The Nature of Science -...

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Glencoe Science

Chapter Resources

The Nature of Science

Includes:

Reproducible Student Pages

ASSESSMENT

✔ Chapter Tests

✔ Chapter Review

HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES

✔ Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity

✔ Laboratory Activities

✔ Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet

MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS

✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery

✔ Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish

✔ Reinforcement

✔ Enrichment

✔ Note-taking Worksheets

TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES

✔ Section Focus Transparency Activities

✔ Teaching Transparency Activity

✔ Assessment Transparency Activity

Teacher Support and Planning

✔ Content Outline for Teaching

✔ Spanish Resources

✔ Teacher Guide and Answers

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The Nature of Science 3

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Designing an Experiment

Analysis1. List the equipment you would need to do your experiment.

2. Explain why you should repeat the experiment.

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Procedure1. Design an experiment to test the question: Which flashlight battery lasts the

longest?

2. In your design, be sure to include detailed steps of your experiment.

3. Identify the independent variable, constants, dependent variable, and control.

Independent Variable Constants Dependent Variable Control

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Directions: Complete the concept map by using the words below.

scientific theories constants technology hypothesis

dependent variables experiments independent variables

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Directed Reading for

Content Mastery

OverviewThe Nature of Science

Directions: Circle the terms in parentheses that best complete the sentence.

8. Problems that deal with ethics (can, cannot) be solved using scientific methods.

9. Ethics deals with (moral values, scientific facts).

10. There (are, are no) limits to what science can explain.

involves developing a

1.

One scientific methodfor problem-solving

which can be thebasis of a new

that can be testedby designing

which canlead to

or the use of sciencefor practical purposes composed of

variables such as

or scientificexplanations

2. 3. 4.

that change that do not change that are measured

5. 6. 7.

Name Date Class

18 The Nature of Science

Section 1 ■ Science All Around

Directions: Study the drawing, then circle the words below the drawing that describe topics studied by Earthscience.

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Content Mastery

Meeting Individual Needs

��QQ��Q�

Earth science topicsagriculture islands navigation fish

precipitation the Sun birds people

trees rivers oceans boats

rocks bridges wind roads

hills clouds maps weather

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Directions: Write the correct name of each weather instrument below to match the illustration.

hygrometer barometer anemometer thermometer

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Content Mastery

Section 2 ■ Scientific Enterprise

1. The ____________________ measures temperature.

100102

104

96

94106

98

108

Change

FairRain

Stormy Very

dry

2. The ____________________ measures atmospheric pressure.

%

Directions: In the spaces provided, write Yes in front of each question that science can answer and No in frontof those that science cannot answer.

5. Is it ethical to use animals in medical experiments?

6. Do humans have more value on Earth than other life forms?

7. What is the distance to the nearest star?

8. Should humans try to colonize other planets?

9. How can more rice be grown on an acre of land?

10. How do trees benefit humans?

3. The ____________________ measures wind speed.

4. The ____________________ measures the percentageof water vapor in the air.

Name Date Class


Key TermsThe Nature of Science

Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.

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Content Mastery


1

3

5

9

7 8

4

6

2

10

12

11

13

Across2. The standard to which an experi-

ment’s results can be compared4. The variable you want to test:

______ variable6. Problem solving procedures

10. Variable that does not change in anexperiment

11. Explanation backed by resultsobtained from repeated tests orexperiments: scientific ______

12. Factors that can change in an experiment

13. Deals with moral values about whatis good or bad

Down1. The process of observing and study-

ing things in your world3. Use of scientific discoveries for

practical purposes5. A personal opinion7. Type of science that studies Earth

and space8. An educated guess9. Rule that describes the behavior of

something in nature: scientific ______

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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What is science?

2. Define the word hypothesis. Give an example of a possible hypothesis.

3. List the steps of the scientific method.

4. What are the constants in an experiment?

5. Compare dependent variable and independent variable.

6. Define control.

7. Define technology. Give an example of a technological advancement that you use daily.

Science All Around

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Reinforcement11


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Scientific Enterprise

Directions: Complete the paragraphs by writing the correct terms in the spaces.

