The Nature of Science
Transcript of The Nature of Science
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the study of the living world
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Bios — life
-logia —
study of
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From the Greek
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Studying biology reveals His power and majesty because we see the Creator in His creations.
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What are these unifying themes for our study of biology?
All biological sciences are tied together by
“unifying themes” that overlap and interlock with
one another.
1. The Cell theory and the organization of living systems.
2. The molecular basis of inheritance3. The relationship between structure and function.4. Matter and Energy flow in living systems.5. Diversity through Natural Selection and Evolution
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◦ The Cell Theory and organization
“How does the Cell Theory help us understand growth and reproduction of all living organisms?”
All organisms are composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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◦ The Molecular basis of Inheritance
“What are the mechanisms of genetic inheritance and the environmental and genetic causes of gene mutations and expression?”
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◦ The molecular basis of Inheritance
“What is the role of DNA in the unity of life on Earth and how does that explain the importance of variation within populations for the survival of species?”
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◦ Structure and Function
“How do the structures of organisms enable life’s functions?”
leaf stomata/gas exchange
skeleton/upright body position
Dolphin melon/echolocation
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◦ Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems
“How do organisms obtain and use energy they need to live and grow?”
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“How do organisms interact with the living and non-living environment to obtain matter and energy?”
◦ Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems
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◦ Diversity through Natural Selection and Evolution
”How can there be so many similarities among organisms yet so many different plants, animals, and microorganisms? What factors cause the process of evolution of species over time?”
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While there are millions of different species on the earth with very different adaptations – they all share
one thing in common – they all are ALIVE
But what makes something alive ?
Are there common attributes that all livingthings share?
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WHAT ARE THEY?
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Cells, all organisms consist of one or more cells
Complex and highly ordered;
H maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis),
Respond to stimuli
Evolve adaptations to their environments for survival.
Grow, develop and reproduce,
E obtain and use energy (metabolism)
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❖Composed of one or more cells (basic unit of life)
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Cells made of cells
unicellular
multicellular
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❖Despite their small size cells are highly complex and organized!
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Complex and highly organized
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Living things adjust to their surroundings
They maintain a relatively stable internal environment, even when external conditions change dramatically.
examples:◦ Body temperature◦ Water balance
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Homeostasis(staying the same)
Amoeba sisters
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◦ All living organisms expend energy to keep conditions
inside their cells within certain limits. This process is
called homeostasis.
◦ For example, specialized cells help leaves regulate
gases/water that enter and leave the plant.
stomata
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Living things respond to stimuli in their environment
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Respond to stimuli
⚫ Examples:
⚫ migration
⚫ phototropism
⚫ sneeze
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A stimulus is a signal to which an organism
responds.
Example: migration
Example: chemical protection
25 weirdest animal defensesDolphins and whales
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Beak shape for food source Fur color to evade predators
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Living things grow and change over their lives:
• Reproduce cells for repair or increase in size.
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6 wks29-32 wks16 wks (4 mo)
1 wk
develop
• All or part of an organism can change form during its life time.
For example:
◦ During development, a single fertilized egg divides again and
again.
◦ As these cells divide, they differentiate, which means they
begin to look different from one another and to perform different
functions.
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Create new individuals◦ Asexually
◦ Sexually
Reproduce
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Organisms transform energy
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The combination of chemical reactions through
which an organism builds up or breaks down
materials for energy is called
metabolism.
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Cells, all organisms consist of one or more cells
Complex and highly ordered;
H maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis),
Respond to stimuli
Evolve adaptations to their environments for survival.
Grow, develop and reproduce,
E obtain and use energy (metabolism)
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What Is Science?
How do we study Biology?
Characteristics of Life
Read & Study Ch. 1
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What’s the evidence for knowing?
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Applying the Scientific Method
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Science is a detailed process of observation,
trial and error, experimentation, interpretation,
review, and yes even a little bit of luck and
chance.
And unlike a linear
list of instructions,
it is an ongoing,
iterative process.
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How do we go about “studying” science- and therefore, Biology?
We need an organized way to generate reliable data, then relate the data concepts, relationships, etc. to support a claim.
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Science can only deal with things that can be OBSERVED.
