The MongolsThe Mongols

MongolsMongols The Choice is made! The Choice is made!

Whoa! Ho! Ho! Whoa-oa! Whoa! Ho! Ho! Whoa-oa! The Traveller has come! The Traveller has come! Nobody choose anything! Nobody choose anything!

Did YOU choose anything? Did YOU choose anything? No. No. Did YOU? Did YOU? My mind is totally blank. My mind is totally blank. I didn't choose anything. I didn't choose anything. I couldn't help it. It just popped IN there. I couldn't help it. It just popped IN there. What? What just popped in there? What? What just popped in there? I... I... I tried to think... I... I... I tried to think... LOOK! LOOK! No! It CAN'T be! No! It CAN'T be! What is it? What is it? It CAN'T be! It CAN'T be! What did you do, Ray? What did you do, Ray? It's the Stay Puff Marshmallow Man It's the Stay Puff Marshmallow Man

MongolsMongols

GhostbustersGhostbusters• When the evil time When the evil time

traveler comes to traveler comes to destroy earth.destroy earth.

MongolsMongols Who were they?Who were they?

• NomadsNomads Herded livestockHerded livestock

• Generally Generally acknowledged with acknowledged with coming from the area coming from the area of Eurasia open plains of Eurasia open plains of Central Asiaof Central Asia

MongoliaMongolia

• Also called Tartars Also called Tartars • Expert horsemenExpert horsemen• Excellent archers and Excellent archers and

conducted most conducted most warfare on horsebackwarfare on horseback

MongolsMongols

Class QuestionClass Question• What was so important about the What was so important about the

Mongols conducting warfare on Mongols conducting warfare on horseback at this time?horseback at this time?

What effect did it have on their enemies?What effect did it have on their enemies? What psychological effect did/does What psychological effect did/does

horseback or mobilized warfare have?horseback or mobilized warfare have?

MongolsMongols Who were they?Who were they?

• Often seen as Often seen as bloodthirsty and most bloodthirsty and most times were ruthless to times were ruthless to their adversaries but their adversaries but they did have a they did have a somewhat complex somewhat complex societysociety

• They did haveThey did have LawsLaws Religious practicesReligious practices Advanced military Advanced military

technologytechnology• SaddleSaddle• StirrupsStirrups

• Didn’t haveDidn’t have Most Mongols were Most Mongols were

illiterateilliterate

MongolsMongols

Who were the MongolsWho were the Mongols• The Mongols are seen as borrowers not The Mongols are seen as borrowers not

creatorscreators• As we will see that while the Mongols As we will see that while the Mongols

will not produce a Golden Age and they will not produce a Golden Age and they will not impact the world with their own will not impact the world with their own culture they will diffuse other cultures culture they will diffuse other cultures and unite culturesand unite cultures

MongolsMongols

The FearThe Fear• It was generally known that if the It was generally known that if the

Mongol Horde was heading towards Mongol Horde was heading towards your town, village, city you did not have your town, village, city you did not have many optionsmany options

Fight and be crushed and lose your lifeFight and be crushed and lose your life Retreat to you homes or houses of worship Retreat to you homes or houses of worship

and be burned aliveand be burned alive Or give in an hope that you and your people Or give in an hope that you and your people

would be saved-this did not always happen!would be saved-this did not always happen!

MongolsMongols Warriors and WarfareWarriors and Warfare

• While the Mongols were While the Mongols were brutal they were not brutal they were not without organizationwithout organization

• They could cover 25 miles They could cover 25 miles in a dayin a day

• Horsemen could cover 90 Horsemen could cover 90 milesmiles

• Their bows were effective Their bows were effective at up to 300 yards-even on at up to 300 yards-even on horsebackhorseback

• Mongol horses were very Mongol horses were very hardy and could endure hardy and could endure traveling great distancestraveling great distances

• The army numbered The army numbered 80,000 to 100,000 men80,000 to 100,000 men

MongolsMongols Warriors and WarfareWarriors and Warfare

• Armies were Armies were divided into divided into

UnitsUnits Light and heavy Light and heavy

cavalrycavalry Scouting unitsScouting units spiesspies

• Men were Men were rewarded for rewarded for bravery and bravery and punished for punished for cowardliness cowardliness

MongolsMongols Warriors and WarfareWarriors and Warfare

• The goals of the Mongols The goals of the Mongols prior to a battle was to prior to a battle was to

Know their enemyKnow their enemy Know the landKnow the land

• The goals of the Mongols The goals of the Mongols during the battle were during the battle were

