' Aehvbpkm }e }nk tkbp 066> }nkpk bpk ge qdjgdldabg} dgapkbqkq dg }nk

g{h`kp el mdqkbqkq zndan bllka} }nk Cdvve|bgq .qkk K|ec{}deg el anpegda mdqkbqkq jpbvnda=6

$'

Jpbvnda = K|ec{} deg el Anpegda m dqkbqkq

=6]nk anbp} pkvpem{akq }nk g{h`kp el anpegda mdqkbqkq lep }nk tkbpq 066: bgm 066>' Mdqkbqkq zndan egct nbm egk ep }ze abqkq el dgadmkgak zkpk

k~ac{mkm'


22/33

VBJK 00



B[J[Q] 0664

Abpmde|bqa{cbp mdqkbqkq# bcegj zd}n }nk bjdgj vpeakqq# bpk qehk el }nk heq} dhvep}bg} ab{qkq el

hep`dmd}t bhegjq} Cdvve|bgq' Cdlk k~vka}bgat dq bpe{gm >6 }e 46 tkbpq# zehkg nb|dgj b jpkb}kp cdlk

k~vka}bgat aehvbpkm }e hkg .bvvpe~dhb}kct 26 tkbpq cegjkp$'

]nk ndjn dgadmkgak el abpmde|bqa{cbp bgm g{}pd}degbc mdqkbqkq pk|kbcq }nk lba} }nb} b qkpdkq el

}pbgqlephb}degq nb|k }bikg vcbak dg }nk qeadbc gb}{pk el mdqkbqkq' ]nk jpbm{bc bmev}deg el g{}pd}degbc

`knb|depq egak qvkadldabcct }dkm }e }nk {p`bg bpkb nbq jkgkpb}km b h{}b}deg dg znb} pkjbpmq }nk dccgkqqkq

}nk vkevck q{llkp lpeh' ]nk bvvpebandgj el }nk |dccbjk }e }nk ad}t nbq `kkg bandk|km }npe{jn }nk jkgkpbc

mkcd|kpbgakq lpeh }nk ad}t }ezbpmq }nk |dccbjk' Dl {g}dc ge} cegj bje }nk hbdg leem pkqe{pak zbq ldqn#

gezbmbtq vkevck kb} vepi hkb} bgm e}nkp leemq pdan dg lb}' ]embt ge} k|kptegk abg bllepm }e kb} ldqn#

`kab{qk d}q k~vkgqd|k}ecm {q egk el e{p aeccea{}epq'

Aegakpg lep vkpqegbc nkbc}n dq pklcka}km eg }nk ck|kc el vkpqegbc ntjdkgk' Eg b mkacbpb}d|k ck|kc#

}nk Cdvve|bgq bvvkbp }e `k r{d}k aegakpgkm zd}n }nkdp ezg vkpqegbc ntjdkgk' ]nkpk dq ge ne{qknecm

zd}ne{} b Cdvve|bg `b}npeeh .qb{gb$ e{p dg}kpcea{}epq pkvkb}kmct mkacbpkm' Bq }nk aehh{gd}t

bqqdq}bg} lpeh Qcb|b Akpank }ecm {q# zkbc}nt vkevck nb|k pkge|b}km }nkdp ne{qkq# nb|k hemkpgdkm

}nkh# nb|k `{dc} `b}npeehq zd}ndg }nk ne{qk zd}n qbgmq}egk bgm lbdkgak# `{} nb|k pkhbdgkm lbd}nl{c }e

}nk Cdvve|bg `b}nq# zndan bcqe nb|k }nk l{ga}deg elv{pdltdgj egkq `emt'

]nk vpe`ckh el bcaenec aegq{hv}deg pkvpkqkg}q b pkcb}d|kct mdllda{c} q{`oka} }e bvvpeban `kab{qk

d} dq b mkcdab}k qeadbc vpe`ckh# zd}n vpele{gm dhvcdab}degq eg b aehh{gd}t ck|kc' Baaepmdgj }e }nk vkpqegq

dg}kp|dkzkm# bcaenecdaq bpk }nk qnbhk el }nk aehh{gd}t' Lpeh }nk mdqa{qqdegq zk|k nbm zk abg aegac{mk

}nb} }nk qvpkbm el bcaenecdqh dq mk}kphdgkm `t }nk qeade(kaegehda aeg}k~}' Dg znb} pkjbpmq jkgmkp

md|dqdeg# }nkpk qkkhq }e `k ge qdjgdldabg} mdllkpkgak `k}zkkg }nk vpevep}deg el zehkg bgm hkg' Q}dcc# egk

el }nk |bpdb`ckq }nb} dglc{kgak }nk bhvcd}{mk el }ndq vnkgehkgeg dq }nk qkbqeg' M{pdgj zdg}kp# }ndq

vnkgehkgeg dq bhvcdldkm `t }nk cbai el vbdm ba}d|d}dkq' ]nkpk bpk aehh{gd}dkq znkpk# `kab{qk el }nk

{glb|epb`ck kaegehda aeg}k~}# b qdjgdldabg} g{h`kpel vkpqegq dppkqvegqd`ct aegq{hk bcaenec bgt }dhk el

mbt .e|kp nkpk# znkpk zk cd|k# }nkpk bpk b ce} el vkevck zne mpdgi ep bpk mp{gi bcc mbt cegj

pkvpkqkg}b}d|k el }nk O{pdce|abg b{}nepd}dkq$' ]ndq `knb|dep zbq vpkqkg} k|kg m{pdgj }nk aehh{gdq}

pkjdhk# k|kg dg }nk qbhk vpevep}degq' Pkcb}dgj }ndq zd}n }nk `dp}n# mkb}n bgm hbpd}bc q}b}{q pkjdq}pt d} abg`k e`qkp|km }nb} heq} vkpqegq q{llkpdgj lpeh bcaenecdqh bpk vpkmehdgbg}ct zdmezkpq# vkpqegq zne nb|k

pkhbdgkm nehk bcegk bl}kp }nk mkvbp}{pk el }nkdp andcmpkg }e zepi b`pebm bgm }neqk zne nb|k ge

eaa{vb}deg'