Good Science = Good Observations
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY
Selective Attention
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNSgmm9FX2s
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◼ Use one or more of the 5
senses to gather information
◼ Note and record … actual qualitative and quantitative data/information
◼ In science, observations should never be emotional! (it’s not about how you feel)
◼ Observations can then be used as the basis of a claim (hypothesis).
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Which sense provides the fastest reaction time?
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Observations
vs Inferences
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examples from this room?
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◼ Logical interpretation based upon prior knowledge and experience
◼ Based upon observations
Use your observations to make a prediction or explanation
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1. There is a representation of a face on one side of the coin.
2. The Latin word "Dei" means "God."
3. The coin was made by deeply religious people.
4. The date 1722 is printed on one side of the coin.
5. The coin was made in 1722.
Inference orObservation?
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• Scientists use both observations and inferences when proposing hypotheses
• In laboratory exercises, record observations NOT inferences
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An Exercise in Observations
Objectives: 1. Use a model to explain
indirect observations. 2. Develop and test hypotheses. 3. Observe and record
observations. 4. Compare direct and indirect
observations.
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Observations lead to questions…
When we ask questions…
We begin the process of Science
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The most reliable means to ensure that experiments produce reliable information in response to a specific question.
The steps taken to answer a specific question.
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The scientific method involves recognizing the existence of a problem, MAKING A CLAIM about the problem or suggesting a solution.
Then, accumulating data through experimentation that can be used as EVIDENCE.
Finally validating the claim by providing REASONINGthat shows how the evidence supports the claim.
Results and conclusions should be consistent and verifiable by other scientists and investigators.
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A general pathway
• Observe world (collect observations/facts)
• Ask “why/how” questions.
• Make explanatory hypothesis (predictions)
• Test these by experiment or further observation
• analyze results.
• draw conclusions –which may require a new hypothesis.
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•Writing a hypothesis
•Identifying controlled & manipulated variables
•Representing and interpreting data
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a tentative explanation or prediction for an observation or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.
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Write the hypothesis so that it is testable:
Question: Does spending more time on Homework increase your chances of getting an ‘A’ in Biology?
If I spend 1 hour each night doing homework then I will get an “A” in biology, because studying each day instead of cramming the night before lets the information stay in long term memory.
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The “if…then…because” format for a hypothesis allows you to clearly define the independent and dependent variables that you are designing into the experiment.
Independent Variable (IV)
The independent variable is what is manipulated (selected and/or changed) by the experimenter.
It is selected to see how it affects the outcome of the experiment.
Dependent Variable (DV)
The dependent variable is the response to event being studied and expected to change. It is the response that is measured.
The dependent variable, is most often the data that is collected because it is in response to what was manipulated.
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Have you controlled for as many variables as possible and set up a control group?
Have you repeated the experiment at least three times with the same results?
Have others been able to repeat the experiment with similar results?
Does your experimental design keep as many things as possible constant with only one (the independent variable) change so you can be confident the results are due to that change?
Do you have a control group? A group that has nothing done to it so you can compare to the experimental group.
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A scientist wants to find out if caffeine intake influences recall of a word list.
Write a testable hypothesis
Independent (manipulated) variable
Dependent (responding) variable
If the subject takes in 100 mg of caffeine, then they will recall more words from a words list because caffeine stimulates the brain to increase short term memory.
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A scientist wants to find out which freezes faster cold or hot water?
Try another
Independent (manipulated) variable
Dependent (responding) variable
If cold water is placed in a freezer, then it will freeze faster than the same amount of hot water because the molecules in cold water are already slower so it will take less energy to phase change to solid from liquid..
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In summary:
♦ Independent (manipulated) variable (I vary) answer the question "What do I change?“
♦ Dependent (responding) variable answers the question "What am I going to observe or measure?”
♦ Controlled variables answer the question"What do I keep the same?”
♦ The Experimental Control answersthe question “How do my results compare?”
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Experimental Question:“Is there a specific factor that determines who wins a thumb war?”
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Homework:
Read and Sign Lab Safety contract
Read and Study Ch. 1
Complete: The Martian and the Car handout
Review the power point notes (go to the website) http://mrswhittsweb.pbworks.com