The Mongols and The Changes in the World
-
Upload
veda-schultz -
Category
Documents
-
view
38 -
download
2
description
Transcript of The Mongols and The Changes in the World
The Mongols and The The Mongols and The Changes in the WorldChanges in the World
Chapters 14 and 15Chapters 14 and 15
AP World HistoryAP World History
Mr. BartulaMr. Bartula
1000-1350: The Age of the 1000-1350: The Age of the Nomadic EmpiresNomadic Empires
A period in which the Eastern A period in which the Eastern Hemisphere became more tightly Hemisphere became more tightly integrated than ever before.integrated than ever before.
The primary reason for this integration The primary reason for this integration was the establishment of trans-regional was the establishment of trans-regional empires by nomadic groups like the empires by nomadic groups like the Seljuk Turks and the MongolsSeljuk Turks and the Mongols
As a result, long distance travel on a As a result, long distance travel on a large scale became possible.large scale became possible.
1000-1350: The Age of the 1000-1350: The Age of the Nomadic EmpiresNomadic Empires
Other factors encouraging this Other factors encouraging this integration:integration:
1.1. The expansion of Islam (Dar al’Islam).The expansion of Islam (Dar al’Islam).
2.2. India’s continuing economic power (but India’s continuing economic power (but cultural decline)cultural decline)
3.3. Such conflicts as the Crusades and the Such conflicts as the Crusades and the Reconquista exposed Europeans to the Reconquista exposed Europeans to the benefits of long distance trade and other benefits of long distance trade and other contact. contact.
Long Distance Travelers: Marco Long Distance Travelers: Marco Polo 1271-1295Polo 1271-1295
Long Distance Travelers: Ibn Long Distance Travelers: Ibn Battuta 1325-1353Battuta 1325-1353
The Mongols: IntroductionThe Mongols: Introduction
The Mongols probably did more to The Mongols probably did more to change the course of world history in change the course of world history in a shorter period of time than any a shorter period of time than any other group of people in the 600-other group of people in the 600-1450 period.1450 period.
Their conquests ushered in a period Their conquests ushered in a period of frequent and extended of frequent and extended international contact.international contact.
The Mongols: IntroductionThe Mongols: Introduction
The Mongols have generally been cast in a The Mongols have generally been cast in a negative light as brutal conquerors.negative light as brutal conquerors.
Since the Mongols left few records of their Since the Mongols left few records of their own, most of what we have comes from own, most of what we have comes from conquered peoples or enemies.conquered peoples or enemies.
Europeans, who had fewer contacts with Europeans, who had fewer contacts with the Mongols, generally had a more the Mongols, generally had a more favorable view of them. Many Europeans favorable view of them. Many Europeans saw the Mongols as potential allies against saw the Mongols as potential allies against the Muslims.the Muslims.
The Mongol Homeland The Mongol Homeland
The Mongol Homeland and Ethnic The Mongol Homeland and Ethnic GroupsGroups
The Mongols’ Early HistoryThe Mongols’ Early History
Pastoral nomadic Pastoral nomadic people living in people living in Central Asia.Central Asia.
Disunited tribes Disunited tribes who regularly who regularly fought each otherfought each other
Polytheistic and Polytheistic and animistic religionanimistic religion
Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan
““The greatest The greatest happiness is to happiness is to vanquish your vanquish your enemies, to chase enemies, to chase them before you, to them before you, to rob them of their rob them of their wealth, to see those wealth, to see those dear to them bathed dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to in tears, to clasp to your bosom their your bosom their wives and wives and daughters.”daughters.”
Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan ““Be of one mind and one Be of one mind and one
faith, that you may faith, that you may conquer your enemies conquer your enemies and lead long and happy and lead long and happy lives.” (to his army)lives.” (to his army)
““With Heaven’s aid I With Heaven’s aid I have conquered for you have conquered for you a huge empire. But my a huge empire. But my life was too short to life was too short to achieve the conquest of achieve the conquest of the world. That is left the world. That is left for you.” (to his sons on for you.” (to his sons on his deathbed)his deathbed)
Chinggis Khan 1162-1227Chinggis Khan 1162-1227
Son of a Mongol chieftain, originally Son of a Mongol chieftain, originally named Temujin.named Temujin.