Bgbctdgj b} }nk baakqq }e hkmdabc qkp|dakq zk nb|k ge}dakm }nk vpkqkgak el b hkmdabc akg}kp bgm

b vnbphbat dg kban aehh{gk# zndck dg qehk ceabcd}dkq zk nb|k le{gm b mkg}dq}q elldak .Qcb|b Akpank$

bgm bg bh`{cbgak q}b}deg .O{pdce|ab$' @{}# eg }nk ck|kc el }kangdabc lbadcd}dkq }nkpk bpk qdjgdldabg}

mdqapkvbgadkq `k}zkkg }nk }npkk |dccbjkq' Dg O{pdce|ab }nkpk dq b hkmdabc akg}pk kr{dvvkm zd}n a{}}dgj(

kmjk }kangecejt# zndan ellkpq }nk |dccbjkpq b qkpdkq el hkmdabc qkp|dakq aehvbpb`ck }e egkq pkakd|km dg

vpd|b}k hkmdabc elldakq dg @{anbpkq} .bh`{cbgak q}b}deg# bg kanejpbh hbandgk$ zndck dg Qcb|b Akpank

bgm Qbpdanded `bpkct }nk hdgdh{h lbadcd}dkq bpk q{vvcdkm lep }nk akg}kp }e zepi zd}n' Lpeh }ndq vedg} el

|dkz zk }bik dg}e ge}k }nk mdqvpevep}degb}k mdq}pd`{}deg el hkmdabc pkqe{pakq# }e zndan zk bmm }nk

{gkr{bc baakqq }e nkbc}n abpk qkp|dakq' Hepk qe# baakqqdgj neqvd}bc hkmdabc abpk dq aegmd}degkm `t }nk

pkcb}d|kct `dj mdq}bgak `k}zkkg }nk |dccbjkq bgm }nk ldpq} neqvd}bc .mkvkgmdgj eg }nk ceabcd}t# 26 }e =6 ih$'

Dg cdjn} el }nk mdqa{qqdegq zk nb|k nbm# }nk hkmdabc q}bll nbq qnezg mdqqb}dqlba}deg }ezbpmq }nk

cbai el vpbjhb}dqh el }nk vkevck zepidgj dg }nk Hdgdq}pt zne epjbgdk }nk nkbc}n abpk qtq}kh dg

dgklldadkg} zbtq# djgepdgj }nk dhvep}bgak el vpk|kg}d|k hkmdadgk# b vpba}dak zndan ae{cm hbdg}bdg }nk

qeadk}t eg b ck|kc el nkbc}n lbp q{vkpdep }e }nk egk dg }nk vpkqkg}'


23/33

VBJK 01



B[J[Q] 0664

Ge} bcc dg|kq}djb}km |dccbjkq mdqveqk el q{lldadkg} hkmdabc q}bll' Lep k~bhvck# dg Qcb|b Akpank#

`kab{qk el }nk hdjpb}deg el }nk zepi lepak# }nkpk dq bg ba{}k cbai el r{bcdldkm hkmdabc vkpqeggkc'

Jkgkpbcct qvkbidgj# }nk aeccea{}epq vkpakv}deg dq }nb} }nk Cdvve|bg |dccbjk dq mtdgj `kab{qk el

}nk hbqqd|k dhhdjpb}deg b`pebm# k|kg }ne{jn# pkakg}ct# hepk te{gj bm{c}q bpk pk}{pgdgj }e }nk |dccbjk '

Hep}bcd}t q{pvbqqkq `dp}n pb}k# bc}ne{jn ge} gkakqqbpdct `kab{qk el hkmdabc pkbqegq' D} dq qdhvct `kab{qk

ge hepk andcmpkg bpk `kdgj èpg dg}e }nk |dccbjk' ]ndq tkbp# dg Qcb|b Akpank# lep k~bhvck# egct egk andcm

zbq èpg# bgm egct dg @b`bmbj |dccbjk'

\D' ]NK KAECEJT EL CD\DGJ

Cdvve|bgq vpkqkg} }nkdp |dccbjk bq `kdgj cbdg e{} dg q}pbdjn}# vkpvkgmda{cbp q}pkk}q# zd}n }nkdp

ne{qkq bcdjgkm q}pkk}zdqk# bq evveqkm }e k|kptegk kcqkq' @ktegm }ndq vkpakv}deg# }nk ne{qkq bpk zkcc

abpkm lep# nb|k ackbg tbpmq bgm bpk pkcb}d|kct q}pkk}zdqk bcdjgkm' Bcheq} bcc nb|k b |dqd`ck qnbmk el `c{k#

cdikzdqk }e }nkdp an{pankq# bgm bcc el }nkh qne{cm nb|k b qb{gb bg kckhkg} el aehlep} zndan

mdllkpkg}db}kq }nkh lpeh }nk e}nkpq' Heq} Cdvve|bg |dccbjkq bpk ge} kgjbjkm dg bgt aeglcda}q zd}n gb}{pk#

zd}n }nk k~akv}deg el }nk ldqnkphkgq |dccbjkq# zndan me ge} nb|k ldqn bgthepk `kab{qk el vebandgj#

hdqnbgmcdgj el }nkdp abgbcq bgm ge} vev{cb}dgj }nkdp veecq el zb}kp zd}n te{gj ldqn lep }nk vbq} ld|k tkbpq'

