The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology =...
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Transcript of The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology =...
![Page 1: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Nature of Disease
![Page 2: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definitions
• Physiology• Function of the Body in the healthy state
• Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease
• Deals with the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease
• Pathophysiology• Focuses on the mechanisms of the underlying disease
and provides the background for preventive as well as therapeutic health care measures and practices
![Page 3: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Nature of Disease
• Disease = an unhealthy state caused by the effect of injury
• Acute Disease = arises rapidly, lasts a short time
• Chronic Disease = usually begins slowly• Has signs and symptoms• Persists for a long time• Can’t be cured by medication
![Page 4: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sign versus Symptom
• Symptom• A subjective complaint that is noted by
the person with a disorder
• Sign• A manifestation that is noted by an
observer
• Syndrome• A collection of clinical signs, symptoms and
data
![Page 5: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Etiology
• The cause or set of causes of a disease or condition.
![Page 6: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Etiologic Factors • Biological Agents
• Bacteria, viruses
• Physical Forces• Trauma, burns, radiation
• Chemical Agents• Poisons, alcohol
• Nutritional Excesses of Deficits
• Most diseases are multi-factorial in origins• Risk Factors
• For example, heart disease or cancer
![Page 7: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Idiopathic versus Iatrogenic
• Idiopathic• If etiology is unknown the disease is
said to be idiopathic
• Iatrogenic• If the disease is a byproduct of medical
diagnosis or treatment• iatros = for physician
![Page 8: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Diagnosis versus Differential
• Diagnosis• The designation as the the nature or cause
of a health problem• Requires history and physical examination
• Differential Diagnosis• A systematic method used to identify
unknowns. This method is essentially a process of elimination
![Page 9: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diagnosis
• Normality• An important factor when interpreting diagnostic
test results is the determination of whether they are normal or abnormal
• Within normal Range• Not always accurate or appropriate
• Reliability• The extent to which an observation is repeatable
• Validity• The extent to which a measurement tool
measures what is intended to measure
![Page 10: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
DiagnosisSensitivity
The proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation (e.g., Patient is 99% positive for the disease)
SpecificityThe proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation
95% accurate v. 100%
![Page 11: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Prevalence on Tests
• Prevalence• The number of persons who have the
disease at any given time
• Incidence• The number of new cases per year
![Page 12: The Nature of Disease. Definitions Physiology Function of the Body in the healthy state Pathology = From the Greek for Pathos meaning Disease Deals with.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e115503460f94afd08b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mortality versus Morbidity
• Mortality• Death statistics
• Morbidity• The effects of an illness has on a person’s life
• Concerned not only with the occurrence and incidence of the diseases but also the long-term impact of the disease
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Prognosis• Prognosis is the probable outcome
and prospect of recovery from a disease
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Levels of Prevention
• Primary• Keeping disease from occurring by removing risk
factors
• Secondary• Detect disease early when it is still asymptomatic
• Pap smears
• Tertiary• Clinical interventions that prevent further
deterioration or reduces the complication of a disease once it is diagnosed