Omens at birth indicated he would be Omens at birth indicated he would be a mighty warriora mighty warrior
At age 13, he was betrothed to Bortei At age 13, he was betrothed to Bortei (14), daughter of another Mongol (14), daughter of another Mongol chieftain.chieftain.
His father was murdered by another His father was murdered by another clan, and Temujin swore vengeance.clan, and Temujin swore vengeance.
His rise to powerHis rise to power
Rejected as leader of his tribe, Temujin Rejected as leader of his tribe, Temujin and his family were abandoned and left and his family were abandoned and left alone on the plains. Temujin swore alone on the plains. Temujin swore vengeance.vengeance.
Temujin ruled his family with an iron will, Temujin ruled his family with an iron will, killing his younger brother when he caught killing his younger brother when he caught him stealing food.him stealing food.
Temujin’s reputation as a stern and fierce Temujin’s reputation as a stern and fierce leader spread among the Mongols.leader spread among the Mongols.
His rise to powerHis rise to power
Taken prisoner on a hunting trip, Temujin Taken prisoner on a hunting trip, Temujin killed his guards and escaped, increasing killed his guards and escaped, increasing his reputation for bravery and ferocity.his reputation for bravery and ferocity.
At age 17 he married Bortei. Her father At age 17 he married Bortei. Her father gave him a rare black sable skin as a gave him a rare black sable skin as a present. This became his symbol.present. This became his symbol.
Shortly after, Temujin’s father’s tribe Shortly after, Temujin’s father’s tribe begged him to become their chieftain, and begged him to become their chieftain, and he issued a call for all Mongols to unite he issued a call for all Mongols to unite under his leadership. under his leadership.
Temujin Takes PowerTemujin Takes Power In 1183 Temujin was In 1183 Temujin was
declared Great Khan of the declared Great Khan of the Mongols and renamed Mongols and renamed Chinggis: “precious Chinggis: “precious warrior” or “spirit of light.”warrior” or “spirit of light.”
Chinggis wanted to break Chinggis wanted to break down tribal identities and down tribal identities and create a unified Mongol create a unified Mongol statestate
Chinggis organized the Chinggis organized the Mongol army into decimal Mongol army into decimal units (100, 1000, 10000) units (100, 1000, 10000) and sent orders through and sent orders through hand signalshand signals..
Mongol CavalryMongol Cavalry The Mongol army could The Mongol army could
cover immense cover immense distances at spectacular distances at spectacular speeds.speeds.
Soldiers carried dried Soldiers carried dried meat and powdered meat and powdered yak’s milk as provisionsyak’s milk as provisions
At times they would At times they would nick their horse’s necks nick their horse’s necks and drink the blood and drink the blood while at full gallop.while at full gallop.
Mongol Fighting TacticsMongol Fighting Tactics
The Mongols prized their horses for being The Mongols prized their horses for being fast and flexible, allowing them to strike fast and flexible, allowing them to strike hard and then disappear.hard and then disappear.
The Mongols developed a composite bow The Mongols developed a composite bow which could be fired on horseback with a which could be fired on horseback with a range of 350 yards.range of 350 yards.
The Mongols developed leather and The Mongols developed leather and wooden saddles and stirrups for longer wooden saddles and stirrups for longer and more comfortable journeys.and more comfortable journeys.
Chinggis and His ConquestsChinggis and His Conquests Chinggis Khan’s ruthlessness Chinggis Khan’s ruthlessness
and ferocity were well known, and ferocity were well known, and indeed, he would and indeed, he would exterminate entire cities which exterminate entire cities which opposed him. Individuals who opposed him. Individuals who became his enemies were became his enemies were treated the same way.treated the same way.
However, he always gave However, he always gave cities and regions the chance cities and regions the chance to surrender first, and if they to surrender first, and if they did so, he was merciful.did so, he was merciful.