WinWin• The goals of the Mongols The goals of the Mongols

after the battle after the battle Destroy those who Destroy those who

resistedresisted This ensured that future This ensured that future

villages, towns and cities villages, towns and cities did not resist in the did not resist in the future future

MongolsMongols

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan• In the 1100’s and beginning of the In the 1100’s and beginning of the

1200’s the Mongols were involved in 1200’s the Mongols were involved in clan warsclan wars

• The Mongols lacked a sense of unityThe Mongols lacked a sense of unity• Mongols fought themselves more then Mongols fought themselves more then

they fought their enemiesthey fought their enemies• There were approximately 30 tribes and There were approximately 30 tribes and

about 1.5 to 3 million Mongolsabout 1.5 to 3 million Mongols

MongolsMongols Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

• Born between 1155 and Born between 1155 and 11621162

• His family had been His family had been disgraced in a clan war disgraced in a clan war however Genghis however Genghis became an important became an important clan leader clan leader

• Genghis had Genghis had tremendous military tremendous military and organizational skillsand organizational skills

• This allowed Genghis to This allowed Genghis to organize and united the organize and united the Mongols and then turn Mongols and then turn them on the worldthem on the world

MongolsMongols

Quick notes about Genghis KhanQuick notes about Genghis Khan• You should know that he is also known You should know that he is also known

as as Temujin (original name)Temujin (original name) Chingiz KhanChingiz Khan Jenghiz KahnJenghiz Kahn Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan

• Genghis Khan’s adopted name meansGenghis Khan’s adopted name means Genghis-”limitless strength”Genghis-”limitless strength” Khan-rulerKhan-ruler

MongolsMongols On to ChinaOn to China

• Once Khan had unified the Mongols he turned towards Once Khan had unified the Mongols he turned towards ChinaChina

• In 1211 the Mongols invaded ChinaIn 1211 the Mongols invaded China• By 1215 the Mongols had crossed the Great Wall and By 1215 the Mongols had crossed the Great Wall and

seized the Jin (Jurchen) capital of Beijingseized the Jin (Jurchen) capital of Beijing• By 1218 the Khwarazm Empire home of the Silk Road By 1218 the Khwarazm Empire home of the Silk Road

and the trade city of Samarkand had be capturedand the trade city of Samarkand had be captured• By 1219 the city of Heart in Afghanistan had been By 1219 the city of Heart in Afghanistan had been

capturedcaptured• By 1223 the Mongols had defeated and absorbed the JinBy 1223 the Mongols had defeated and absorbed the Jin• Genghis Khan and the Mongols now turned to the west Genghis Khan and the Mongols now turned to the west

and Russiaand Russia

MongolsMongols Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

• In 1227 Genghis Khan In 1227 Genghis Khan diesdies

• This became the end of This became the end of the first expansion of the first expansion of the Mongolsthe Mongols

• Genghis’ sons carried Genghis’ sons carried out the second wave of out the second wave of conquestconquest

• Genghis’ third son Genghis’ third son Ogodei or Ugedei Ogodei or Ugedei became the great Khanbecame the great Khan

MongolsMongols

What the Mongols had done so farWhat the Mongols had done so far• The now controlled key points of the Silk The now controlled key points of the Silk

Road-which means they had a great source of Road-which means they had a great source of wealthwealth

• They had learned new technology especially They had learned new technology especially from China-siege warfare that would be useful from China-siege warfare that would be useful in their conquest of Russiain their conquest of Russia

• Their small but effective army was able to Their small but effective army was able to conquer large amounts of land and bigger conquer large amounts of land and bigger empires in a short period of timeempires in a short period of time

1209-12271209-1227

MongolsMongols Ogodei’s EmpireOgodei’s Empire

• The Mongols did not The Mongols did not stop when Genghis stop when Genghis Khan diedKhan died

• Ogodei’s armies moved Ogodei’s armies moved into China and by 1234 into China and by 1234 the Mongols were at the Mongols were at the doorstep of the the doorstep of the Song EmpireSong Empire

• Korea was forced into a Korea was forced into a tributary systemtributary system

• Ogodei’s real goal Ogodei’s real goal however was the however was the Mongol expansion into Mongol expansion into the westthe west

MongolsMongols In 1236 the In 1236 the

Mongols were Mongols were ordered westordered west

150,000 to 150,000 to 200,000 troops 200,000 troops Lead by Batu Lead by Batu (nephew to (nephew to Ogodei) known as Ogodei) known as the Golden Horde the Golden Horde moved into eastern moved into eastern Europe Europe

