The Napoleonic EraThe Napoleonic Era1799-18151799-1815

Napoleon Bonaparte

Attended military school at the age of nine, joined the French military at sixteen

Supported the Revolution

Served in several places during the early part of the revolutionary wars

Became famous after protecting the National Convention in 1795

Led successful campaigns against Austria, Sardinia, Italy

Became known as “the general”

Mother - Letizia Father - Carlos

SiblingsJoseph

Lucien LouisElise

Pauline Caroline Jerome

Napoleon’s Rise to PowerNapoleon’s Rise to PowerEarlier military career the Italian Campaigns:– 1796-1797 he conquered most of northern

Italy for France, and had developed a taste for governing.

– In northern Italy, he moved to suppress religious orders, end serfdom, and limit age-old noble privilege.

Earlier military career the Egyptian Campaign:– 1798 he was defeated by a British navy

under Admiral Horatio Nelson, who destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.

– Abandoning his troops in Egypt, Napoleon returned to France and received a hero’s welcome!

Josephine marries Napoleon in 1796

Coup d’Etat, “Blow of state”

By 1799 the corruption of the Directory along with the failing war effort against the Second Coalition left the government vulnerable

Napoleon was put in charge of the military on November 9, 1799

The next day, he and his army seized power by overtaking the legislature, which then voted to end the Directory. The Directory was replaced with three consuls, and Napoleon was made First Consul

18 Brumaire 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799)(Nov. 9, 1799)

Coup d’Coup d’éétattat by by Napoleon.Napoleon.

Approved by a Approved by a plebiscite in plebiscite in December.December.

Abbe Sieyès: Abbe Sieyès: Confidence from Confidence from below; authority below; authority from above.from above.

Europe in 1800Europe in 1800

First Consul Of France

Napoleon as First ConsulNapoleon as First ConsulWith the government in disarray, Napoleon launched a successful coup d’ etat on November 9, 1799.

He proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar’s title] and did away with the elected Assembly [appointing a Senate instead].– In 1802, he made himself

sole “Consul for Life.”– Two years later he

proclaimed himself “Emperor.”

The Government of the ConsulateThe Government of the ConsulateCouncil of State– Proposed the laws.– Served as a Cabinet & the

highest court.

Tribunate– Debated laws, but did not

vote on them.

Legislature– Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them.

Senate– Had the right to review and veto legislation.

Napoleon's rule of France Napoleon's rule of France

Napoleon appealed to many, like Abbé Napoleon appealed to many, like Abbé Sieyès, who looked for a strong military Sieyès, who looked for a strong military leader to end the country's upheaval.leader to end the country's upheaval.

He maintained order and worked out He maintained order and worked out important compromises. important compromises.

Conquerors: Napoleon

Napoleon’s AchievementsNapoleon’s Achievements

His His Civil CodeCivil Code of 1804 granted the of 1804 granted the middle class equality under the law and middle class equality under the law and safeguarded their right to own property.safeguarded their right to own property.

He confirmed the gains of the peasants. He confirmed the gains of the peasants.

He He centralizedcentralized the government, the government, strengthened the bureaucracy, and strengthened the bureaucracy, and granted amnesty to nobles. granted amnesty to nobles.

He signed the Concordat of 1801, which He signed the Concordat of 1801, which guaranteed guaranteed freedom of worshipfreedom of worship for for Catholics.Catholics.

Concordat of 1801Concordat of 1801

Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

But, Napoleon’s clear intent

was to use the clergy to prop

up his regime.

Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen.

Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution.

Bishops subservient to the regime.

Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

Lycee System of EducationLycee System of Education

Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform.Lycées initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer student].Lycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.

Napoleonic Code 1804Napoleonic Code 1804

It divides civil law into:– Personal status.– Property.– The acquisition of property. Its purpose was to reform

the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution.Create one law code for France.

Napoleon and his CodeNapoleon and his Code

“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David

Coronation December 2, 1804

Empress Josephine

Josephine’s Bedroom

Napoleon’s Bedchamber

Napoleon’s Throne

The Imperial ImageThe Imperial Image

The “Empire” StyleThe “Empire” Style

Madame Recamier by David, 1808Madame Recamier by David, 1808

Napoleon brought order and stability to Napoleon brought order and stability to France but betrayed the ideals of the France but betrayed the ideals of the Revolution by Revolution by violating the rights of free violating the rights of free speech and press and free electionsspeech and press and free elections. .

– 1. Women had 1. Women had no political rightsno political rights; they lost ; they lost many gains they had made, and the many gains they had made, and the Napoleonic Code reestablished the Napoleonic Code reestablished the power of power of the male in the familythe male in the family. .

– 2. There were harsh penalties for political 2. There were harsh penalties for political offenses.offenses.

Napoleon's wars and foreign policy Napoleon's wars and foreign policy

He defeated Austria (1801) and made peace He defeated Austria (1801) and made peace with Britain (1802), the two remaining members with Britain (1802), the two remaining members of the of the Second CoalitionSecond Coalition. .

Another war (against the Another war (against the Third Coalition-Third Coalition---Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Britain) resulted in Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Britain) resulted in British naval dominance at the Battle of Trafalgar British naval dominance at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805). (1805).