Chinggis was a master of the Chinggis was a master of the feigned withdrawal: he would feigned withdrawal: he would pretend to retreat, drawing his pretend to retreat, drawing his enemies after him, then enemies after him, then quickly surround them.quickly surround them.
Chinggis and His ConquestsChinggis and His Conquests
Chinggis led two successful Chinggis led two successful campaigns against northern China.campaigns against northern China.
After two Mongol merchants were After two Mongol merchants were killed by a Central Asian ruler for killed by a Central Asian ruler for being insolent, Chinggis launched a being insolent, Chinggis launched a major invasion in 1219.major invasion in 1219.
After several years of devastating After several years of devastating conflict, all of Central Asia was conflict, all of Central Asia was brought under Mongol control.brought under Mongol control.
The Death of Chinggis KhanThe Death of Chinggis Khan
Shortly after the Shortly after the conquest of Central conquest of Central Asia, Chinggis was Asia, Chinggis was killed in a hunting killed in a hunting accident.accident.
His body was His body was buried in a secret buried in a secret location location somewhere in somewhere in Mongolia.Mongolia.
Chinggis’ LegacyChinggis’ Legacy The four most significant legacies of The four most significant legacies of
Chinggis Khan are:Chinggis Khan are:• his tolerance of many religions• his tolerance of many religions• his creation of the Mongols' first • his creation of the Mongols' first script (written language)script (written language)• his support for trade and crafts• his support for trade and crafts• his creation of a legal code • his creation of a legal code specific to the Mongols' pastoral- specific to the Mongols' pastoral-
nomadic way of lifenomadic way of life Recent DNA studies indicate that 1 out of Recent DNA studies indicate that 1 out of
every 12 men alive today may be a every 12 men alive today may be a descendant of Chinggis Khandescendant of Chinggis Khan
The Mongol Empire at the death of The Mongol Empire at the death of Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan
The Mongols After Chinggis’ DeathThe Mongols After Chinggis’ Death
Chinggis’ sons and grandsons divided and Chinggis’ sons and grandsons divided and expanded the Mongol Empire. There were expanded the Mongol Empire. There were four major Khanates:four major Khanates:
The Great Khanate: Mongolia and ChinaThe Great Khanate: Mongolia and China The Kipchak Khanate (Golden Horde): The Kipchak Khanate (Golden Horde):
RussiaRussia The Ilkhanate: Persia and the Middle EastThe Ilkhanate: Persia and the Middle East The Chagatai Khanate: Central AsiaThe Chagatai Khanate: Central Asia By maintaining law and order, the Mongols By maintaining law and order, the Mongols
instituted the “Pax Mongolica” or instituted the “Pax Mongolica” or Mongolian Peace.Mongolian Peace.
The Mongols After Chinggis’ DeathThe Mongols After Chinggis’ Death
The Mongols continued to practice The Mongols continued to practice religious tolerationreligious toleration
A postal system for sending A postal system for sending messages was establishedmessages was established
Trade and commerce were Trade and commerce were encouraged, trade routes were kept encouraged, trade routes were kept open and guarded by Mongol soldiersopen and guarded by Mongol soldiers
The Mongol Ecumene (Community)The Mongol Ecumene (Community)
Mongol Conquests After Chinggis’ Mongol Conquests After Chinggis’ DeathDeath
Batu Khan (grandson) invaded Russia Batu Khan (grandson) invaded Russia between 1236-1242.between 1236-1242.
The capital of Kiev and many other The capital of Kiev and many other Russian cities were destroyed, and the Russian cities were destroyed, and the Russians reduced to peasants.Russians reduced to peasants.
Batu and his successors then invaded Batu and his successors then invaded Eastern Europe and penetrated all the way Eastern Europe and penetrated all the way to Vienna.to Vienna.
The death of Ogadei Khan (son of The death of Ogadei Khan (son of Chinggis) caused the Mongols to retreat to Chinggis) caused the Mongols to retreat to Central Asia, never returning to Europe.Central Asia, never returning to Europe.