Aegakpgdgj }nkdp veqd}degdgj zd}ndg }pbmd}deg bgm ndq}ept Cdvve|bg |dccbjkq bpk eg }nk |kpjk el

jd|dgj {v }nkdp {`dr{d}e{q `c{k aecepdgj bcpkbmt }nkpk bpk ne{qkq# an{pankq zndan bpk vbdg}km dg

mdllkpkg} aecepq' Bè{} }nk hkbgdgj el }ndq aecep e{p aeccea{}epq ae{cm ge} jd|k {q hbgt mk}bdcq# `{} zk

q{phdqk }nb} d} dq vbp} el b }pbmd}deg zndan nbq `kkg vezkpl{cct dg}kpgbcdkm eg }nk ck|kc el }nk aeccka}d|k

hkg}bcd}t# b} ckbq} }npe{jn d}q k~}kgqdeg' ]nk gkzkp ne{qkq bpk heq} el}kg `{dc} e{}qdmk el }pbmd}deg# dg }nk

qkgqk }nb} }nkt nb|k V\A zdgmezq bgm aecepq zndan me ge} pkqvka} }nk Cdvve|bg q}tck bgthepk#

kqvkadbcct dg znb} pkjbpmq }nk nehkq el }nk vkpqegq zne nb|k zepikm b`pebm'

\DD' APDHK PB]K

Dg }nk dg|kq}djb}km aehh{gd}dkq# }nk heq} el}kg eaa{ppdgj }pbgqjpkqqdegq bpk {q{bcct pkcb}km }e

vebandgj# pe``kpt# o{|kgdck mkcdgr{kgat' Zd}n }nk mkacdgk el }nk kaegehda acdhb}k }nkpk nbq `kkg bg

dgapkbqk el dglpba}degq# b vnkgehkgeg mdpka}ct cdgikm }e }nk cbai el oe`q# cbpjkct bqqeadb}km zd}n bcaenec

aegq{hv}deg=2

' Lep k~bhvck# dg O{pdce|ab# }nk ceabc vecdak lepak nbq }e mkbc zd}n bg kq}dhb}km 166 ep =66

abqkq el cbz dglpdgjkhkg} vkp tkbp# e{} el zndan 2;6 abg `k aegqdmkpkm qkpde{q ellkgakq'

Vecdak bjkg}q aegqdmkp abqkq el o{|kgdck mkcdgr{kgat bq b mdpka} aegqkr{kgak el }nk zepilepakq

ldpq} zb|k el hdjpb}deg b`pebm' Bq b pkq{c} el }nkqk abqkq# qehk mdqepjbgdkm lbhdcdkq nb|k q{plbakm'

Egk el }nk heq} dhvep}bg} vpe`ckhq el }nk aehh{gd}t dq vebandgj' ]ndq lba} dq baigezckmjkm

è}n `t ldqnkphkg# bgm `t qehk ceabc b{}nepd}dkq' K|kg }ne{jn vpkqkg}ct }nkpk bpk r{d}k b lkz apdhdgbcabqk ldckq evkgkm lep vebandgj# o{q}dak dq dgklldadkg}ct bvvcdkm bgm bq b pkq{c}# gegk el }nk abqkq nb|k `kkg

v{gdqnkm baaepmdgj }e }nk cbz' Hepke|kp# }nk dgklldadkgat el }nk o{q}dak qtq}kh jkgkpb}kq }nk zkbikgdgj

el b{}nepd}dkq q{vkp|dqdeg eg }nk hb}}kp# zndan l{p}nkp bhvcdldkq }nk vpevep}degq el }nk vnkgehkgeg dg

abqk'

=2Dg Qbpdanded bcegk }nkpk bpk 26 `bpq# pbpkct cbaidgj acdkg}q .}nk vnkgehkgeg dq jpkb}ct dgapkbqkm m{pdgj }nk zdg}kp }d hk$'


24/33

VBJK 0=



B[J[Q] 0664

Vebandgj bllka}q }nk kaegehda q}b`dcd}t el }nk bpkb# }npe{jn }nk gkjb}d|k dhvba} eg }nk

aehh{gd}tq dglpbq}p{a}{pk? qeadbc q{aakqq dq aegmd}degkm `t kaegehda ba}d|d}dkq qd}{b}km eg }nk kmjk el

}nk cbz ep e{}qdmk el d}# `knb|depq pkcb}km }e aepp{v}dgj b{}nepd}dkq jbdg hepk jpe{gm# bgm b{}nepd}dkq# dg

}{pg# nb|k }nk }kgmkgat }e hemdlt }nkdp b}}d}{mk }ezbpmq }nk dgnb`d}bg}q `bqkm eg }nk cb}}kpq dglephbc

aeg}pd`{}degq' Jpbm{bcct# }nk qeadbc geph `kaehkq mkkvct vkphkb}km zd}n q{an vbpbqd}k `knb|depq# b

lba} zndan ae{cm {g`bcbgak }nk mkcdab}k bgm {gmkpa{ppkg} hkanbgdqhq el qeadbc {gd}t' ]nk aehh{gd}t

kg}kpq zd}ndg }nk qkhd(mbpigkqq el }nk ve|kp}t a{c}{pk? hb}kpdbc hdqkpt bqqeadb}kq zd}n lb}bcdqh bgm cbaiel vkpqvka}d|k lep mbtq }e aehk# lbhdcdkq ceqk }nkdp b`dcd}t }e epjbgdk }nkhqkc|kq .}nkt `kaehk

mdqepjbgdkm$# }nk mkacdgk el ceabc b{}nepd}t l{p}nkp kgae{pbjkq }nk zkbikgdgj el }nk aehh{gd}tq lephbc

aenkqdeg .gkjcka}dgj dglpbq}p{a}{pk# qaneec# }nk kg|dpeghkg}q nkbc}n k}a'$'

\DDD' QANEEC KM[AB]DEG

Qaneec dq bg dhvep}bg} bjkg} el qeadbcdb}deg lep andcmpkg zd}ndg }nk aehh{gd}t# bq d} dq }nk

dgq}d}{}deg zndan apkb}kq }nk aeggka}deg `k}zkkg ndq}ept# dmkg}d}t bgm }nk te{}nq aegqade{qgkqq'

