The Muslim EmpiresThe Muslim Empires

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

Ottomans: BeginningOttomans: Beginning

started on Anatolian started on Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey.Peninsula in Turkey.

land granted them by land granted them by the Seljuk Turks.the Seljuk Turks.

pastoral and peaceful pastoral and peaceful people at the startpeople at the start

As the Seljuk Turks As the Seljuk Turks began to decline, the began to decline, the Osman began to Osman began to expand. expand.

Ottoman: Military PowerOttoman: Military Power

In the 14In the 14thth century, century, Ottomans moved into the Ottomans moved into the Balkans. Balkans.

took the title of sultan and took the title of sultan and began to build a strong began to build a strong military military

Developed the janissaries: Developed the janissaries: an elite military guard an elite military guard recruited from Christians, recruited from Christians, converted to Islam, and converted to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers or trained as foot soldiers or administrators to the administrators to the sultan.sultan.

Ottoman: ExpansionOttoman: Expansion

April 6, 1253, laid April 6, 1253, laid siege to the city of siege to the city of Constantinople.Constantinople.

May 29, 1253, May 29, 1253, Constantinople falls Constantinople falls led by Mehmet II (the led by Mehmet II (the conquerer.conquerer.

The city was later The city was later renamed Istanbul.renamed Istanbul.

Hagia Sophia

Ottoman: Selim I Ottoman: Selim I (ruled 1512-1520)(ruled 1512-1520)

took control of took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia – included and Arabia – included Jerusalem, Mecca, and Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah.Madinah.

took the title of caliphtook the title of caliph Extended empire from Extended empire from

Black Sea to Red Sea to Black Sea to Red Sea to Strait of Gibraltar.Strait of Gibraltar.

little impact on North little impact on North Africa.Africa.

Appointed PashasAppointed Pashas

Ottoman: Ottoman: Suleiman I (the Suleiman I (the

magnificent magnificent (ruled 1520-1566)(ruled 1520-1566)

expanded into Europe and the western expanded into Europe and the western Med. Sea.Med. Sea.

He was a great military commander, He was a great military commander, but he known for his legislation as well.but he known for his legislation as well.

He codified Ottoman law keeping He codified Ottoman law keeping Islamic faith, took into account Christian Islamic faith, took into account Christian inhabitants of the Empire, addressed inhabitants of the Empire, addressed taxes, and built more schools.taxes, and built more schools.

married a harem girl from Poland, married a harem girl from Poland, Roxelana, and had 5 children with her.Roxelana, and had 5 children with her.

executed his eldest son Mustafaexecuted his eldest son Mustafa Roxelana’s son Selim took power when Roxelana’s son Selim took power when

Suleiman died in 1566.Suleiman died in 1566.

Suleiman’s Signature

Battle of Lepanto (1571)Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Ottoman: PoliticalOttoman: Political

" " gunpowder empire”gunpowder empire” Sultans were the supreme Sultans were the supreme

authorities in both political authorities in both political and military senses.and military senses.

sultan was hereditary – a son sultan was hereditary – a son always succeeded the father.always succeeded the father.

Since the times of Mehmet II, Since the times of Mehmet II, Ottoman sultans ruled from Ottoman sultans ruled from the Topkaki Palace in the Topkaki Palace in Istanbul.Istanbul.

The private domain of the The private domain of the sultan was called a “harem,” sultan was called a “harem,” or “sacred place.”or “sacred place.”

When a son became sultan, When a son became sultan, his mother became queen his mother became queen mothermother

Ottoman: Political Ottoman: Political ““grand vizier”: chief advisor grand vizier”: chief advisor

to the sultanto the sultan led meetings of the imperial led meetings of the imperial

council that met 4 days a council that met 4 days a week.week.

The empire was divided into The empire was divided into districts and ruled by districts and ruled by officials who were helped officials who were helped by bureaucrats trained at by bureaucrats trained at palace schools.palace schools.