MongolsMongols EuropeEurope

• From 1237 to 1240 most From 1237 to 1240 most of Russia and Ukraine of Russia and Ukraine were capturedwere captured

• From 1240 to 1242 From 1240 to 1242 Bulgaria, Romania, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Poland fell Hungary and Poland fell under Mongol occupationunder Mongol occupation

• The Mongol invasion had The Mongol invasion had caused great fear and caused great fear and panic in eastern Europepanic in eastern Europe

• However in 1241 Ogodei However in 1241 Ogodei died and Batu returned to died and Batu returned to Mongolian homelandMongolian homeland

MongolsMongols Class QuestionsClass Questions#1#1

• The Mongols pushed into eastern Europe and The Mongols pushed into eastern Europe and China in a relatively short period of time 1209-China in a relatively short period of time 1209-12421242

What do you see as a major problem of this for the What do you see as a major problem of this for the Mongols?Mongols?

#2#2• The Mongol push into Europe stopped short of The Mongol push into Europe stopped short of

what is today Austria and Germany because of what is today Austria and Germany because of two thingtwo thing

What two things would have stopped the Mongols in What two things would have stopped the Mongols in this areathis area

MongolsMongols

EuropeEurope• By 1242 the Mongols were overextended from By 1242 the Mongols were overextended from

China to eastern Europe especially with China to eastern Europe especially with having such a small armyhaving such a small army

Hard to keep suppliedHard to keep supplied Hard to maintain control of territory conqueredHard to maintain control of territory conquered

• In Eastern Europe the Mongols were In Eastern Europe the Mongols were unfamiliar with fighting in forest and against unfamiliar with fighting in forest and against castled citiescastled cities

Mongols were better equipped to fight on open Mongols were better equipped to fight on open plains and flat grasslandsplains and flat grasslands

MongolsMongols Pax MongolicaPax Mongolica

• In the 1240’s and 1250’s the Mongols In the 1240’s and 1250’s the Mongols continued to expand their empire mostly in the continued to expand their empire mostly in the east and southeast and south

The Mongols moved further into China putting The Mongols moved further into China putting pressure on the Song Empirepressure on the Song Empire

Tibet was controlled by the MongolsTibet was controlled by the Mongols

• The Mongols moved into the Middle East The Mongols moved into the Middle East destroying the Abbasid Caliphate and now destroying the Abbasid Caliphate and now controlled controlled

The Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Turkey, Persia, and The Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Turkey, Persia, and Syria Syria

MongolsMongols

The EmpireThe Empire• The created a The created a

single system of single system of government for the government for the areas they areas they controlledcontrolled

• They imposed lawsThey imposed laws• Encouraged Encouraged

economic growtheconomic growth Mostly for their Mostly for their

tribute systemtribute system

MongolsMongols The EmpireThe Empire

• They created safe They created safe routes of travel for routes of travel for people to move people to move about and tradeabout and trade

Silk RoadSilk Road

• Traders from the Traders from the East could meet East could meet with and exchange with and exchange goods and ideas goods and ideas with those from the with those from the westwest

MongolsMongols Pax MongolicaPax Mongolica

• This era of peace was called Pax MongolicaThis era of peace was called Pax Mongolica• It was created in two waysIt was created in two ways

FearFear• Fear of or the use of force by the MongolsFear of or the use of force by the Mongols

AdministrativelyAdministratively• The Mongols used the Turkic language as their The Mongols used the Turkic language as their

adopted languageadopted language• The Mongols created a system of codes or laws (yasa) The Mongols created a system of codes or laws (yasa)

mostly borrowed from the Chinesemostly borrowed from the Chinese• Adopted the use of paper currencyAdopted the use of paper currency• Adopted and allowed for religious toleranceAdopted and allowed for religious tolerance

Accepted Buddhism and IslamAccepted Buddhism and Islam• Created a postal system to keep news flowing from one Created a postal system to keep news flowing from one

end of the empire to the otherend of the empire to the other

MongolsMongols

Pax MongolicaPax Mongolica• The EmpireThe Empire

The Empire was divided into smaller The Empire was divided into smaller independent empires or hordesindependent empires or hordes

The Mongols began to assimilate into the The Mongols began to assimilate into the cultures they had conqueredcultures they had conquered

MongolsMongols

Class QuestionClass Question• A Chinese proverb saysA Chinese proverb says

““One can conquer an empire on horseback, One can conquer an empire on horseback, but one cannot govern that empire from but one cannot govern that empire from horseback”horseback”

What does this mean and what will it mean What does this mean and what will it mean for the vast empire of the Mongols?for the vast empire of the Mongols?

