The Muscular System -...

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by

Karen Dunbar Kareiva

Ivy Tech Community College© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images

Chapter 10 Part D

The Muscular

System

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and

Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and

Leg

• Grouped according to anterior, medial, or

posterior

• Most anterior muscles flex femur at hip, extend

leg at knee (foreswing of walking)

• Most posterior muscles extend thigh, flex leg

(backswing of walking)

• Medial muscles all adduct thigh

• All three groups enclosed by fascia lata




Leg (cont.)

• Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,

circumduction, and rotation

• Thigh flexors pass in front of hip joint

– Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major): prime

mover of flexion

– Tensor fasciae latae

– Rectus femoris

– Assisted by medial adductors and sartorius

• Thigh extensors

– Hamstring muscles: prime movers of extension© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.14-1 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg


Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.


Psoas minor

Iliac crest

Psoas majorIliopsoas

12th rib

Quadratus lumborum

Iliacus

Anterior superior iliac spine

Tensor fascia lata

Pectineus

Sartorius

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus medialis

Adductor magnus

Patella

Adductor longus

Gracilis

5th lumbarvertebra

12th thoracicvertebra

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

Patellarligament

Quadriceps femoris• Rectus femoris

A&P Flix™: Iliopsoas


A&P Flix™: Sartorius




Leg (cont.)

• Adductors (also medially rotate thigh) are used

in movements that press thighs together

• Overstretched thigh muscles are referred to as

“pulled groin”

– Adductor magnus

– Adductor longus

– Adductor brevis

– Pectineus

– Gracilis


A&P Flix™: Medial Muscles That Cross the

Hip Joint


Table 10.14-2 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)


Figure 10.20b Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.


Femur

Adductorbrevis

Pectineus(cut)

Adductorlongus

Adductormagnus

O = origin

I = insertion

O O

I

I

I

I

A&P Flix™: Pectineus Muscle




Leg (cont.)

• Quadriceps femoris arises from four separate

heads that form the flesh of front and side of

thigh

• All insert into the quadriceps tendon, which then

inserts into the patella, and then via patellar

ligament, into the tibial tuberosity

• Powerful knee extensor


Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.


Psoas minor

Iliac crest

Psoas majorIliopsoas

12th rib

Quadratus lumborum

Iliacus

Anterior superior iliac spine

Tensor fascia lata

Pectineus

Sartorius

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus medialis

Adductor magnus

Patella

Adductor longus

Gracilis

5th lumbarvertebra

12th thoracicvertebra

Tendon of quadriceps femoris

Patellarligament

Quadriceps femoris• Rectus femoris

Figure 10.20c Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.


Patella

Vastuslateralis

Vastusintermedius

Vastusmedialis

Patellarligament

Rectus femoristendon (cut)

O

A&P Flix™: Rectus femoris


A&P Flix™: Vastus lateralis


A&P Flix™: Vastus medialis


A&P Flix™: Vastus intermedius


A&P Flix™: Tensor fasciae latae




Leg (cont.)

• Abductors and lateral rotators

– Gluteus maximus (also laterally rotates thigh)

– Gluteus medius (also medially rotates thigh)

– Gluteus minimus (also medially rotates thigh)

– Piriformis (also laterally rotates thigh)

– Obturator externus (also laterally rotates thigh)

– Obturator internus (also laterally rotates thigh)

– Gemellus (also laterally rotates thigh)


A&P Flix™: Posterior Muscles That Cross the

Hip Joint


Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.


Gluteus medius

Long head

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Hamstrings

Short headBicepsfemoris

Iliotibialtract

Adductormagnus

Gracilis

Gluteusmaximus

Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.


Gluteusmedius

Externaloblique

Iliaccrest

Mediansacralcrest(of sacrum)

Gluteusmaximus

Iliotibialtract

Lumbarfascia

Adductormagnus

Gracilis

Bicepsfemoris

SemitendinosusSemimembranosus

A&P Flix™: Gluteus maximus


A&P Flix™: Gluteus medius


Figure 10.21c Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.

Superiorgemellus

Obturatorinternus

Inferiorgemellus

Gluteus minimus

Obturatorexternus

Piriformis

Quadratusfemoris

Gluteusmaximus(cut)

Gluteus medius(cut)


Figure 10.21d Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.


Obturatorexternus



Leg (cont.)

