THE NATURAL SETTING AND IT’S PEOPLE

Report in History and Geography: Part 2

By Markhill Veran Tiosan

BEEd – I

Ms. Deovelyn Amato Bejo

Professor:

CONTENTS1. The beginning of Earth

2. Geological Foundation

3. The Archipelago`s name

4. Geography and Resources

5. Country`s Climate

6. The Filipino People

7. Theories on the Origin of the Filipinos

HOW THE EARTH WAS IN THE BEGINNING?

THE BEGINNING OF EARTH

In the beginning, God created heaven and the earth (Genesis 1:1). God created the man in his own image, male and female: Adam and Eve, the first man and woman that became the progenitors of mankind.

In Filipino mythology, creation stories were popularized by various tribal groups of the islands. Bathala(god of the sky); Aman Sinaya(goddess of the sea); and Amihan(northeast wind) were the only beings that existed.

The story of ‘’Malakas and Maganda’’.

Based on Visayan legend, there was a

mythical bird named Manaul searching for a

place to rest but cannot to find one.

Then he pleaded the God of the sea might in

Kaptan and the God of the air Magauayan to

help him.

The Gods, asserting their might in answering

the birds request, showed their strength. The

God of the sea created tidal waves to bit the

sky.

Legend and Myths at times provide a financial counter part to actual explanations of things and events. The legend of Bernardo Carpio, called Hari ng mga tagalog(King of all tagalog) prevents an imaginative explanation of how the country was shaken by earthquakes . The analytical study of geology commenced with the publication of James Hutton

James Hutton - The analytical study of geology commenced with the publication of James Hutton’s Theory of the Earth in 1795.

1726-1797 he is a British geologist formulated the remained constant. Taking the hydrologic cycle for instance, condensation always precede precipitation.

Process such as volcanism and erosion that have caused changes the earth’s surface have been operating in the same manner over a very long period of time.

He rejected the theory of Contastrophism which was prevailing belief during his time.

Alfred Wagener – (1880-1930)

German meteorologist, also noted his inquiry regarding the three continents which Ortelius had noticed 300 years ago.

He postulated that these continents had simply drifted apart over million of years.

‘’The origin of the continents and Ocean’’ , Published in 1915, he named the supercontinent Pangea, a Greek word meaning all land.

Pangea begun breaking up approximately 200 or 250 million years ago, earlier into a northern portion which named laurasia and a southern portion, termed Gondwanaland by the Austria geologist Eduard Suess.

Arthur Holmes – (1890-1965)

A British geologist advocated support for Wagener’s Theory in 1928.

He proposed that the convection currents within the earth’s mantle driven by radioactive heat might have caused the mechanism for continental drift.

In the 1950’s, scientist began oceanographic research which revealed the phenomenon known as seafloor spreading. In the 1960’s, the theory of plate tectonic was established.

THE GEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

GEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION The planet earth is between 4.6 and 4.8 billion

years BP. The first Dinosaurs were believed to have appeared around 225 million years ago.

The Philippine soil is composed of numerous rocks which came from regions far from the archipelago’s present location. It was during the tertiary period (54 million years BP) of the Cenozoic era that the land structure of the Philippines was defined as looking like a nymph lying across the ocean.

In the northern part, the Phil. Archipelago was believed to adjoined to Formosa(now Taiwan) during the Eocene(53—54 million yrs BP) And Oligocene Epoch(37-38 million years BP).

However , the Formosan connection was severed during the Miocene Epoch(26 million years BP).

As a connection with other areas changed, the internal structure of the archipelago also underwent changes with the flattening of the crustal surface of the higher grounds during the Pliocene Epoch(7-13 million years BP).

Pleistocene Epoch(1.6 million-10,000 years BP), the first division of the quaternary period, is the epoike the prior to the Holocene Epoch(10,000 years BP to the present).

Some historians claim that the Philippines is a remnant of a lost continent in the pacific called Mu or Lemuria, the other remnants are Marianas and other mid-pacific islands.

The adherents of the PACIFIC or MAGNETIC THEORY say that the Philippines came into existence after the eruptions of volcanoes beneath the pacific ocean the pacific ocean

Sheets melted, causing the sea level to rise and submerge the land bridges that had connected the Philippines and the Asian mainland

During the glacial periods, ocean levels were much lower, thereupon, exposing the Sunda Shelf and the Sahul Shelf. These are extensions of continents otherwise known as continental shelves.

THE ARCHIPELAGO'S NAME…

THE ARCHIPELAGO’S NAME During the Sung Dynasty with Chau Jukua, a

Chinese trade traditional official in 982 A.D. the Philippines was referred as Ma-Yi. Chau Jukua gave a detailed account of his travel to various part of the islands in 1225.

In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan named the islands as ISLAS DE SAN LAZARO (Archipelagos of st. Lazaros).

The name Philippines came from the word FILIPINAS given by the Spanish navigator Lopez Ruy De Villalobos in 1543 in honor of Prince Philip of Asturias, who became King Philip II, successor to king Charles.

