The Muslim World Expands Chapter 2 In Book – Ch. 2 pages 70-87.
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Transcript of The Muslim World Expands Chapter 2 In Book – Ch. 2 pages 70-87.
![Page 1: The Muslim World Expands Chapter 2 In Book – Ch. 2 pages 70-87.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081809/5697bf861a28abf838c881fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Muslim World Expands
Chapter 2
In Book – Ch. 2 pages 70-87
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The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Osman – the most successful ghazis (1300-1326)
◦AKA – Othman◦Followers – Ottomans
Ghazis – warrior for Islam, military society, strict Islamic code, raided territories belonging to “infidels”
Built small Muslim state in Anatolia & his successors expanded through military action
Orkhan I – Osman’s son & 2nd ruler (1361)
◦Declared himself “sultan” ◦Muslims required to serve in Turkish army – no tax◦Non-Muslims no military, but had to pay the tax
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Timur the Lame ◦Named for permanent injury to his leg◦Burned down Baghdad to the ground◦Crushed the Ottoman army & halted the
Empire’s expansion in 1402 ◦Went after China & war began between the
4 sons of Ottoman’s Sultan
Mehmed II ~ AKA Mehmed the Conqueror◦Constantinople controlled Bosporus Strait ◦Attacked Constantinople to gain control◦Won territory & opened area to all religions
Now called Istanbul
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Suleyman the Lawgiver
Selim’s sonConquered Belgrade, Island of
Rhodes, & dominated the entire eastern Mediterranean
Moved onto Northern Africa with Tripoli & controlled trade routes throughout Africa
Also moved into Hungary & the outskirts of Vienna, Austria
Became the most powerful monarch on Earth by 1526
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Created law code to handle criminal & civil actions
Simplified taxation & reduced gov’t bureaucracy
Devshirme System…◦Drafted boys from conquered Christian
territories◦Educated them & converted them to
Islam◦Trained them as soldiers
Janissaries◦30,000 strong◦Loyal only to the sultan
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He followed Islamic Law…◦Granted freedom of worship to other
communities (millets) under his control ◦Follow own religious law & practices ◦Head of millets reported to the sultan
Architecture, art, literature, etc. flourished during his rule
Similar to the European Renaissance
◦He killed his most able sons & his 3rd son inherited the throne
◦Became customary for the new sultan to kill his brothers, keep sons prisoners away from the outside world – result: weak sultans who ruined the empire
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Cultural Blending
Cultures interacting with each otherMixing of different cultures
Safavid Empire – Muslim dynasty ruled in Persia between 16th – 18th centuries◦Persians◦Ottomans◦Arabs
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Reasons for Cultural Change…◦Migration
◦Pursuit of religious freedom or conversion
◦Trade
◦Conquest Lead to changes in…
Language Religion Government Technology Military Tactics Art & Architecture Ethnic Blending
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Safavids Build an Empire
Built a very powerful army
Isma’il – at 12 years old, took 2 years to conquered present day Iran◦Took the ancient Persian title of Shah
(king)◦Became religious tyrant
◦His son Tahmasp expanded empire to the Caucasus Mountains, northeast of Turkey
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Shah Abbas
AKA ~ Abbas the GreatCreated the Golden Age of the EmpireLimited military power & created 2
new armiesBuilt new capital at Esfahan,
considered to be the most beautiful city in the world
Brought in Chinese artisans to decorate the mosques, palaces, etc.
Demand for Persian carpets rose & he sent artist to Italy to study under Renaissance artist
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Dynasty Ends
Shah Abbas killed &/or blinded his ablest sons, incompetent grandson (Safi) succeeded him
Empire quickly declined & with the death of Shah Nadir in 1747 the Empire fell apart
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Mughal Empire, IndiaMughals…
◦Descendants of Timur the Lame & Genghis Khan
◦Term means “Mongols”◦Delhi was capital
Babur …◦Inherited kingdom at 11 years old◦In today’s Uzbekistan & Tajikistand◦Brilliant general ◦His son, Humayun, took over & lost almost
all land◦Grandson then took over at age 13, Akbar
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Akbar “Greatest One”
Had great military & political wisdomWas able to unify at least 100 million
peopleMuslim, but defended religious
freedomAbolished taxes on non-MuslimsPut in place a graduated income tax
based upon a % the crop’s valueWelcomed influences from many
culturesHis son Jahangir was his successor
◦“Grasper of the World”
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Shah Jahan
Jahangir’s son & successorPassion for 2 things…
◦Beautiful buildings◦His third wife Mumtaz Mahal
Mumtaz Mahal died at the age of 39 while giving birth to their 14th child
He then built a tomb/memorial for her out of white marble & jewels – Taj Mahal
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The Taj Mahal located in Agra, India name Taj Mahal means “crown of palaces”Construction took 22 years, 1631 to 1653
◦20,000 workers◦more than 1,000 elephants ◦many as 28 different varieties of semi-precious
and precious stones were used stones were ripped off from its walls by the British
during the Indian rebellion of 1857
◦made of white marbledome that is often called an ‘onion dome’
due to its shapecomplex includes a large garden, a reflecting
pool, a mosque and other mausoleums
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Inside the Taj MahalMuslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration
of gravesBoth bodies were put in a relatively plain
crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right and towards Mecca
Mumtaz Mahal's cenotaph is placed at the precise center of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base
Shah Jahan's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz's to the western side, and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex. ◦His cenotaph is bigger than his wife's, but reflects
the same elements: a larger casket on a slightly taller base
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Empire’s DecayEmpire had drained all resources by
the end of Aurangzeb’s rule (Shah Jahan’s 3rd son)◦Famine◦War◦No loyalty to him & his sons fought wars
of succession after his death
Western traders started to move into the Mughal Empire & started taking over