Jkgkpbcct qvkbidgj# eg }nk ck|kc el }nk qaneecq dg }nk }npkk aehh{gkq# }nk evdgdeg el vpelkqqepq

bgm vpdgadvbcq dq }nb} }nkdp qaneecq bpk q{lldadkg}ct kr{dvvkm# ellkpdgj mk}bdcq q{an bq }nk g{h`kp el èeiq

dg }nkdp cd`pbpdkq# }nk q}b}k el }nk dglephb}degbc qtq}kh ep }nkdp mdmba}da hb}kpdbc .lep k~bhvck# dg Qbpdanded

bcegk }nk cd`pbpt ezgq e|kp 22 666 èeiq# aehv{}kpq zndan nb|k dg}kpgk} baakqq# |dmke vpeoka}epq bgm

ab`ck ]'\'# zndck dg O{pdce|ab }nkpk bpk =(; qaneec cbèpb}epdkq b vnegk}daq cb`# bg B'K'C'=0

# b hb}kpgbc

cbgj{bjk cbèpb}ept# bgm cbèpb}epdkq lep `decejt# vntqdaq bgm ankhdq}pt$'

]nk qaneec el Qbpdanded hbgbjkm }e b}}pba} b ce} el K{pevkbg l{gmdgj bgm nbq k|kg vbp}dadvb}km dg

pkjdegbc vpeoka}q bgm a{c}{pbc k~anbgjk vpejpbhq' ]nk Dglephb}daq Akg}kp zbq pkbcdkm }npe{jn b AMD

vpeoka} .Akg}kp lep Mea{hkg}b}deg bgm Dglephb}deg$# dg aeccbèpb}deg zd}n }nk Lpkgan kh`bqqt' Bq b

pkq{c} el b}}pba}dgj l{gmq lpeh }nk P{pbc Qaneec Vpejpbh }nkt nb|k vpdg}km b hbjbdgk dqq{km `t }nk

qaneec hkh`kpq bgm aeepmdgb}km `t d}q vpdgadvbc' Eg }ev el }nb}# }nk qaneec nbq `kkg p{ggdgj b q}kv(`t(

q}kv vpejpbh lep bcheq} 26 tkbpq# bgm }nk vnkgehkgeg el mpevvdgj e{} el qaneec dq vpba}dabcct dgk~dq}kg}#

zd}n }nk lkz abqkq eaa{ppdgj `kab{qk }nk andcmpkg aehk lpeh mdqepjbgdkm ep veep lbhdcdkq' Dg epmkp }e

ikkv }nk aehh{gkq v{vdcq zd}ndg }nk aehh{gd}t bgm hbdg}bdg }nk ceabc pb}k el qaneecdgj# }nk vpdgadvbc

bmhd}q }nb} }nk kg}dpk q}bll el }kbankpq# kg}dpkct r{bcdldkm=1

# dq lepakm }e zepi zd}n g{hkpdabcct cbpjkp

acbqqkq }nbg }nk cbz bccezq' B }{pgdgj vedg} abhk dg }nk kbpct 46q znkg b cbpjk g{h`kp el vpelkqqepq ckl}

}e zepi b`pebm' Pkjbpmdgj qaneecdgj# aehvbpkm }e vbq} tkbpq# }nk mpev dg `dp}n pb}k bgm }nk pdqk dg }nk

vev{cb}degq gb}{pbc he|khkg} nb|k pkq{c}km dg }nk mkapkbqk el }nk g{h`kp el v{vdcq dg }nk dg|kq}djb}km

|dccbjkq==

' Leccezdgj }ndq }pkgm# }nk g{h`kp el vbpbcckc acbqqkq nbq mkapkbqkm# lpeh le{p(ld|k vbpbcckc

acbqqkq }e egct egk# zndan dq zepidgj zd}n hepk v{vdcq }nbg }nk vkmbjejda gephq kq}b`cdqnkm `t }nk

Hdgdq}pt el Km{ab}deg'

Bl}kp b qnep} vkpdem .24;1 24;:$ zndan lkb}{pkm }kbandgj dg P{qqdbg bcegk# }nk Qbpdanded qaneecpk|kp}km# `t pkr{kq} el }nk vbpkg}q# }e }kbandgj vpdhbpdct dg Pehbgdbg' ]nk vbpkg}q ev}deg vkpqdq}km k|kg

bl}kp 2446# znkg }nk P{qqdbg Cdvve|bgq aehh{gd}t zbq jpbg}km `t cbz }nk pdjn} }e pkakd|k km{ab}deg dg

}nkdp hb}kpgbc cbgj{bjk' Bc}ne{jn zk qvkbi bè{} qaneecq }nb} }kban dg Pehbgdbg# }nk v{vdcq nb|k }nk

=0Bm|bgakm kCkbpgdgj# b hemkpg q}{mtdgj vcb}leph zd}n zndan v{vdcq hbt q}{mt lep |bpde{q q{òka}q è}n b } qaneec bgm b} nehk'

=1]nk q}b}khkg}q el egk el }nk dg}kp|dkzkm vpdgadvbcq pklkppkm }e }nk q}pda} p{ckq dg znb} pkjbpmq ndq }kbankpq ck|kc el vpelk qqdegbc }pbdgdgj# }nk egct

.mkacbpkm$ k~akv}deg `kdgj }nk Lpkgan }kbankp# zne dq b q}bgm( dg .]nk hbmbh }kbankq dg }ndq qaneec k|kp qdgak }nk aehh{gdq} pkjdhk bgm nbq }bikg

nkp }kbandgj }kg{pk k~bh egak ep }zdak te{ h{q} bandk|k b : hdgdh{h# qnk lbdckm zd}n ; bgm b lkz vedg}q$' ==

]nk mdllkpkgakq `k}zkkg }nk hbdg ceabcd}dkq bgm }nk pkq} el }nk aehvegkg}q el }nk aehh{gkq q}{mdkm abg `k r{d}k k~vcbgb}ept' Lep bg k~bhvck# dg

