THE NECESSARY VOCABULARY & OTHER FACTS. GREGOR MENDEL – THE FATHER OF GENETICS AUSTRIAN MONK ...
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Transcript of THE NECESSARY VOCABULARY & OTHER FACTS. GREGOR MENDEL – THE FATHER OF GENETICS AUSTRIAN MONK ...
MENDELIAN GENETICS
THE NECESSARY VOCABULARY & OTHER FACTS
GREGOR MENDEL – THE FATHER OF GENETICS
AUSTRIAN MONK RESEARCHED HOW TRAITS ARE PASSED
FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION BY CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS WITH PEA PLANTS
MENDEL
THE STUDY OF HEREDITY
GENETICS
Seed Shape
Flower Position
Seed CoatColor
Seed Color
Pod Color
Plant Height
PodShape
Round
Wrinkled
Round
Yellow
Green
Gray
White
Smooth
Constricted
Green
Yellow
Axial
Terminal
Tall
Short
Yellow Gray Smooth Green Axial Tall
Section 11-1
Figure 11-3 Mendel’s Seven F1 Crosses on Pea Plants
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PLANTS, THAT IF ALLOWED TO SELF-POLLINATE, WILL PRODUCE OFFSPRING IDENTICAL TO THEMSELVES.
THE BASIS OF MENDELIAN GENETICS WERE THE TRUE-BREEDING PLANTS
TRUE-BREEDING
A SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE:
◦ SEED COLOR◦ PLANT HEIGHT
TRAIT
THE ORIGINAL PAIR OF ORGANISMS CROSSED;
PARENT GENERATION (P GENERATION)
(FIRST FILIAL) THE FIRST GENERATION THAT IS PRODUCED BY THE PARENT GENERATION
F 1 GENERATION
THE SECOND GENERATION PRODUCED BY CROSSES BETWEEN THE F 1
GENERATION
F 2 GENERATION
P Generation F1 Generation F2 Generation
Tall Short Tall TallTall Tall Tall Short
Section 11-1
Principles of Dominance
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THE CHEMICAL FACTORS THAT DETERMINE TRAITS
A REGION OF DNA THAT CONTROLS A HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTIC.
A GENE CARRIES BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN A FORM THAT MUST BE COPIED AND TRANSMITTED FROM EACH CELL TO ALL OF THE NEW DAUGHTER CELLS.
(MENDEL DID NOT KNOW WHAT GENES WERE – HE REFERRED TO THEM AS FACTORS)
GENES
THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF A GENE
EXAMPLE: THE GENE FOR HEIGHT HAS TWO ALLELES◦TALL ALLELE◦SHORT ALLELE
ALLELES
AN ORGANISM WITH A RECESSIVE ALLELE FOR A PARTICULAR FORM OF A TRAIT WILL HAVE THAT FORM ONLY WHEN THE DOMINANT ALLELE FOR THE TRAIT IS NOT PRESENT.
REPRESENTED BY LOWER-CASE LETTERS
EX. tt = short
RECESSIVE TRAIT
AN ORGANISM WITH A DOMINANT ALLELE FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT WILL ALWAYS EXPRESS THAT TRAIT.
ALWAYS REPRESENTED BY CAPITAL LETTERS
EX. TT = TALL
DOMINANT TRAIT
SOME ALLELES ARE DOMINANT AND SOME ALLELES ARE RECESSIVE
PRINCIPLE OF DOMINANCE
FOR ANY PARTICULAR TRAIT, THE PAIR OF ALLELES OF EACH PARENT SEPARATE AND ONLY ONE ALLELE PASSES FROM EACH PARENT ON TO AN OFFSPRING
SEGREGATION
A DIAGRAM THAT DETERMINES THE GENE COMBINATIONS THAT CAN RESULT FROM A GENETIC CROSS.
PUNNETT SQUARES
Section 11-2
Tt X Tt Cross
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ORGANISMS THAT HAVE TWO IDENTICAL ALLELES FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT.
HOMOZOYGOUS ORGANISMS ARE TRUE-BREEDING FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT.
EX. TT OR tt
HOMOZYGOUS
ORGANISMS THAT HAVE TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT
HETEROZYGOUS ORGANISMS ARE HYBRID FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT.
EX. Tt
HETEROZYGOUS
THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORGANISM THAT ARE EXPRESSED.
EXAMPLE:◦HEIGHT◦HAIR COLOR◦EYE COLOR◦SEED SHAPE◦SEED COLOR
PHENOTYPE
THE RATIO OF THE POSSIBLE PHENOTYPES PRODUCED FROM A CROSS;
EX: TWO TALL : TWO SHORT
PHENOTYPIC RATIO
THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF AN ORGANISM
ALL OF THE GENES THAT ARE PRESENT IN AN ORGANISM
EXAMPLE:◦TT; Tt; Rryy; RRYy;
GENOTYPE
THE RATIO OF THE POSSIBLE GENOTYPES FROM EACH CROSS;
EX: 2 TT: 1Tt: 1tt
GENOTYPIC RATIO
THE LIKELIHOOD THAT A PARTICULAR EVENT WILL OCCUR
PROBABILITIES PREDICT THE AVERAGE OUTCOME OF A LARGE NUMBER OF EVENTS.
PROBABILITY CANNOT PREDICT THE PRECISE OUTCOME OF AN INDIVIDUAL EVENT.
THE PRINCIPLE OF PROBABILITY CAN BE USED TO PREDICT THE POSSIBLE OUTCOME OF GENETIC CROSSES.
PROBABILITY
EACH TRAIT HAS ONE PAIR OF TWO CONTRASTING CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLE:◦ TALL AND SHORT (Tt)◦ GREEN AND YELLOW (Yy)◦ Tt x tt
MONOHYBRID CROSSES
TWO-FACTOR CROSS EACH TRAIT HAS TWO PAIR OF TWO
CONTRASTING TRAITS EXAMPLE:
◦ ROUND YELLOW PEAS (RRYY)◦ WRINKLED GREEN PEAS (rryy)◦ RRYY x rryy
DIHYBRID CROSSES
Section 11-3
Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas
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EACH PAIR OF ALLELES SEGREGATES INTO GAMETES INDEPENDENTLY OF THE PAIR OF ALLELES FOR ANY OTHER GENE
THE PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
States that diploid organisms inherit two genes per trait, and each gene segregates from the other during meiosis such that each gamete will receive only one gene per trait.
MENDELIAN THEORY OF SEGREGATION
1subscribe
concluded that
which is called the
which is called the
GregorMendel
Law ofDominance
Law ofSegregation
Peaplants
“Factors”determinetraits
Some alleles are dominant, and some alleles are recessive
Alleles are separated during gamete formation
Section 11-3
Concept Map
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experimented with