The Third Coalition collapsed at The Third Coalition collapsed at AusterlitzAusterlitz (1805), and Napoleon reorganized the (1805), and Napoleon reorganized the German states into the German states into the Confederation of Confederation of the Rhinethe Rhine. .

In 1806, Napoleon defeated the Prussians In 1806, Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Jena and Auerstädt. at Jena and Auerstädt.

– 1. In the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), Prussia lost 1. In the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), Prussia lost half its population, while Russia accepted half its population, while Russia accepted Napoleon's reorganization of western and Napoleon's reorganization of western and central Europe. central Europe.

– 2. Russia also joined with France in a 2. Russia also joined with France in a blockade against British goods. (blockade against British goods. (Continental Continental System)System)

Map

Napoleon divorces Josephine and marries Marie-Louise de Hapsburg

Josephine dies in 1814

Napoleon's Grand Empire in Europe Napoleon's Grand Empire in Europe meant French control of continental meant French control of continental Europe. Europe. – 1. Napoleon introduced many French laws, 1. Napoleon introduced many French laws,

abolishing feudal dues and serfdom in the abolishing feudal dues and serfdom in the process. process.

– 2. However, he also levied heavy taxes. 2. However, he also levied heavy taxes.

– 3. French rule sparked patriotic upheavals 3. French rule sparked patriotic upheavals and and nationalismnationalism in other countries. in other countries.

The beginning of the end for Napoleon came with The beginning of the end for Napoleon came with the the Spanish revoltSpanish revolt (1808) and the (1808) and the British blockadeBritish blockade..

The French The French invasion of Russiainvasion of Russia in 1812 was a in 1812 was a disaster for Napoleon--over 500,000 died or were disaster for Napoleon--over 500,000 died or were taken prisoner. taken prisoner.

Napoleon was defeated by the Napoleon was defeated by the Fourth CoalitionFourth Coalition (Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain) and (Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain) and abdicated his throne in 1814, only to be defeated abdicated his throne in 1814, only to be defeated again at again at WaterlooWaterloo in 1815. in 1815.

The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France under The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France under Louis XVIII. Louis XVIII.

3 Big Mistakes3 Big Mistakes

Peninsular War with SpainPeninsular War with Spain

Continental SystemContinental System

Invasion of RussiaInvasion of Russia

Napoleon and the French Army

French Governments of the RevolutionFrench Governments of the Revolution

Absolute Monarchy = Louis XVIAbsolute Monarchy = Louis XVI

National Assembly 1789-1791National Assembly 1789-1791

Legislative Assembly 1791-1792Legislative Assembly 1791-1792

National Convention 1792-1795National Convention 1792-1795

Directory = Council of Elders 1795-1799Directory = Council of Elders 1795-1799

= Council of 500= Council of 500

Consulate = 3 leaders 1799-1804Consulate = 3 leaders 1799-1804

Empire = Napoleon 1804-1814Empire = Napoleon 1804-1814

Hundred Days = Napoleon’s comeback 1815Hundred Days = Napoleon’s comeback 1815

The Congress of Vienna

The LeadersThe Leaders

Metternich (Aus.) Alexander ICastlereah (Br.)

Francis II (Aus.) Frederick William III (Prus.) Talleyrand (Fr.)

King Louis XVIII

By 1814, the conservative monarchs had By 1814, the conservative monarchs had defeated French armies and checked the defeated French armies and checked the spread of the French Revolution--but spread of the French Revolution--but many questions remained unanswered.. many questions remained unanswered..

After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna try to restore order and reestablish peace.

Key Principles Established at Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

The European balance of powerThe European balance of power The victors (mainly the alliance of Russia, Austria, The victors (mainly the alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain) Prussia, and Great Britain) restoredrestored the French the French boundaries of 1792 and the Bourbon dynasty. boundaries of 1792 and the Bourbon dynasty.

They made other changes in the boundaries of They made other changes in the boundaries of Europe, establishing Prussia as a "sentinel" Europe, establishing Prussia as a "sentinel" against France, and created a new kingdom out of against France, and created a new kingdom out of Belgium and Holland. Belgium and Holland.

It was believed that the concept of the It was believed that the concept of the balance of balance of power-power--an international equilibrium of political and -an international equilibrium of political and military forces--would preserve peace in Europe. military forces--would preserve peace in Europe.

But the demands of the victors, especially But the demands of the victors, especially the Prussians and the Russians, for the Prussians and the Russians, for compensation threatened the balance.compensation threatened the balance.

– 1. The Russian demands for Poland and the 1. The Russian demands for Poland and the

Prussian wish for Saxony led to conflict Prussian wish for Saxony led to conflict among the powers. among the powers.

– 2. Castlereagh, Metternich, and Talleyrand 2. Castlereagh, Metternich, and Talleyrand forced Russia and Prussia into a compromise forced Russia and Prussia into a compromise whereby Russia got part of Poland and whereby Russia got part of Poland and Prussia received two-fifths of Saxony.Prussia received two-fifths of Saxony.

Napoleon dies on St. Helena in 1821

Napoleon’s Tomb