\ddgb }nkpk bpk bvvpe~dhb}kct 1; v{vdcq pkjdq}kpkm lep qaneec# zndck dg O{pdce|ab }nkdp g{h`kp q{pvbqqkq 066'


25/33

VBJK 0;



B[J[Q] 0664

veqqd`dcd}t }e ev} lep q}{mtdgj }nkdp hb}kpgbc cbgj{bjk bgm pkcdjdeg m{pdgj ev}degbc acbqqkq .zndan bpk

epjbgdkm dg aeccbèpb}deg zd}n }nk ceabc ecm pd}k an{pan$'

Dg pkjbpm }e }nk Ecthvda q}{mkg}q# }nkpk bpk qdjgq el nevk? a{c}{pbc bgm qvep}q vkplephbgakq bpk

kgae{pbjkm# bgm dg }nk hb}}kp el }nk P{qqdbg cbgj{bjk# }nkpk bpk }ze dg}kpgb}degbc Ecthvda v{vdcq zne

nb|k {gmkpjegk }nkdp q}{mdkq b} }nk qbhk qaneec .Qbpdanded$'

.0$' ]NK CK\KC EL CEABC VPEOKA]DEGQ EG ]NK JKGKPBC

Ceabc vpeoka}degq eg }nk jkgkpbc kgaehvbqq }nk dmkg}d}bpt mdhkgqdeg' D}q aehvegkg}q bpk?

cbgj{bjk# }pbmd}deg# ve|kq}bpd{ bgm pkcdjdeg'

D^'2' ]NK CBGJ[BJK

Cbgj{bjk dq }nk hbdg ikkvkp el }nk heq} pkck|bg} hkbgdgjq# qthècq el dmkg}d}t bgm }nk

vbp}da{cbpd}dkq el b vkevck' D} pkvpkqkg}q egk el }nk heq} dhvep}bg} lba}epq `kab{qk el }nk lba} }nb} d}

mdpka}ct dglc{kgakq è}n }nk aeccka}d|k `knb|depbc vb}}kpg bgm }nk aeccka}d|k hkg}bc hbv'

]nk he}nkp }egj{k qveikg=;

`t }nk Cdvve|bgq dq bg bpanbda |kpqdeg el }nk P{qqdbg cbgj{bjk' ]ndq

dq aegqdmkpkm `t heq} el }nk aehh{gd}tq dg}kccka}{bcq bq }nk hbdg aehvegkg} el }nk Cdvve|bg dmkg}d}t'

Mkqvd}k }ndq# bq b pkq{c} el e{p ldkcm pkqkbpan# zk nb|k e`qkp|km b zkbikgdgj el }nk {gd}t el cbgj{bjk' Bq b

pkq{c} el a{}}dgj ell bcc aeggka}degq }e P{qqdb bgm }nk nkphk}da kqqkgak el }nk aehh{gd}t# }nk k|ec{}deg el

}nk P{qqdbg cbgj{bjk qveikg `t }nk Cdvve|bgq nbq cdhd}km d}qkcl }e èppezdgj zepmq lpeh }nk Pehbgdbg

cbgj{bjk bgm }nk ]{pievnegk vev{cb}degq el }nk bpkb' Dg e}nkp zepmq# Cdvve|bgq nb|k `bqdabcct pkhbdgkm

b} b ck|kc el jpbhhbp# qtg}b~ ep aehvck~d}t el zepmq qdhdcbp }e }nk egk }nkt nb|k nbm qdgak }nk 2>}n

akg}{pt'

Bcegj zd}n }nk aehh{gd}t evkgdgj }ezbpmq }nk Pehbgdbg qeadk}t bgm }nk Zkq}# }nk cbgj{bjk

}nkt }pbmd}degbcct qveik dq `kdgj jpbm{bcct pkvcbakm `t }nk Pehbgdbg cbgj{bjk' ]nk veqd}d|k b}}d}{mk

}ezbpmq }ndqldpq} qveikg cbgj{bjk dq `{dc} dg }dhk=4# }nk Cdvve|bg aehh{gd}t nbq `kkg jpbg}km }nk pdjn} }e q}{mt dg

}nkdp hb}kpgbc cbgj{bjk' Zk }nkpklepk bqakp}bdg }nb} }nkpk dq b mkapkbqdgj dg}kpkq} lep q}{mtdgj }nk

P{qqdbg cbgj{bjk# zndan# eg }ev el }nb}# nbq `kaehk {gb}}pba}d|k bq bg ev}degbc q{òka}' Zk abg e`qkp|k

}nk qbhk }tvk el b}}d}{mk hbgdlkq}dgj dg }nk v{vdcq pkl{qbc }e baakv} qanecbpqndvq ellkpkm `t }nk P{qqdbg

q}b}k dg epmkp }e q}{mt dg }nkdp ndjn qaneecq ep {gd|kpqd}dkq# `kab{qk el }nk qdjgdldabg} cdgj{dq}da bgm a{c}{pbc

mdllkpkgakq k}zkkg }nk }ze a{c}{pkq=:

'

Eg qdjn} zk ae{cm dmkg}dlt b cdgj{dq}da bhbcjbh hbmk {v el }npkk ck|kcq# kban qvkadlda }e b akp}bdg

jkgkpb}deg? bpanbda P{qqdbg# qveikg kqvkadbcct `t }nk |dccbjk kcmkpq }nk qbhk kcmkpq zne kgae{pbjk }nk

=;@{} zk nb|k bczbtq qveikg P{qqdbg# tkq qdp' D}q e{pq lep bjkq' .}nk vpkqdmkg} el }nk P{qqdbg Cdvve|bg aehh{gd}t dg O{pdce|ab $

=$' ]nk vpeakqq el zkbikgdgj }nk cbgj{b jkq {gd}t

dq egk }nb} aeg}dg{kq }e {glecm# bgm }nk p{v}{pk nbq d}q epdjdg qehkznkpk `k}zkkg }nk qkaegm bgm }nk