• Hamstrings are fleshy muscles of posterior thigh

• Cross both the hip and knee joints

• Are prime movers of thigh extension and knee

flexion

• Innervated by sciatic nerve

• “Pulled hamstring” is a common sports injury


Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.


Gluteus medius

Long head

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Hamstrings

Short headBicepsfemoris

Iliotibialtract

Adductormagnus

Gracilis

Gluteusmaximus

Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.


Gluteusmedius

Externaloblique

Iliaccrest

Mediansacralcrest(of sacrum)

Gluteusmaximus

Iliotibialtract

Lumbarfascia

Adductormagnus

Gracilis

Bicepsfemoris

SemitendinosusSemimembranosus

A&P Flix™: Biceps femoris


A&P Flix™: Semitendinosus


A&P Flix™: Semimembranosus


A&P Flix™: Muscles That Act on the Hip Joint

and Femur: An Overview


A&P Flix™: Movement at the Hip Joint


A&P Flix™: Anterior Muscles That Cross the

Hip Joint


A&P Flix™: Muscles That Cross the Knee

Joint: An Overview


A&P Flix™: Posterior Flexors That Act on the

Knee


A&P Flix™: Movement at the Knee Joint


Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements

of the Ankle and Toes

• Deep fascia of leg is continuous with fascia lata

• Segregates leg into three compartments:

anterior, lateral, and posterior

• Fascia thickens distally; forms flexor, extensor,

and fibular retinacula


A&P Flix™: Muscles That Act on the Ankle

and Foot: An Overview



of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)

• Various leg muscles produce the following

movements

– Ankle: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

– Intertarsal joints: inversion and eversion of the

foot

– Toes: flexion and extension


A&P Flix™: Movements of the Ankle and

Foot (a)




• Muscles of anterior compartment

– Primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors

• Tibialis anterior

• Extensor digitorum longus

• Fibularis tertius (not always present)

• Extensor hallucis longus


A&P Flix™: Anterior Muscles That Act on the

Ankle and Foot (a)


Table 10.15-1 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes


Figure 10.22a Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.


Gastrocnemius

Fibularis longus

Tibia

Tibialis anterior

Soleus

Fibularis tertius

Extensor hallucisbrevis

Extensor digitorumlongus

Extensor hallucislongus

Superior and inferiorextensor retinacula

Extensor digitorumbrevis

Figure 10.22b Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.


O

Tibialisanterior

I

Figure 10.22c Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.


O

O

I

I

Fibularistertius

Extensorhallucislongus

Figure 10.22d Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.


O = origin

O

I = insertion

Extensordigitorumlongus

I

A&P Flix™: Tibialis anterior


A&P Flix™: Extensor digitorum longus


A&P Flix™: Extensor hallucis longus




• Muscles of the lateral compartment of

the leg

– Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot; stabilize

lateral ankle and lateral longitudinal arch of foot

– Fibularis longus

– Fibularis brevis


A&P Flix™: Lateral Muscles That Act on the

Ankle and Foot


Table 10.15-2 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)


Figure 10.23a Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.


Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Fibularislongus

Extensordigitorumlongus

Tibialisanterior

Extensor hallucislongus

Fibularis tertius

Fibularisbrevis

Flexorhallucislongus

Patella

Head of fibula

Superior and inferiorextensor retinacula

Extensor hallucisbrevis

Extensor digitorumbrevis

Metatarsal V

Fibularretinaculum

Lateralmalleolus

Figure 10.23b Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.


I = insertionO = origin

Fibularislongus

I

O

Tendon offibularis longus

Figure 10.23c Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.



I

O

Fibularisbrevis

A&P Flix™: Fibularis longus




• Muscles of the posterior compartment of the

leg

– Act to plantar flex the ankle

– All are innervated by tibial nerve

– Divided into:

• Superficial muscles

• Deep muscles


Figure 10.24a Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.


Medialhead

Plantaris

Lateralhead

Tendon ofgastrocnemius

Gastroc-nemius

Calcanealtendon

Medialmalleolus Lateral

malleolus

Calcaneus

Superficial view of the posterior leg.

Figure 10.24b Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.


Gastroc-nemius

Plantaris

Popliteus

Lateralhead(cut)

Medialhead(cut)

Tendon ofplantaris

Soleus

Fibularislongus

Fibularisbrevis

Tendon oftibialisposterior

Head offibula

The gastrocnemius has been removed to show the soleusimmediately deep to it.