King Philip II

The word Filipinas was at first given by Villalobos’s men to refer to Leyte and Samar. Later it was given to the whole archipelago.

In 1752, Fr. Juan J. Delgado, a Jesuit historian called, Pearl of the Orient it became a rich outlet of Asia.

Dr. Jose P. Rizal, the country’s foremost her, gave the name Pearl of the Orient Seas to his native land on the eve of his execution in 1896.

The name FILIPINAS first appeared in a rare map published in Venice in 1554 by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, an Italian geographer.

Artemio Ricarte, a katipunan general, wanted to be called the islands as Rizaline Republic, after Jose Rizal.

Former President Ferdinand Marcos proposed the name Maharlika (also name of his guerilla group in world war II) after his dream of making this nation great again.

GEOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES

GEOGRAPHY The Philippines, found in the western pacific ocean,

has an astronomical is location of 4°23`-21°25`N Latitude and 116°-127°E Longitude. It is situated in the southern portion of Asia. Because of it’s central location far East, The Philippines has been dubbed as the ‘’Crossroad of the Pacific’’.

The country is consist of 7,107 islands and islets with the total land area of 300,000 square kilometers

Manila is the CapitaLand largest city of the country. In 1948, Quezon City was declared as the capital of the Phil. but on may 29, 1976, President Ferdinand Marcos’ Decree No. 940 returned the national capital to manila (a nation capital since 1595).

Luzon, the biggest of the three major geographical groups, has an area of 142,395 square kilometers.

Visayas has an area of 56,606 square kilometers.

Mindanao has an area of 101,999 square kilometers.

The northern most point of the country is Y’Ami Isle, which is 78 miles from Taiwan. The Southern most point is Salaug Isle, only 34 miles East of Borneo.

The Country has 17 Regions which include the Ilocos Region, Cagayan Region, Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, (CALABARZON and MIMAROPA).

PHILIPPINE

RESOURCES Tamaraw or Bubalus

Mindorensis – Which looks like a dwarf Carabao found in Mindoro.

Tarsier – The smallest monkey in the world found in Bohol.

Calamian Deer or Cervus Calamianensis – (Pilandok) found in Palawan, the world’s smallest deer also called a mouse deer.

There are about 25,000 species of insects in the islands, the largest insect in the country is the Giant Moth (Attacus Atlas), with a wingspan of Philippines one foot.

Other interesting birds in the Philippines is Philippine Falconet, only six and a half centimeters long, may fairly common on Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro and Visayas.

There are 2,140 species of Philippine fishes, among the commercially known fish found in numerous fishing grounds are the following:

Bangus (Milkfish)

Dalag (Mudfish)

Dilis (Anchovy)

Lapu-lapu (Sea brass)

Galunggung (roung scad)

Tanguingi (Mackerel)

Tamban (Indian Sardines)

Bariles (Tuna)

Tawilis (Harenguela Tawilis) – Found in Lake taal, Batangas.

Sinarapan (Mestichthys Luzonensis) – Found in lake buhi and lake bato, Camarines Sur 1-1.4 centimeter

Pygmy Goby (Pandaka Pygmea) – Also known as Tabios and the world’s seas smallest vertibrate which ranges from 7.5-11 millileters, found in Navotas and Malabon rivers.

Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus)– found in nearby seas of the Donsol and south-eastern part of Luzon. The largest confirmed individual had a length of 12.65 m (41.50 ft) and a weight of more than 21.5 metric tons (47,000 lb)

Pandaka Pygmea Bangus

BarilesDalag

Galunggung

Tamban

BEAUTIFUL LANDMARKS

The Banaue Rice Terraces (Filipino: Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe) are 2,000-year-old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in thePhilippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to by Filipinos as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". 

It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 metres (5000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe.

The Chocolate Hills is a geological formation in Bohol Province, Philippines.

There are at least 1,260 hills but there may be as many as 1,776 hills spread over an area of more than 50 square kilometres (20 sq mi). They are covered in green grass that turns brown (like chocolate) during the dry season, hence the name.The Chocolate Hills is a famous tourist attraction of Bohol. They are featured in theprovincial flag and seal to symbolize the abundance of natural attractions in the province.They are in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist destinations in the Philippines;  they have been declared the country's third National Geological Monument and proposed for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active volcano in theprovince of Albay, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Renowned as the "perfect cone" because of its almost symmetric conical shape, the mountain was declared a national park and a protected landscape on July 20, 1938, the first in the country. It was reclassified a Natural Park and renamed Mayon Volcano Natural Park in the year 2000.

Local Philippine folklore refers to the volcano as Bulkang Mayon (Bikol: "Mayon volcano"), after the legendary heroine Daragang Magayon (Bikol: "Beautiful Lady")

OTHER RESOURCES The Malampaya Deepwater

Gas-to-Power project is the first undertaking of its kind in the Philippines employing state-of-the-art deepwater technology to draw natural gas from deep beneath Philippine waters. The indigenous gas fuels three natural gas-fired power stations with a total generating capacity of 2,700 megawatts to provide 40-45% of Luzon's power generation requirements.