Early people observed their surroundings and relied on 1. ______________________________

to explain storms, volcanoes, and seasons. When people observed seasonal phenomena, they

developed a 2. ______________________________ of about 365 days. Knowledge collected over

time about weather evolved into the science of 3. ______________________________. Instruments

were developed to measure weather phenomena. The 4. ______________________________ gauge

was probably the first weather instrument. In the 1600s in Italy other instruments were developed to

set up weather stations. The 5. ______________________________ measures air pressure. The

6. ______________________________ measures temperature. Water vapor in the air is measured

by a 7. ______________________________. Wind speed is measured by an

8. ______________________________. The first American to suggest weather could be predicted

was 9. ______________________________. The Weather Bureau of the late 1800s became the

10. ______________________________.

Scientists form and test 11. ______________________________.

New 12. ______________________________ is gathered over long periods of time. When tests

are repeated, an explanation and hypothesis becomes a 13. ____________________. When a rule

is proposed to describe the behavior of something in nature, it is called a

14. ____________________. Usually laws describe what will happen but don’t give an

15. ____________________.

Reinforcement22


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Saving the Ozone Layer

1. Why didn’t scientists know before the 1880s the role that ozone plays in the atmosphere?

2. What is it in CFCs that destroys ozone?

3. Why were nearly 1 billion kilograms of dangerous CFCs being manufactured in 1970?

There is no doubt that chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) in the atmosphere are contributing tothe depletion of Earth’s ozone layer. Why doesthis matter? Atmospheric ozone, most ofwhich is concentrated in the stratosphereabout 15–30 kilometers above Earth’s surface,absorbs the most dangerous ultraviolet light(UV-B) from the Sun. UV-B is known to causeskin cancer and to damage eyes. It also harmsvarious crops and forms of marine life.

The CFCs, which were manufactured for useas refrigerants and other applications, caneventually be carried by winds high into thestratosphere. Normally they are very stable, butin the stratosphere they break down andrelease atomic chlorine. The chlorine atomsthen react with ozone molecules. It is estimatedthat it takes only one chlorine atom to destroy100,000 ozone molecules.

Early ExperimentsThis knowledge came about because of

experiments begun in the 1880s when scientistsbegan to find ways of detecting and measuringthe various gases present in the atmosphere.One experiment lead to another as newhypotheses were tested and either discarded orproven true. It was at this time that ozone wasshown to be the substance protecting Earthfrom UV-B radiation.

In 1970, a British scientist was able to detectCFCs carried by winds to many parts of theglobe. This is not surprising; at that timenearly 1 billion kilograms of CFCs were beingmanufactured yearly. No one yet knew thedanger they posed.

Rowland-Molina HypothesisTwo scientists, Sherwood Rowland and

Mario Molina, decided to find out what happened to all the CFCs. Basing their studieson work previously done by many other scientists, they asserted that CFC chlorineatoms were combining with and destroyingozone molecules in the stratosphere. Not all scientists agreed. Some advanced the hypothesis that chlorine from volcanic eruptions and other natural sources accountedfor ozone depletion. Two years later the Rowland-Molina hypothesis was confirmed by the National Academy of Sciences.

Hole Over AntarcticaIn 1984, a hole in the ozone layer was

discovered over Antarctica. This was verifiedthe following year by a NASA satellite. Thedanger was now real. More than 160 countriesagreed to reduce the amount of CFCs releasedinto the atmosphere. Deadlines have been setfor their complete elimination. In the meantime, there has been a new hypothesisregarding the effect of global warming onozone depletion, and new experiments willhave to be conducted.

It will be many years before the ozone layeronce again fully protects Earth from UV-Bradiation. Had it not been for the curiosity ofscientists like Rowland and Molina and theirpainstaking approach to the scientific testing,it might not have been discovered until it wastoo late.

Enrichment11

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Section 1 Science All Around

A. Scientists are like ____________________ trying to solve mysteries.

1. Scientists gather information and __________________ in their search for answers to

questions.