Mongol Conquests After Chinggis’ Mongol Conquests After Chinggis’ DeathDeath
Hulagu Khan (grandson) Hulagu Khan (grandson) invaded the Middle East in invaded the Middle East in 1256-57 and destroyed the 1256-57 and destroyed the Islamic heartland.Islamic heartland.
The Seljuk Turks, who had The Seljuk Turks, who had dominated Dar al’Islam, dominated Dar al’Islam, were permanently were permanently weakened.weakened.
In 1257 Baghdad was In 1257 Baghdad was sacked and burned. The sacked and burned. The last Abbasid Caliph was last Abbasid Caliph was chopped to pieces.chopped to pieces.
The Mongols destroyed The Mongols destroyed many other Islamic cities many other Islamic cities before being stopped by before being stopped by the Mameluke Turks in the Mameluke Turks in Egypt.Egypt.
The Mongols in ChinaThe Mongols in China Until recently, most historians assumed Until recently, most historians assumed
that the Mongols’ impact on China (as well that the Mongols’ impact on China (as well as the rest of their empire) was only as the rest of their empire) was only negative.negative.
The Mongol conquest of China caused The Mongol conquest of China caused great loss of lifegreat loss of life
The Mongols eliminated (temporarily) the The Mongols eliminated (temporarily) the Confucian examination systemConfucian examination system
The Mongols distrusted the Chinese and The Mongols distrusted the Chinese and placed them at the bottom of their placed them at the bottom of their hierarchy.hierarchy.
The Mongols in ChinaThe Mongols in China
The Mongols did The Mongols did encourage trade and encourage trade and international contacts international contacts which were helpful to which were helpful to ChinaChina
The Mongols also The Mongols also adapted or borrowed adapted or borrowed ideas from the Chinese ideas from the Chinese for their governments.for their governments.
The Mongols also The Mongols also patronized artists and patronized artists and scientists in China.scientists in China.
Kublai Khan and the Yuan DynastyKublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan, grandson of Kublai Khan, grandson of
Chinggis, became Great Chinggis, became Great Khan in 1260Khan in 1260
By 1279 he had completely By 1279 he had completely conquered the Southern conquered the Southern Song and established the Song and established the Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368.Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368.
His Chinese capital was His Chinese capital was established at Daidu established at Daidu (modern Beijing)(modern Beijing)
Kublai Khan preferred to Kublai Khan preferred to use Chinese in his use Chinese in his government, rather than government, rather than having direct Mongol rule.having direct Mongol rule.
Kublai Khan and the Yuan DynastyKublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty
The Mongols encouraged The Mongols encouraged artisans, artists, and poets in artisans, artists, and poets in China.China.
Chinese merchants, who had Chinese merchants, who had formerly had low status, were formerly had low status, were now favored by the Mongols.now favored by the Mongols.
The Mongols reopened and The Mongols reopened and guarded trade routes and guarded trade routes and increased the supply of paper increased the supply of paper money in China and the rest money in China and the rest of their empire. of their empire.
The Mongols were religiously The Mongols were religiously tolerant. Buddhists tolerant. Buddhists themselves, they allowed themselves, they allowed Muslims, Christians, and Muslims, Christians, and others to worship freely others to worship freely throughout their empire.throughout their empire.
The Mongols established a The Mongols established a vast road and communication vast road and communication system throughout China system throughout China
Kublai Khan and his favorite wife, Kublai Khan and his favorite wife, ChabiChabi
Mongol Women Mongol Women
Mongol women were Mongol women were accustomed to a great accustomed to a great deal of independence deal of independence and freedom.and freedom.
In China, Mongol In China, Mongol women refused to women refused to accept footbinding.accept footbinding.
This, and the open This, and the open manner in which manner in which Chabi and other Chabi and other Mongol women lived, Mongol women lived, shocked the Chinese.shocked the Chinese.
The Forbidden CityThe Forbidden City
Kublai Khan’s palace complex in Kublai Khan’s palace complex in DaiduDaidu
Constructed in many different Constructed in many different architectural styles to symbolize the architectural styles to symbolize the multicultural nature of the empire.multicultural nature of the empire.