Since October 2001, the Philippines has been importing less fuel for power generation, providing the country foreign-exchange savings and energy security from this clean fuel.

Natural gas has the least CO2 among fossil fuels and is more efficient than other sources of power like coal and crude oil.

Pterocarpus indicus (Amboine, Pashu Padauk, Malay Paduak, New Guinea Rosewood, or, ambiguously, "Narra" which can refer to several Pterocarpus species) is a species of Pterocarpus native to southeastern Asia, northern Australasia, and the western Pacific Oceanislands, in Cambodia, southernmost China, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, the Solomon Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. Other names include Narra (Philippines), Sonokembang (Indonesia), Angsana or Sena(Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore), Tnug (Cambodia).

Pterocarpus indicus was one of the two species (the other being Eysenhardtia polystacha) used as a source for the 16th to 18th-century traditional diuretic known as lignum nephriticum.

Many populations of Pterocarpus indicus are seriously threatened. It is extinct in Vietnam and possibly in Sri Lanka and the Peninsular Malaysia.

It is the national tree of the Philippines.

Malungay or Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. English common names include: moringa,  drumstick tree (from the appearance of the long, slender, triangular seed-pods), horseradish tree from the taste of the roots, which resembles horseradish), ben oil tree or benzoil tree from the oil which is derived from the seeds). It is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree, native to the southern foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India, and widely cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical areas where its young seed pods and leaves are used as a vegetable.

Malungay or Moringa Oleifera

COUNTRY’S CLIMATE

COUNTRY’S CLIMATE The Philippine is situated at the torrid zone,

has a tropical climate with a mean annual temperature of about 27°C (about 80°F).

Mountain slopes and peaks found in in lake buhi and lake bato are cooler.

The country has two seasons the dry and wet, In most of the islands, rainy occurs from May to November. During this period, the wind blows from southwest. Often, the country experiences typhoons from the months of June to October.

The Dry season occurs from December to April, when the wind blows from the northwest.

When typhoon signal no. 2 is hoisted, classes at the

pre-school, elementary and secondary levels in all

public and private schools are automatically

suspended.

In 2007, the National Disaster Coordinating Council

(NDCC) issued a memorandum starting the

information from the Philippine Atmospheric

Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAG-ASA) could be use as basis to recommended

decisions to the Department of Education (DepEd) and

Commission on Higher Education(CHED) concerning

suspension of classes

THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

THE FILIPINO PEOPLE In 2002, Philippine population is estimated at

78 million. The Filipino people is a harmonious mixture

of diversity and homogeneity. Filipinos are blends of their forefathers from

Malay, Chinese, Negrito, Indian, European and American lineage.

The Intermarriage of a Filipino and Foreigner did happen, owing to the strategic location of the country to southeast Asian neighbors and the colonial rule of Spain and American.

The intermingling of people resulting to adaption of different cultures made the country a melting pot of people and culture.

Since the 19th century, Filipinos have been referred to as the Christianized Malays who constitute the bulk of the population.

The Cebuanos, Ilonggos, and Waray-waray comprise a big number among the Visayans.

The Ilocanos are considered the 3rd biggest group, they live particularly in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and La Union but many have migrated locally and abroad.

The Kalingas tattoo their bodies as a sign of bravery. For them prestige can achieved through oratorical ability.

The Isnegs, like the Kalingas tattoo their bodies as

a status symbol, The earliest residents of Apayao

Province (Cordillera Administrative Region) and

one of the remaining tribes in Luzon, the Isneg are

a small ethnoliguistic group inhabiting the wide

mountains of the area.

The Igorots live on root crops grown in their yard

and on wild pigs, deer and the tribesman.

The Aetas have already established their intimate

relationship with the woodlands as forest foragers

and hunters.

Filipino (Formerly spelled Pilipino) is the

national language of the people although a

good number of them are conversant in

English. The English language is commonly

used for government, commercial and

instructional purpose.

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF FILIPINOS

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF FILIPINOS The Migration

Theory of Henry Otley Beyer, regarding the peopling of archipelago became the most widely known version in Philippine prehistoric,.. According to him, The ancestors of Filipinos came in wave of migration.

First to reach the Archipelagos was the caveman ‘’Dawn Man’’ for he emerge on the islands at the dawn of time.

Beyer’s Migration Theory became popular and unquestioned for quite a number of years. Presently, the so-called Wave Of Migration is now being dismissed.

Southeast Asia people shared many customs and traditions with out any ethnic group the Asian in habitants anti ethnic groups. In place of migration theory, modern scholars suggest the so-called CORE POPULATION THEORY. According to this theory, the habitants of the Philippines consist of a core population to w/c came accretions of people who moved in from the region.

The movements of people who moved in from

the region. The movements of people were

erratic rather than in sequential waves.

They used similarity fashioned tools, pottery and

ornaments; and upheld common beliefs and

rituals.

If there were some differences, these may be due

to some factors like adaption to the environment.

Furthermore, the immigrants did not come into

the archipelago in a fixed period of time nor with

a definite destination.

THANK YOU!!!