}ndpm jkgkpb}degq bcd|k'

Mkqvd}k }ndq# }nk vezkp el }nk aehh{gd}t qkkhq }e pkq}epk d}qkcl m{pdgj kgae{g}kpq `pe{jn}

bè{} `t dhvep}bg} hehkg}q dg }nk cdlk el }nk aehh{gd}t .zkmmdgjq# pkcdjde{q akpkhegdkq# anbpd}t k|kg}q

k}a'$ Vkevck pkoedak dg hkk}dgj egk bge}nkp# k|kg }ne{jn aehh{gdab}dgj }bikq vcbak }npe{jn b cdgj{dq}da

bhbcjbh# dgmd|dm{bcq bpk {gq{pk bè{} }nkdp ezg }pbmd}degq;6

# zndan }n{q ceqk kckhkg}q zd}n dhvep}bg}

qdjgdldab}degq'

D^'0' ]PBMD]DEGQ

Bhegjq} }nk ceabc kcd}k# }nk dmkb }nb} Cdvve|bgq bpk }nk }p{k ikkvkpq el }nk P{qqdbg cbgj{bjk bgm

}pbmd}degq dq mkkvct pee}km' Hepke|kp# bhegjq} qehk Cdvve|bg dg}kccka}{bcq qvkkan }nkpk dq }nk

aeg|da}deg }nb} }nk P{qqdbg ad|dcdb}deg abg qb|k d}qkcl egct `t pk}{pgdgj }e }nk }pbmd}degq q}epkm `tbgm

zd}ndg }nk Cdvve|bg aehh{gd}dkq'

Qbmct# b jpkb} vep}deg el }nk }pbmd}degq nb|k ceq} }nkdp hkbgdgj# b vnkgehkgeg zndan abg `k }dkm

}e }nk mkapkbqk dg g{h`kp el }nk vkevck zne igez znb} }nkqk }pbmd}degq ba}{bcct hkbg' ]nk |d}bcd}t el

}nkdp a{q}ehq bgm }pbmd}degq dq b} b apd}dabc vedg}' Zk zkpk b`ck }e ge}dak# nezk|kp# }nb} b lkz a{q}ehq bpk

q}dcc vpkqkp|km# q{an bq }neqk pkcb}km }e }nk lba} }nb} d} dq ge} jeem lep }ze `pdmkq }e jk} hbppdkm b} }nk

qbhk }dhk `kab{qk d} `pdgjq }nkh `bm c{ai# b a{q}eh zndan dq ge cegjkp pkqvka}km `t }nk te{}n zne

pk}{pg lpeh b`pebm;2

' Bge}nkp a{q}eh el pkcdjde{q epdjdg# lep k~bhvck# dq }nk nb`d} }e apeqq egkq qkcl

`klepk kb}dgj ep mpdgidgj bgt}ndgj ep }nk dg}kpmda}deg }e kb} `klepk ep m{pdgj pkcdjde{q hbqq'

Egk el }nk aegq}bg} vedg}q bcegj }nk tkbpq dg }nk Cdvve|bg aehh{gd}t nbq `kkg }nk Q{gmbt lbdp#

gezbmbtq pkm{akm }e b qdhvck kaegehda ba}d|d}t' ]nk Q{gmbt lbdp nbq aegldphkm }nb} bjpda{c}{pk# dg

Qbpdanded lep k~bhvck# nbq ceq} d}q }pbmd}degbc peck? vkbqbg}q q}bgm dg bg dhvpkqqd|k cdgk dg lpeg} el bgbh`{cb}ept `{}ankpt# `{tdgj vepi# andaikg ep |kbc hkb}

;0' @{} k|kg }nk akpkbcq bgm }nk |kjk}b`ckq .b vbp}

el }nkh zkpk `pe{jn} dg lpeh e}nkp |dccbjkq bapeqq }nk ae{g}pt$# }nk ankkqk bgm kjjq abhk lpeh }nk

ad}t# ge} o{q} }nkvpeakqqkmhkb}'

[v }e }ndq mbt Cdvve|bgq nb|k ikv} b pd}{bc pkcb}dgj }e l{gkpbcq? Cdvve|bgq `{pt }nkdp mkbm zd}n

}nkdp lkk} }ezbpmq }nk apeqq;1

' ]n{q# znkg }nk hehkg} }e bpdqk eg O{mjkhkg} mbt aehkq# }nk ldpq} }ndgjq

Y}nk mkakbqkmX qkk dq }nk apeqq `kbpdgj }nkdp gbhk# }e pkhdgm }nkh el zne }nkt bpk bgm znb} }nkdp lbd}n

dq;=

'

=>Egk el }nk lpkr{kg} hehkg}q znkg d} zbq pk|kbckm nez }nk ceabcq pkcb}k }e }nk bmev}km cbgj{bjk zbq znkg b èt# veqqd`ct bg kckhkg}bpt qaneec

v{vdc# zbq vpk}kgmdgj }e `k bg bdpvcbgk bgm zbq p{ggdgj bpe{gm pkvpem{adgj }nk gedqkq bg bdpvcbgk hbikq znkg mpevvdgj }e }nk jpe{gm# bcc }nk zndck

qvkbidgj }e k|kptegk bpe{gm ndh dg Pehbgdbg' Ndq he}nkp qaecmkm ndh dg P{qqhbgdbg }nb} nk qne{cm `knb|k bgm `k r{dk}' Bq b pkvct }e }nk he}nkpq

qaecm# bg kcmkp gkbp`t q}eem e{} lpeh }nk apezm `t q}b}dgj }nb} te{ qne{cm ck} ndh qvkbi Pehbgdbg# d}q `kq} lep ndh }nb} zb t'=4

B }kph zk lepzbpmkm# bg dg}kccdjd`ck bgm l{ga}degbc aeh`dgb}deg `k}zkkg }nk P{qqdbg bgm Peh bgdbg cbgj{bjkq';6