A&P Flix™: Gastrocnemius


A&P Flix™: Soleus


Figure 10.24c Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.


Flexor hallucislongus

Fibularis brevis

Flexordigitorumlongus

Gastroc-nemiusmedial head(cut)

Fibularislongus

Fibula

Tibialis posterior

Soleus (cut)

Popliteus

Plantaris (cut)

Gastrocnemiuslateral head (cut)

Tendon oftibialis posterior

Medialmalleolus

Calcanealtendon (cut)

Calcaneus

The triceps surae has been removed to show thedeep muscles of the posterior compartment.

Figure 10.24d Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.


Tibialisposterior


Isolated tibialisposterior.

O

I

Figure 10.24e Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.


Flexordigitorumlongus


Isolated flexordigitorum longus.

O

I

Figure 10.24f Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.



Popliteus

Flexorhallucislongus

Isolatedpopliteus andflexor hallucislongus.

O

O

I

I

A&P Flix™: Tibialis posterior


A&P Flix™: Flexor digitorum longus


A&P Flix™: Flexor hallucis longus


A&P Flix™: Superficial Muscles That Act on

the Ankle and Foot


A&P Flix™: Deep Posterior Muscles That Act

on the Ankle and Foot


Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot:

Toe Movement and Arch Support

• Muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct

toes

• Support arches of foot; some leg tendons assist

• Extensor digitorum brevis: dorsal foot muscle;

helps extend toes


Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support


Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot:

Toe Movement and Arch Support (cont.)

• Four layers of plantar muscles

– Superficial

– Second layer

– Third layer

– Deepest layer


Figure 10.25a Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.


Abductor hallucis

Tendon offlexor hallucis longus

Lumbricals

Flexor hallucisbrevis

Flexor digitiminimi brevis

Flexor digitorumbrevis

Abductor digitiminimi

Flexor accessorius

Calcanealtuberosity

First layer (plantar aspect)

Figure 10.25b Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.


Second layer (plantar aspect)

Lumbricals


Flexor hallucislongus tendon

Flexor digitorumlongus (tendon)


Abductor digitiminimi

Flexor accessorius

Fibularis longus (tendon)


Flexor hallucislongus (tendon)

Table 10.16-2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued)


Figure 10.25c Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.


Adductor hallucis(transverse head)

Adductor hallucis(oblique head)

Interosseousmuscles



Fibularis longus (tendon)

Flexor accessorius


Flexor hallucislongus (tendon)

Third layer (plantar aspect)

Table 10.16-2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued)


Figure 10.25d Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.


Fourth layer (plantar aspect):plantar interossei

Plantarinterossei

Figure 10.25e Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.


Fourth layer (dorsal aspect):dorsal interossei

Dorsalinterossei

Table 10.17: Summary: Actions of Muscles

Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot

• Summary of Tables 10.14 through 10.16


Table 10.17-1 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot


Table 10.17-2 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot (continued)


Figure 10.26a Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.


Adductors Hamstrings

Vastuslateralis

Femur

Vastusintermedius

Rectus femorisVastus medialis

Posterior compartment of thigh

(flexes leg and extends thigh); innervated by tibialnerve (portion of sciatic nerve)

Medial compartment of thigh

(adducts thigh); innervated by obturator nerveAnterior compartment of thigh

(extends leg); innervated by femoral nerve

Key:

Posteriorcompartmentmuscles

Anteriorcompartmentmuscles

Medialcompartmentmuscles of thigh and lateralcompartmentmuscles of leg Muscles of the thigh

Figure 10.26b Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.


Key:

Posteriorcompartmentmuscles

Anteriorcompartmentmuscles

Medialcompartmentmuscles of thigh and lateralcompartmentmuscles of leg

Fibula

Fibularismuscles

Triceps surae

Tibialisanterior

TibiaLateral compartment of leg(plantar flexes and everts foot);innervated by superficialfibular nerve

Posterior compartment of leg(plantar flexes foot, flexes toes);innervated by tibial nerve

Anterior compartment of leg(dorsiflexes foot, extends toes);innervated by deep fibular nerve

Muscles of the leg

A&P Flix™: Actions of the Muscles of the

Anterior Compartment of the Leg



Lateral Compartment of the Leg



Posterior Compartment of the Leg


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