Senior officials were given Senior officials were given land but the sultan and land but the sultan and were responsible for were responsible for collecting taxes and collecting taxes and supplying armies for the supplying armies for the empireempire

Sunni Muslims.Sunni Muslims. Sultans had claimed the Sultans had claimed the

title of caliph since the 16title of caliph since the 16thth century. century.

religious duties given to the religious duties given to the “ulema”- a group of “ulema”- a group of religious advisors.religious advisors.

Ottoman: Religion Ottoman: Religion

The Ottoman were tolerant The Ottoman were tolerant of non-Muslims. Non-of non-Muslims. Non-Muslims paid a tax, but Muslims paid a tax, but they were allowed to they were allowed to practice their religion or to practice their religion or to convert to Islam.convert to Islam.

Most people in the Most people in the European areas of the European areas of the empire remained Christian. empire remained Christian. In some areas, the large In some areas, the large numbers converted to the numbers converted to the Islamic faith.Islamic faith.

Ottoman: Social StructureOttoman: Social Structure

The subjects were divided by The subjects were divided by occupation.occupation.

Besides the ruling class, there Besides the ruling class, there were 4 main occupational were 4 main occupational groups: peasants, artisans, groups: peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral merchants, and pastoral peoples.peoples.

Peasants were farmers; Peasants were farmers; artisans were set up by craft artisans were set up by craft guilds; merchants were guilds; merchants were exempt from taxes and could exempt from taxes and could amass large fortunes; and amass large fortunes; and pastoral people had their own pastoral people had their own laws and regulations.laws and regulations.

The Golden Age of the The Golden Age of the OttomansOttomans

Ottoman: DeclineOttoman: Decline

The problems of the The problems of the Ottoman Empire began with Ottoman Empire began with Selim II around 1699. Selim II around 1699.

training of officials declinedtraining of officials declined senior positions were given senior positions were given

to the sons and daughters to the sons and daughters of the eliteof the elite

Members of the elite were Members of the elite were busy trying to amass their busy trying to amass their own fortunesown fortunes

local government grew local government grew more corrupt and taxes rosemore corrupt and taxes rose

wars depleted the imperial wars depleted the imperial treasury.treasury.

Ottoman: DeclineOttoman: Decline

influence of Western influence of Western Europe.Europe.

Western clothes, Western clothes, Western furniture, Western furniture, tobacco and coffee tobacco and coffee were introduced to the were introduced to the Ottomans.Ottomans.

Some sultans tried to Some sultans tried to fight the trends of fight the trends of Western Europe. Western Europe.

SafavidSafavid

The Safavid Dynasty The Safavid Dynasty started with Shah Ismail.started with Shah Ismail.

He was a descendant of He was a descendant of Safi al-Din who had been Safi al-Din who had been the leader of a Turkish the leader of a Turkish ethnic groups in Azerbaijan ethnic groups in Azerbaijan near the Caspian Sea.near the Caspian Sea.

Under Ismail, the Safavid Under Ismail, the Safavid took control of much of took control of much of Iran and IraqIran and Iraq

SafavidSafavid

Ismail called himself “shah,” Ismail called himself “shah,” or king, of the new Persian or king, of the new Persian state.state.

Ismail was a Shiite Muslim. Ismail was a Shiite Muslim. He sent preachers to He sent preachers to different areas to convert different areas to convert members of the Ottoman members of the Ottoman Empire.Empire.

This led to the massacre of This led to the massacre of Sunni Muslims when he took Sunni Muslims when he took Baghdad.Baghdad.

Ismail lost a major at Tabriz Ismail lost a major at Tabriz to Suleiman over religious to Suleiman over religious differences.differences.

SafavidSafavid

Shah Abbas, who ruled from Shah Abbas, who ruled from 1588 to 1629, brought the 1588 to 1629, brought the Safavids to their highest point Safavids to their highest point of glory.of glory.

He usurped the throne from his He usurped the throne from his father and imprisoned him. He father and imprisoned him. He later killed the man who helped later killed the man who helped him get the throne.him get the throne.