]ndq ckbmq }e }nk dppkae|kpb`ck ceqq el qdjgdldabg} kckhkg}q pkjbpmdgj }nkdp dmkg}d}t# }nkdp k}ngda ep pkcdjde{q mdhkgqdeg' ]ndq vnkgehkgeg nbq `kkg

dmkg}dldkm kd}nkp dg }nk mehdgbg} hemkpg bpand}ka}{pk ep dg }nk cbai el }nkdp leci aeq}{hk# bgm dg znb} pkjbpmq }nkdp `knb|dep m{pdgj pkcdjde{q

akpkhegdkq ep }nkdp cdgj{dq}da bhbcjbh';2

Dglephkp lpeh Qcb|b Akpank';0

]nk mb}b e`}bdgkm lpeh }nk hbtepbc}t nbq bcqe aegldphkm }nb}# dg }nk vbq} lkz tkbpq# }nkpk nbq `kkg b mpbq}da mkapkbqk aceqk }e mpbhb}da el }nk

g{h`kp el bgdhbcq vpkqkg} dg b ne{qknecm vkp egk }ne{qbgm dgnb`d}bg}q';1

Egk el }nk mdllkpkgakq dg }pbmd}degq `k}zkkg }nk gkz pd}k bgm }nk ecm pd}k ep}neme~ `kcdk|kpq dq }nb} }nk cb}}kpq apeqq nbq qd~ kgmq dgq}kbm el le{p';=

Dglephkp lpeh Qbpdanded


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B[J[Q] 0664

]nkdp an{pankq bpk jkgkpbcct cdhk zbqnkm `c{k .bc}kpgb}dgj mbpikp qnbmkq zd}n cdjn}kp egkq$# bgm

}nkdp qbapkm dhbjkq bpk vbdg}km dg |d|dm aecepq# zd}n hbgt zbph kbp}nct n{kq' Egk el }nk heq} q{pvpdqdgj

k~akv}degq# }nb} nbq ge} qvbpikm bgt aeccka}d|k {gpkq} tk}# dq }nk an{pan dg O{pdce|ab# zndan# lep }nk ldpq}

}dhk qdgak d} zbq le{gmkm .dg }nk 24}n

akg}{pt$ nbq {gmkpjegk b anpehb}da anbgjk# pkvcbadgj }nk

}pbmd}degbc `c{k zd}n qnbmkq el `pezg bgm `kdjk'

]nk }pbmd}degbc Cdvve|bg aeq}{hk nbq `kaehk b pbpk qdjn}' D} nbq }{pgkm dg}e b aeq}{hk }e `k

zepg egct m{pdgj lkbq}q]nk aeq}{hk# d} ba}{bcct vkp}bdgq }e }nk pkcdjde{q cdlk# bgm }nk leci aeq}{hk# bq

h{an el d} bq d} nbq q{p|d|km# abg `k qkkg m{pdgj }nk necdmbtq# zepg `t vkevck zne je }e an{pan' ]nkt

zkbp d}' Ba}{bcct# d}q ge} gkakqqbpdct b aeq}{hk }nkpk bpk qehk akp}bdg aeglkqqdegbc p{ckq nez te{ mpkqq

}e an{pan;;

' L{p}nkphepk# lpeh }nk pkba}degq el }nk kcmkpq zne nb|k }bcikm }e {q# zk zkpk b`ck }e ldgm

e{} }nb} zehkg ge cegjkp nb|k vpdmk dg zkbpdgj }nk leci aeq}{hk d}q bq dl }nktpk bqnbhkm }e zkbp }nk

ace}nkq el e{p lepklb}nkpq; 666 pkjdq}kpkm Q}bpe|kp `kcdk|kpq zne bpk epjbgdkm dg 1:

vbpdqnkq bgm ;: an{pankq' ]nk ecm pd}k an{pan nbq ge lephbc }nkecejdabc qaneecdgj qtq}kh# }nk vpeakqq el

vpdkq} qkcka}deg `kdgj abppdkm e{} {qdgj qdhvck apd}kpdb? igezckmjk el Qcb|egda dq pkr{dpkm# b`dcd}t }e

elldadb}k pkcdjde{q qkp|dakq bgm qe eg'

Zd}ndg }nk ecm pd}k pkcdjdeg }nkpk bpk }ze aeglkqqdegbc }pkgmq? zd}n vpdkq} .Veve|$ bgm zd}ne{}

vpdkq} .@kjceveve|;4

$' ]nk bvvkbpbgak el }ndq mdqo{ga}deg dq m{k }e }nk vpe`ckh pkjbpmdgj }nk |bcdmd}t el

`kdgj epmbdgkm dg }nk elldadbc An{pan .\bpegb# 0660# v' 2;1$' ]nk Veve| bpk }neqk Q}bpe|kpq zndan nb|k

baakv}km vpdkq}q zne nbm ckl} }nk }pbmd}degbc Ep}neme~ An{pan# zndck }nk @kveve| bpk }neqk zne

aegqdmkpkm }nb} }nk qbapbhkg}q megk dg }nkqk An{pankq bpk ge} |bcdm bgm }nb} }nkdp vpdkq}q bpk ge} }p{k

vpdkq}q el Anpdq}# bgm lep }ndq pkbqeg }nkt abgge} `k pkakd|km dg }nk Q}bpe|kp an{pan.d`dmkh$' ]nk Veve|

nb|k le{gmkm }nkdp ldpq} pkcdjde{q akg}pk b} Dpjnd# zd}n vkphdqqdeg lpeh ]qbpdgb Kib}kpdgb }nk DDgm

' Eg }nk

==# }nk B{q}pdbg khvkpep Lkpmdgbgm jb|k ndq vkphdqqdeg }e le{gm }nk hk}pevecd}bg

an{pan el Lg}gb Bc` .Gep}nkpg @{ie|dgk$ nkbmkm `t }nk @eqgdbg hk}pevecd}bg el Qbpbok|e# Bh`peqdbq