Also contained a huge campground Also contained a huge campground on which the Mongols would camp in on which the Mongols would camp in yurts once or twice a year.yurts once or twice a year.
Mongol Collapse in ChinaMongol Collapse in China Two failed invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281Two failed invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 Kublai Khan gradually lost interest in life after the Kublai Khan gradually lost interest in life after the
death of Chabi and retreated to the Forbidden death of Chabi and retreated to the Forbidden CityCity
Neo-Confucianists in China opposed the Mongols Neo-Confucianists in China opposed the Mongols as foreign invadersas foreign invaders
Mongol dislike for the Chinese was alienating.Mongol dislike for the Chinese was alienating. After Kublai’s death in 1294 there were After Kublai’s death in 1294 there were
succession problems and economic decline.succession problems and economic decline. Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes) increased Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes) increased
in the early 1300sin the early 1300s The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming
Dynasty in 1368, and the Mongols were driven Dynasty in 1368, and the Mongols were driven out of China.out of China.
The Fall of the Mongolian KhanatesThe Fall of the Mongolian Khanates
Overexpansion meant the empire grew too Overexpansion meant the empire grew too large to be successfully governed.large to be successfully governed.
Succession problems plagued the Succession problems plagued the khanates.khanates.
Economic decline and rebellions also Economic decline and rebellions also played a role.played a role.
By the late 1300s only the Kipchak By the late 1300s only the Kipchak Khanate or “Golden Horde” remained in Khanate or “Golden Horde” remained in place.place.
Timur-i-Lang: The Last Gasp of the Timur-i-Lang: The Last Gasp of the Mongols 1336-1405Mongols 1336-1405
Claimed to be a descendant of Claimed to be a descendant of Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan
Created large empire in Central AsiaCreated large empire in Central Asia Attempted but failed in the conquest Attempted but failed in the conquest
of Chinaof China Patron of the arts, encouraged tradePatron of the arts, encouraged trade Destructive, merciless, conquerorDestructive, merciless, conqueror
Consequences of the Mongol Consequences of the Mongol EmpireEmpire
Reopening of the trade routes between Reopening of the trade routes between Europe and Asia increased trade and other Europe and Asia increased trade and other contacts.contacts.
The destruction of Dar al’Islam and the The destruction of Dar al’Islam and the weakening of the Seljuk Turks allowed the weakening of the Seljuk Turks allowed the Ottoman Turks to move into the Middle Ottoman Turks to move into the Middle East.East.
Russia was cut off from European contact. Russia was cut off from European contact. Princes from Moscow led the final revolt Princes from Moscow led the final revolt against the Mongols, and that city became against the Mongols, and that city became the new Russian capitalthe new Russian capital
Consequences of the Mongol Consequences of the Mongol EmpireEmpire
The opening of the trade routes and The opening of the trade routes and encouragement of trade allowed encouragement of trade allowed bubonic plague to enter Europe.bubonic plague to enter Europe.
The Ottoman Turks in the Middle The Ottoman Turks in the Middle East were more interested in military East were more interested in military expansion than trade “Conquest expansion than trade “Conquest Over Commerce.”Over Commerce.”
The World After the MongolsThe World After the Mongols
The new Ming Dynasty in China was The new Ming Dynasty in China was proud of the return to native Chinese proud of the return to native Chinese rule.rule.
To reinforce this pride, the Ming To reinforce this pride, the Ming Emperor authorized voyages to the Emperor authorized voyages to the Indian Ocean to demonstrate Indian Ocean to demonstrate Chinese power and to collect tribute.Chinese power and to collect tribute.
The admiral in charge of the voyages The admiral in charge of the voyages was Zheng He.was Zheng He.
Zheng He (Cheng Ho) 1371-1435Zheng He (Cheng Ho) 1371-1435
Born a Muslim in Born a Muslim in southwest Chinasouthwest China
Captured and castrated Captured and castrated by Ming soldiers at age 10 by Ming soldiers at age 10
Sent to Beijing to serve, Sent to Beijing to serve, with other eunuchs, in the with other eunuchs, in the emperor’s courtemperor’s court
Highly intelligent and well Highly intelligent and well educatededucated
Intent on asserting Intent on asserting China’s power in the China’s power in the world.world.