MongolsMongols

The Empire Breaks ApartThe Empire Breaks Apart• In 1260 civil war breaks out among the In 1260 civil war breaks out among the

Mongol leaders to see who will become Mongol leaders to see who will become the next great Khanthe next great Khan

• The nephews and grandsons of Genghis The nephews and grandsons of Genghis Khan begin to break up the empire into Khan begin to break up the empire into small independent states called small independent states called KhanatesKhanates

MongolsMongols The KhanatesThe Khanates

1.1. The Golden Horde-The Golden Horde-Russia and Eastern Russia and Eastern Europe (Kipchak Europe (Kipchak Khanate)Khanate)

2.2. Domain of the Great Domain of the Great Khan-Mongolia Khan-Mongolia HomelandHomeland

3.3. The Jagadai The Jagadai (Chaghadai) Khanate-(Chaghadai) Khanate-Central Asia and lands Central Asia and lands to the westto the west

4.4. Il-Khan-Middle EasternIl-Khan-Middle Eastern

Khubilai KhanKhubilai Khan One great leader does One great leader does

rise out of the battle rise out of the battle for the empirefor the empire

Khubilai KhanKhubilai Khan By 1271 Khubilai By 1271 Khubilai

Khan had conquered Khan had conquered and united all of and united all of ChinaChina

In 1279 the Song In 1279 the Song Dynasty feel to the Dynasty feel to the MongolsMongols

Khubilai KhanKhubilai Khan Khubilai did several things for ChinaKhubilai did several things for China

• Rid China of the many warring factions and Rid China of the many warring factions and created the Yuan Dynastycreated the Yuan Dynasty

• The Mongols adopted the Buddhism and The Mongols adopted the Buddhism and rejected Confucianismrejected Confucianism

• Mandarin became the official language of Mandarin became the official language of China and is still the official languageChina and is still the official language

• Expanded and secured the Chinese boarders Expanded and secured the Chinese boarders with the strong Mongol troopswith the strong Mongol troops

• Forced most of China’s neighbors to pay Forced most of China’s neighbors to pay tributetribute

Khubilai KhanKhubilai Khan Internal RepairsInternal Repairs

• Rebuilt the roads which Rebuilt the roads which increased tradeincreased trade

• Created a government Created a government bureaucracybureaucracy

• Built new cities for Built new cities for tradetrade

• Restored trade with the Restored trade with the westwest

• The Silk Road became The Silk Road became the vital avenue of the vital avenue of trade and cultural trade and cultural exchangeexchange

Khubilai KhanKhubilai Khan

EconomyEconomy• Because of the increase in trade and the Because of the increase in trade and the

re-opening of the Silk Road China re-opening of the Silk Road China became a very wealthy countrybecame a very wealthy country

• The merchant class in China became The merchant class in China became very importantvery important

Yuan ChinaYuan China

While the Mongols opened trade and While the Mongols opened trade and increased their wealth they also increased their wealth they also increased the cultural diffusion of increased the cultural diffusion of Europe?Europe?• Discuss how?Discuss how?• Could one say that the cultural diffusion Could one say that the cultural diffusion

under the Yuan and the Mongols was as under the Yuan and the Mongols was as if not more important than the cultural if not more important than the cultural diffusion of the Crusades?diffusion of the Crusades?

Marco PoloMarco Polo

In the 1270’s In the 1270’s Marco Polo visited Marco Polo visited ChinaChina

Polo spoke of the Polo spoke of the rich and glorious rich and glorious land of Chinaland of China

This further This further stimulated trade stimulated trade with Chinawith China

Yuan ChinaYuan China

After the death of Khubilai Khan After the death of Khubilai Khan China feel into disarrayChina feel into disarray• In the early 1300’s China lost 30 to 40 In the early 1300’s China lost 30 to 40

percent of its population because of the percent of its population because of the bubonic plaguebubonic plague

• There was severe economic loss There was severe economic loss because of the loss of population and because of the loss of population and the plaguethe plague

Yuan ChinaYuan China

Civil WarsCivil Wars• China experienced a series of civil wars China experienced a series of civil wars

brought on by leaders trying to fill the brought on by leaders trying to fill the role of Khanrole of Khan

• In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang finally ended In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang finally ended the Yuan Dynasty and established the the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty (China’s longest lasting Ming Dynasty (China’s longest lasting Dynasty)Dynasty)