2. A ____________________ is an educated guess about a possible solution to a mystery.

B. Scientists use a problem-solving procedure called the ___________________________; it

includes identifying a problem, gathering information, making hypotheses, testing the

hypotheses, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions.

C. _________________ is a process of observing, studying, and thinking about things to gain

knowledge to better understand the world.

1. Any attempt to find out _____________ and _____________ things look and behave the

way they do is a performance of science.

2. _____________ is the study of Earth and space.

D. Testing, or _______________________, is an important part of science.

1. ___________________ are the different factors that can change in an experiment.

a. An experiment should be designed so that only ___ variable at a time is tested.

b. The variable that changes, the one being tested in an experiment, is the

______________________________.

c. Constants are variables that _________________ change.

d. A ____________________________ is the variable being measured.

2. A _________________ is a standard to which results can be compared; the same experiment

done with the same variables, except it omits the ____________________ variable.

3. For results to be valid or reliable, tests should be repeated _________________ times.

4. ___________________ and recording data and discoveries are important parts of an

experiment.

a. Data and observations must be analyzed to draw _____________________.

b. Unexpected _________________ may be important and should be recorded, as well.

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Note-takingWorksheet



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E. ____________________—use of scientific discoveries for practical purposes such as making

pottery or extracting metals from rocks

1. Technology is ______________________, meaning it can be applied to new situations.

2. Earth scientists and biologists use information from ____________________ to gather

weather data and track animals.

Section 2 Scientific Enterprise

A. Early people believed mythological ______________ were responsible for natural phenomena

such as weather or seasons.

1. Early civilizations used observations of recurring natural events like floods and the

appearance of stars to create ___________________.

2. Civilizations advanced to the use of _____________________ to measure things observed

and developed a scientific approach for testing inferences, or conclusions.

B. _____________________, the study of weather, is a science developed over time.

1. A ____________________, used as early as 321 B.C., was probably the first weather

instrument; in the late 1600s, Italian scientists developed the barometer, thermometer,

hygrometer, and anemometer.

2. Benjamin Franklin was the first American to suggest that weather could

be ___________________.

a. By 1849, volunteer weather observers were telegraphing information to the

_____________________ _____________________.

b. In 1850, the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution began drawing

weather ______________.

3. The U.S. Weather Bureau was formed and functioning by the late 1800s and was renamed

the __________________________________ in 1970 when it became part of the National

_________________ and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA).


Note-taking Worksheet (continued)

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C. Scientific knowledge _________________ as testing procedures and instruments improve.

1. An explanation or model backed by results obtained from many tests or experiments is called

a ___________________________.

2. A ________________________ is a rule that describes the behavior of something in

nature, usually without explaining why the behavior occurs.

D. Science cannot answer all questions.

1. ________________ deals with moral values about what is good or bad.

2. ________________________ systems deal with religious questions that science cannot

answer, such as: Do humans have more value than other life forms?

E. It is important to prevent ______________, or personal opinion, from influencing scientific

observations.

1. Ethical and unbiased scientists keep detailed notes and allow other scientists to

__________________ their work.

2. Scientific _______________ includes making up data, changing experiment results, or

taking credit for another’s work.

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Note-taking Worksheet (continued)

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Chapter Review


Part A. Vocabulary ReviewDirections: Write the correct term in the spaces beside each definition.

1. a prediction or statement that can be tested ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

2. use of knowledge to make products or tools ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

3. a factor in an experiment that can change ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4. a standard to which experimental ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___results can be compared

5. variable being measured ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

6. variable that changes ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

7. problem-solving by following steps to ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

draw a conclusion ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

8. a process of observing, studying, and ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ thinking about things to gain knowledge

9. personal opinion that may affect ___ ___ ___ ___.experiments

Part B. Concept ReviewDirections: Number these steps for doing an experiment in the correct order in the blanks provided.