Zheng He’s treasure shipsZheng He’s treasure ships
Zheng He’s treasure shipsZheng He’s treasure ships
Three and four masted ships were built by Three and four masted ships were built by the Chinese as early as the 8the Chinese as early as the 8thth century. century.
The Song and Yuan Dynasties continued to The Song and Yuan Dynasties continued to build larger ships with compartments, build larger ships with compartments, holds for fresh water, and private cabins.holds for fresh water, and private cabins.
The Ming Dynasty introduced “treasure The Ming Dynasty introduced “treasure ships” 400 feet long, with nine masts, ships” 400 feet long, with nine masts, twelve sails, four decks, and room for twelve sails, four decks, and room for hundreds of passengers and tons of cargo.hundreds of passengers and tons of cargo.
The ships were armed with small cannons.The ships were armed with small cannons.
The Seven Ming VoyagesThe Seven Ming Voyages
1405-07: 317 ships (60 treasure 1405-07: 317 ships (60 treasure ships) 28,000 passengers. S.E. Asia, ships) 28,000 passengers. S.E. Asia, Malacca, IndiaMalacca, India
1407-09: 68 ships to India1407-09: 68 ships to India 1409-11:48 ships to Malacca, Ceylon, 1409-11:48 ships to Malacca, Ceylon,
IndiaIndia 1413-15: 63 ships to Persian Gulf1413-15: 63 ships to Persian Gulf
The Seven Ming VoyagesThe Seven Ming Voyages
1417-19: Persian Gulf, Red Sea, East 1417-19: Persian Gulf, Red Sea, East Coast of AfricaCoast of Africa
1421-22: Red Sea, East Coast of 1421-22: Red Sea, East Coast of AfricaAfrica
1431-33: 100 ships, 27,000 men. 1431-33: 100 ships, 27,000 men. South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Red South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea Sea
Opposition to the Ming VoyagesOpposition to the Ming Voyages Neo-Confucianists opposed the Ming Voyages Neo-Confucianists opposed the Ming Voyages
for several reasons:for several reasons:1.1. The Mongols and other enemies could attack by The Mongols and other enemies could attack by
landland2.2. The voyages were wasteful and extravagantThe voyages were wasteful and extravagant3.3. Money could be better spent on internal Money could be better spent on internal
improvements to the Grand Canalimprovements to the Grand Canal4.4. Foreign trade was unnecessary and would only Foreign trade was unnecessary and would only
hurt China.hurt China.5.5. The eunuchs who supported the voyages were The eunuchs who supported the voyages were
not really Chinese and therefore suspect.not really Chinese and therefore suspect.
The Voyages EndThe Voyages End
In 1433 the Neo-Confucianists convinced In 1433 the Neo-Confucianists convinced the Emperor to order a halt to the the Emperor to order a halt to the voyages.voyages.
The treasure ships were ordered The treasure ships were ordered dismantleddismantled
Ships larger than two masts were banned.Ships larger than two masts were banned. Records of the voyages were ordered Records of the voyages were ordered
destroyed.destroyed. Zheng He died in 1435, almost forgotten.Zheng He died in 1435, almost forgotten.
Changes in EuropeChanges in Europe
The 11The 11thth, 12, 12thth, and 13, and 13thth centuries centuries were a period of growth and were a period of growth and development for Western Europe.development for Western Europe.
Warmer weather, longer growing Warmer weather, longer growing seasons, and better tools increased seasons, and better tools increased agricultural production and agricultural production and population.population.
Trade and commerce grew and Trade and commerce grew and encouraged urbanization and wealthencouraged urbanization and wealth
The Calamitous 14The Calamitous 14thth Century Century
Climate changes led to “The Little Ice Climate changes led to “The Little Ice Age” in the Northern Hemisphere ca Age” in the Northern Hemisphere ca 1300-1800.1300-1800.