He attacked the Ottoman He attacked the Ottoman Turks, with European help – Turks, with European help – they saw the Safavids as allies they saw the Safavids as allies – to regain lost lands from the – to regain lost lands from the Ottomans.Ottomans.

The Safavids could not keep The Safavids could not keep territorial gains, but a treaty territorial gains, but a treaty was signed in 1612 returning was signed in 1612 returning Azerbaijan to the Safavids. Azerbaijan to the Safavids.

SafavidSafavid

The Safavid Empire went The Safavid Empire went from Azerbaijan on the from Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea east to India; Caspian Sea east to India; along the Persian Gulf and along the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea north to the Arabian Sea north to the southern border of Russia.southern border of Russia.

When Shah Abbas died, When Shah Abbas died, religious orthodoxy, a religious orthodoxy, a pressure to conform to pressure to conform to traditional religious beliefs, traditional religious beliefs, increased. Women were to increased. Women were to give up freedom for a life of give up freedom for a life of seclusion and the wearing seclusion and the wearing of the veil.of the veil.

SafavidSafavid

Isfahan was the Safavid Isfahan was the Safavid capital.capital.

While under Shah Hussein, it While under Shah Hussein, it was taken by Afghan peoples.was taken by Afghan peoples.

Persia sank into a period of Persia sank into a period of anarchy – lawlessness and anarchy – lawlessness and disorder.disorder.

The role of the shah was that The role of the shah was that of a king.of a king.

The social structure was Shah, The social structure was Shah, bureaucracy and landed bureaucracy and landed classes, then the common classes, then the common people.people.

The official religion was Shia The official religion was Shia Islam because the Shiites Islam because the Shiites supported the shahs at first.supported the shahs at first.

SafavidSafavid

Isfahan was the jewel of the Isfahan was the jewel of the Safavid Empire, and it is still Safavid Empire, and it is still that for modern-day Iran.that for modern-day Iran.

Silk weaving flourished, but Silk weaving flourished, but carpet weaving flourished carpet weaving flourished more – Persian rugs are still more – Persian rugs are still prized today.prized today.

Riza-i-Abbasi is the most Riza-i-Abbasi is the most famous artist of this time. He famous artist of this time. He made beautiful works about made beautiful works about simple subjects such as oxen simple subjects such as oxen plowing, hunters, and lovers. plowing, hunters, and lovers. They used soft colors and They used soft colors and flowing movement in flowing movement in painting. painting.

MogulsMoguls

Babur was the founder of the Babur was the founder of the Mogul Empire and united the Mogul Empire and united the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of India.of India.

He was a descendant of Timur He was a descendant of Timur Lenk, and his mother, from Lenk, and his mother, from the Mongol conquerors of the Mongol conquerors of Genghis Khan.Genghis Khan.

He took the Khyber Pass in He took the Khyber Pass in northwest India and the city northwest India and the city of Delhi in North India.of Delhi in North India.

His armies were usually His armies were usually smaller than his opponents smaller than his opponents but had weapons, artillery, but had weapons, artillery, and used them with great and used them with great effect. effect.

MogulMogul

Akbar the Great was the Akbar the Great was the grandson of Babur’grandson of Babur’

He placed most of India under He placed most of India under Mogul control by use of Mogul control by use of artillery and negotiation.artillery and negotiation.

He was best known for his He was best known for his humane character of his rule: humane character of his rule: he adopted a policy of he adopted a policy of religious tolerance – even religious tolerance – even marrying a Hindu princess.marrying a Hindu princess.

Zamindars were low ranking Zamindars were low ranking officials of Hindu descent who officials of Hindu descent who got paid by keeping part of got paid by keeping part of collected taxes. They were collected taxes. They were part of his toleration of part of his toleration of government administration. government administration.

MogulMogul

Shah Jahan ruled from 1628 Shah Jahan ruled from 1628 to 1658. He ruled using the to 1658. He ruled using the political system started by political system started by earlier Mogul rulers. earlier Mogul rulers.