The Other Mongol KhanatesThe Other Mongol Khanates

The Golden HordeThe Golden Horde• Established control over RussiaEstablished control over Russia• They did little to promote the They did little to promote the

advancement of Russia and contributed advancement of Russia and contributed to the economic and social problems to the economic and social problems Russia would experience after the Russia would experience after the MongolsMongols

The Golden HordeThe Golden Horde

In Russia the Mongols cut Russia off from In Russia the Mongols cut Russia off from Western European ideas of the timesWestern European ideas of the times• The Russian did not incorporate any ideas from The Russian did not incorporate any ideas from

the Renaissance or Reformation into their the Renaissance or Reformation into their society so Russia fell behind the western society so Russia fell behind the western EuropeEurope

• Because of the hard tariff system most of Because of the hard tariff system most of Russia remained poor and most people were Russia remained poor and most people were serfs because of little money in the country.serfs because of little money in the country.

• Both of these problems will keep Russia behind Both of these problems will keep Russia behind western Europewestern Europe

The Other Mongol KhanatesThe Other Mongol Khanates

Il-KhansIl-Khans• Most Mongols in this area converted to Most Mongols in this area converted to

IslamIslam• Assimilated into the Islamic cultureAssimilated into the Islamic culture• Were attacked by fellow MongolsWere attacked by fellow Mongols• Finally were displaced by the fast Finally were displaced by the fast

growing Ottoman Turksgrowing Ottoman Turks

The Other Mongol KhanatesThe Other Mongol Khanates Jagadai KhanateJagadai Khanate

• Controlled Central AsiaControlled Central Asia• Most converted to IslamMost converted to Islam• Controlled parts of the Silk RoadControlled parts of the Silk Road• Jagadai warlord Timur tries to take back all Jagadai warlord Timur tries to take back all

the lands of Genghis Khanthe lands of Genghis Khan Timur is a ruthless warriorTimur is a ruthless warrior Attempts to take overAttempts to take over

• Russia, Persia, northern India, and parts of the Il-Khan Russia, Persia, northern India, and parts of the Il-Khan in the Middle Eastin the Middle East

After his death his empire shrinks until the 1500’s After his death his empire shrinks until the 1500’s when it finally falls apartwhen it finally falls apart

Impact of the MongolsImpact of the Mongols The Mongols did not advance cultures but The Mongols did not advance cultures but

instead diffused culturesinstead diffused cultures Mongols in some cases became assimilators like Mongols in some cases became assimilators like

the Il-Khanthe Il-Khan• In areas where Islam was the primary religion they In areas where Islam was the primary religion they

became Muslimsbecame Muslims In other areas they reject the Mongol ways for In other areas they reject the Mongol ways for

the cultures of the conquered peoplethe cultures of the conquered people• ChinaChina

Khubilai Khan kept the Chinese from speaking Khubilai Khan kept the Chinese from speaking Mongolians, forbid them from marry Mongols and reject Mongolians, forbid them from marry Mongols and reject ConfucianismConfucianism

China never became MongolizedChina never became Mongolized

Impact of the MongolsImpact of the Mongols

The expanse of the Mongol EmpireThe expanse of the Mongol Empire• Because of the great expanse of the empire Because of the great expanse of the empire

and trade routes cultures were able to interactand trade routes cultures were able to interact Europe and ChinaEurope and China China and the Middle EastChina and the Middle East

• While the Mongols were brutal they expanded While the Mongols were brutal they expanded and empire that touched every major and empire that touched every major civilization in the worldcivilization in the world

• The Mongols connected the world and this The Mongols connected the world and this connection would last until todayconnection would last until today

Impact of the MongolsImpact of the Mongols

Effects of Europe and RussiaEffects of Europe and Russia• Because the Mongols were illiterate the Because the Mongols were illiterate the

Mongols retarded cultural advancement Mongols retarded cultural advancement in Russiain Russia

• The forms of tribute weakened the The forms of tribute weakened the Russian economyRussian economy

• Cities were destroyedCities were destroyed• In Russia many Mongols became In Russia many Mongols became

inhabitants of Russia and assimilated inhabitants of Russia and assimilated into the cultureinto the culture

Class QuestionsClass Questions

Could one say that while the Could one say that while the Mongols culturally diffused the Mongols culturally diffused the areas they conqueror that they also areas they conqueror that they also caused problems in the worldcaused problems in the world• What were some of the problems?What were some of the problems?• What major event probably would not What major event probably would not

have happened in Europe if not for the have happened in Europe if not for the Mongols?Mongols?