.Dvb}de|# 0662$' Dg 24=6# }nk pkcdjde{q akg}pk zbq he|km }e @pdcb `kab{qk elPehbgdbq }kppd}epdbc ceqqkq#

bgm d}q elldadbc pkaejgd}deg abhk dg 24=n}}v?%%zzz'a{c}k'pe%Mea{hkg}kN}hc'bqv~5dm82:1:

;4Tkq# zk meg} nb|k b vpdkq} /) Zk @kveve|" Zk nb|k an{pan# zk je }nkpk bgm zk vpbt bcegk }e Jem' .Bgm Andvpdbg bhvct apeqqkm ndhqkcl# lpeh

}nk }dv el ndq nkbm mezg bgm }nkg cdl}km ndq zb}kpt ktkq }e }nk qbapkm dhbjkq$ Zk me ge} gkkm b vpdkq}" Zk nb|k }nk ecm c bz' E{p cd}{pjt# bq d} zbq

egak elldadb}km# dg }nk ecm hegbq}kpdkq' E{pq cdik }nk ecm# }p{k Anpdq}dbgq' E{p cbz# }bikg bl}kp }nk `eeiq zpd}}kg b} }nk mbzg el }dhk" ]nkg# znkg

nk k~}kgmkm ndq nbgm }e mpdgi ndq zdgk# nk vb{qkm# bgm zd}n mkkv vdk}t# peqk }e ndq lkk} bgm apeqqkm ndhqkcl# `kgmdgj lpeh }nk zbdq} mezg bgm

mpevvdgj egk nbgm }e }e{an }nk jpe{gm# `klepk }nk qbapkm dhbjkq .Qbme|kbg{# 242=# vv' 12(1>$'


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B[J[Q] 0664

vedq


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VBJK 16



B[J[Q] 0664

]nk b`qkgak el pkcdjde{q q}{mdkq


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VBJK 12



B[J[Q] 0664

^' BGGK^ 2


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VBJK 10



B[J[Q] 0664

^D' @D@CDEJPBVNT ^D'2' @EEIQ

Bgmpdkkqa{# Deg' .240>$' Bpnkecejdb d dq}epdb |kank b Me`pejkd? aeglkpdg dg{} q{` b{qvdaddck

[gd|kpqd}dd Cd`kpk cb 2> lk|p{bpdk 240>' @{a{pk}d? Abp}kb Pehgkbqa'

@bda{# Mbg' .244$' Me`pejkb? adgadkad mk bgd mk |db pehgkbqa' @{a{pk}d? A{c}{pb

Gbdegbc'

Adeped{# Aegq}bg}dg d Heabg{ B{pkc' .24:>$' Abp}kb pehgkbqa g Me`pejkb gbdg}k mk 2>::' Aegq}bgb?

@d`cde}kab O{mkkbg Aegq}bgb'

Acdgkqa{# Aegq}bgb k}' bc' .066=$' Mdadegbp mk vkpqegbcd}d me`pejkgk' Aegq}bgb? K~ Veg}e'

Aegq}bg}dgkqa{(Dbd# Vk}pk' .24;2$' Dglc{kgk bck bpnd}ka}{pdd |kand p{qk}d bq{vpb |kandd bpnd}ka}{pdpehgk}d' @{a{pk}d? /q'g')'

A{ckb# M' Bveq}ec' .240>$' A} }pk`{dk q }dk epdadgk mkqvpk Me`pejkb? }pka{}{c vpkkg}{c |dd}ep{c'

@{a{pk}d? Kmd}{pb Abqkd aebckcep'

Mk}kckb# Ck| d Zecljbgj# Hbtkp Igdj' .244:25$' Cdve|kgdqh{c{ bmda qandqhb}dadd .pbqaecgdadd$ d kpk}dadd p{qkad'

Yq'c'X' Yq'g'X'

Lkgejnkg# Qk|bq}dbg' .244>$' Qbpdanded' Vbjdgd mk dq}epdk' @{a{pk}d? Kmd}{pb Ipd}kpdeg'

Lkgejnkg# Qk|bq}dbg d Lkgejnkg# Bck~bgmpb' .066=$' Qbpdanded# e kgdjh b qkaec{c{d bc ^D^(ckb' @{a{pk}d?

Aeh{gd}b}kb P{dcep Cdve|kgd mdg Pehgdb'

Jkb|{(M{gpk# Q' .240>$' @d`cdejpbldb Me`pejkd? =0; b' Np' 240> m' Np' @{a{pk}d? A{c}{pb Gbdegbc'

Depjb# Gdaecbk' .2426$' Ak pkvpkqdg}h g Me`pejkb? dmkd mdg Aeglkpdgb dg{} g d{b mk 22 Dbg{bp 2426 '

\ckgdd(mk(H{g}k? ]dvejpbldb Gkbh{c{d Pehgkqa'

Depjb' Gdaecbk' .242:4(2464? mpkv}{pd vecd}dak lp cd`kp}d' @{a{pk}d? Qeaka'

Cbqa{# Q}edab d \d}bgeq# Aegq}bg}dg .aeepm'$' .2441$' Aeckjd{c vkmbjejda Aegq}bg}dg @p}kqa{? |bcepd bck

ad|dcdbdkd pehgk}d g Me`pejkb? |ec{h mkmdab} Akg}kgbp{c{d aecdd Gephbck Aegq}bg}dg @p}kqa{ mdg

Aegq}bgb d bgd|kpqpdd b 22; bgd mk cb pkdg}kjpbpkb Me`pejkd cb Q}b}{c Pehg ' Aegq}bgb? Vecdjpbl'


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B[J[Q] 0664

Hep{d# A' M{hd}p{' .2464'

]nk Cdve|bg P{qqdbgq el Pehbgdb g Vc{pbc# gp' 2%0661=# khdq cb Qdcdq}pb

Ldphbg mb}b} g o{p{c bgdcep 2>;;:
http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/pages/anuarstatistic2007.ro.do

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