1. Draw conclusions.

2. Form a hypothesis.

3. Gather information (research).

4. Test your hypothesis.

5. Recognize the problem.

6. Analyze your data.

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Chapter Review (continued)


Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.

7. Scientists use (observations, experiments, observations and experiments) to find answers toproblems.

8. The variables that do not change in an experiment are called (dependent, independent,

constants).

9. An instrument used to measure air pressure is a (thermometer, barometer, hygrometer).

10. Scientific (theories, hypotheses, laws) describe what will happen, but do not explain why.

11. (Ethics, Science, Mathematics) deals with moral values about what is good or bad.

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.12. How do scientists deal with ethics in their jobs?

13. What does the term “transferable technology” mean? Give an example.

14. Explain the difference between scientific theories and scientific laws.

Assessment

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Chapter Test


I. Testing ConceptsDirections: Match the description in the first column with the item in the second by writing the correct letter inthe space provided. Some items in the second column may not be used.

1. variables that do not change in an experiment

2. an educated guess that can be tested

3. standard to which experimental results are compared

4. rule that describes behavior of nature

5. deals with morals and values

6. the use of scientific discoveries to make products or tools

7. a personal opinion

8. an explanation backed by results from repeated testing

9. a variable that can change in an experiment

10. study of Earth and space

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a. hypothesis

b. Earth science

c. variable

d. constant

e. control

f. technology

g. scientific theory

h. scientific law

i. independent

j. ethics

k. dependent

l. bias

Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. Rewrite false statements to make them correct.

11. Ethics deals with morals and values and can be measured and tested using the scientific method.

12. Until proven incorrect, there are no “wrong” hypotheses.

13. The more variables you can test in an experiment, the better the results.

14. Earth science is the study of rocks and trees only.

15. Bias, or personal opinions, never influence scientific results.

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Chapter Test (continued)


Assessment

Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following statements with the correct terms.

16. In 1970, in the United States, the Weather Bureau was renamed the ____________________.

17. In 1850, Joseph Henry, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, started

drawing ____________________.

18. Although many advances in meteorology were made in the United States in the 1800’s,weather instruments such as the thermometer and the anemometer were invented in

the ____________________ in Italy.

19. Newton’s observations about motion are examples of scientific ____________________.

20. Gathering information and testing hypotheses are examples of problem-solving procedures

called ____________________.

21. The opposite of ethical behavior in science is ____________________, which could includesuch things as making up data, changing results, or taking credit for the work of others.

22. The process of observing, studying, and thinking about things to gain knowledge is

called ____________________.

II. Understanding Concepts

Skill: Designing an Experiment1. How could you use two beakers, distilled water, two hot plates, two thermometers, and salt to

test if adding salt affects the boiling point of water?

2. Compare and contrast scientific methods with ethics and belief systems.

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Skill: Concept Mapping

Directions: Complete the following events chain for doing an experiment.

3. Identify a ____________

4. develop a ____________

5. ____________ the hypothesis

make observations

6. ____________ the results

7. draw____________

III. Applying ConceptsDirections: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What method did Benjamin Franklin use to draw conclusions about weather predictions and

what were those conclusions?

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Assessment

2. How did the invention of the telegraph in 1837 affect the science of meteorology?

3. The first known instrument used to gather scientific data about weather appears in historyaround 300 B.C. What was it and where was it used?

4. According to Newton’s third law of motion, for every action, there is and equal and oppositereaction. Explain how this relates to the launching of rockets.

5. After eating at a restaurant, you become ill. Is that enough scientific data to conclude that thefood from the restaurant made you sick? Why, or why not? If not, what sort of data would youneed to draw a reliable conclusion?

IV. Writing SkillsDirections: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.1. Give some reasons that would cause scientists to change a theory they have believed in for a

long time.

2. If an experiment tested two variables at the same time, would the findings of the experiment beaccurate? Why or why not?

3. When testing new medicines on humans, some of the test subjects are given placebos, or “fake”pills, that look like the real drug, but actually contain some harmless substance that has nomedical effect. What purpose do you think this might serve in the experiment? Explain.

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