He expanded the boundaries He expanded the boundaries of the Mogul Empire through of the Mogul Empire through campaigns through the campaigns through the Deccan Plateau and Deccan Plateau and Samarkand in the Hindu Kush.Samarkand in the Hindu Kush.

He is best known for the Taj He is best known for the Taj Mahal – a mausoleum for his Mahal – a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Mumatz Mahal. favorite wife, Mumatz Mahal. This is the finest piece of This is the finest piece of Mogul architecture. It Mogul architecture. It combines Persian, Ottoman, combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic styles. Indian, and Islamic styles.

It is located in Agra, India.It is located in Agra, India.

MogulMogul

Aurangzeb took over from his Aurangzeb took over from his father, Shah Jahan. He had his father, Shah Jahan. He had his brother put to death. brother put to death.

He was a devout Muslim and He was a devout Muslim and a man of high principle.a man of high principle.

He tried to eliminate many of He tried to eliminate many of the things he thought were the things he thought were social evils in India: suttee (a social evils in India: suttee (a Hindu practice of cremating a Hindu practice of cremating a widow on her husband’s widow on her husband’s funeral pyre), levying illegal funeral pyre), levying illegal taxes, gambling, and drinking.taxes, gambling, and drinking.

He did not embrace religious He did not embrace religious tolerance – tried to get Hindu tolerance – tried to get Hindu to convert to Islam – and this to convert to Islam – and this led to social unrest that made led to social unrest that made India open to attack from India open to attack from abroad.abroad.

MogulMogul

The Mogul Empire spread The Mogul Empire spread from the Hindu Kush from the Hindu Kush mountains east to the Bay mountains east to the Bay of Bengal; from modern-day of Bengal; from modern-day Afghanistan south to near Afghanistan south to near the southern tip of India.the southern tip of India.

The Moguls under Babur The Moguls under Babur and Akbar were and Akbar were characterized by religious characterized by religious tolerance, toleration of tolerance, toleration of political administration, and political administration, and military superiority (use of military superiority (use of artillery). artillery).

MogulsMoguls

The British helped the decline of The British helped the decline of the Mogul Empire in India.the Mogul Empire in India.

Sir Robert Clive became the Sir Robert Clive became the chief representative of the chief representative of the British East India Company.British East India Company.

He was instrumental in getting He was instrumental in getting the British East India control of the British East India control of Indian trade by taking Bengal. Indian trade by taking Bengal. The B.E.I.C. could now tax the The B.E.I.C. could now tax the lands surrounding the city of lands surrounding the city of Calcutta.Calcutta.

The Indians practiced guerilla The Indians practiced guerilla warfare against the British.warfare against the British.

The British moved inland. Trade The British moved inland. Trade brought money to the British. brought money to the British. The British were in India to stay.The British were in India to stay.

MogulsMoguls

Women in the Mogul Empire Women in the Mogul Empire had a complex life. had a complex life.

Women had played a role in Women had played a role in Mogul tribal society – Mogul tribal society – warriors and advisors in warriors and advisors in political matters. They could political matters. They could own land and do business.own land and do business.

They also had restrictions of They also had restrictions of Islamic law: isolation of Islamic law: isolation of women was practiced in women was practiced in upper class Hindu families.upper class Hindu families.

A lot of Hindu practices A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mogul went unchanged by Mogul rulerule

MogulsMoguls

The Moguls brought together The Moguls brought together Persian and Indian influences in Persian and Indian influences in art and architecture.art and architecture.

The Taj Mahal is the greatest The Taj Mahal is the greatest example of Mogul architecture.example of Mogul architecture.

Akbar got Indian artist to use Akbar got Indian artist to use Persian and Indian motifs.Persian and Indian motifs.

The “Akbar style” included The “Akbar style” included humans in action. humans in action.

He encouraged his artist to He encouraged his artist to imitate European art forms, imitate European art forms, including perspective and including perspective and lifelike portraits.lifelike portraits.

He commissioned artist from He commissioned artist from Persia and Europe to come Persia and Europe to come teach Indian artists. teach Indian artists.