The Hundred Years War 1337-The Hundred Years War 1337-14531453
Conflict between England and FranceConflict between England and France One of numerous conflicts during the One of numerous conflicts during the
1414thth century. century.
The Famine of The Famine of 1315-13171315-1317
By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate.
A population crisis developed. Climate changes in Europe produced
three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain.
As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died.
One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.
The Black Death!!!The Black Death!!!
May have originated in East Africa among May have originated in East Africa among small rodents.small rodents.
Drought conditions (El Nino) caused the Drought conditions (El Nino) caused the rodents to migrate to East African cities on rodents to migrate to East African cities on Indian Ocean coast.Indian Ocean coast.
Ships traveling to India and China carried Ships traveling to India and China carried the plague.the plague.
Plague then traveled across Eurasia on Plague then traveled across Eurasia on recently reopened trade routes (Mongols)recently reopened trade routes (Mongols)
The Black Death!!!The Black Death!!!
The plague arrived in Constantinople The plague arrived in Constantinople in 1347in 1347
It reached Italy later that year and It reached Italy later that year and spread through the rest of Europe by spread through the rest of Europe by 1349.1349.
Travelers on trade routes carried the Travelers on trade routes carried the plague throughout Europeplague throughout Europe
One third of Europe’s population diedOne third of Europe’s population died
SymptomsSymptoms
Black Death FlagellantsBlack Death Flagellants
A Physician A Physician
Lancing the BuboesLancing the Buboes
The Plague TodayThe Plague Today
Recovering from the 14Recovering from the 14thth Century Century
New Monarchies: England, France, New Monarchies: England, France, Spain, Portugal: centralized Spain, Portugal: centralized governments reestablished by 1400governments reestablished by 1400
Economic recovery took longer, but Economic recovery took longer, but was well underway by 1450.was well underway by 1450.
In Northern Italy, movement was well In Northern Italy, movement was well underway towards a new era . . .underway towards a new era . . .
The RenaissanceThe Renaissance
Secular rather than religious Secular rather than religious (humanism)(humanism)
Turning away from the Medieval EraTurning away from the Medieval Era Idealization of classical cultureIdealization of classical culture Began in Northern Italy’s urban areas Began in Northern Italy’s urban areas
among wealthy merchants (il popolo among wealthy merchants (il popolo grosso)grosso)
Centered in FlorenceCentered in Florence
Renaissance AttitudesRenaissance Attitudes
Curiosity, interest in science and Curiosity, interest in science and discoverydiscovery
Man is the Measure of all ThingsMan is the Measure of all Things Have better life in the present worldHave better life in the present world
Early Renaissance Creative SpiritsEarly Renaissance Creative Spirits
Dante Aligheri Dante Aligheri 1265-13211265-1321
Author of The Author of The Divine ComedyDivine Comedy
Written in the Written in the vernacularvernacular
Father of the Father of the Italian LanguageItalian Language
Love Poems to Love Poems to BeatriceBeatrice
Early Renaissance Creative SpiritsEarly Renaissance Creative Spirits
Francesco Petrarch Francesco Petrarch 1304-13741304-1374
Father of Father of HumanismHumanism
Creator of the Creator of the SonnetSonnet
Recovered Greek Recovered Greek and Roman textsand Roman texts
Love poems to Love poems to LauraLaura
Early Renaissance Creative SpiritsEarly Renaissance Creative Spirits
Giovanni Bocaccio Giovanni Bocaccio 1313-13751313-1375
Author of The Author of The DecameronDecameron
Spoof of Medieval Spoof of Medieval poetry and the cult poetry and the cult of the ideal womanof the ideal woman
Early Renaissance Creative SpiritsEarly Renaissance Creative Spirits
Lorenzo Valla 1407-Lorenzo Valla 1407-14541454
Developed linguistic Developed linguistic analysis to determine analysis to determine age and authenticityage and authenticity
Proved The Donation Proved The Donation of Constantine was a of Constantine was a forgeryforgery
Faith in the Church Faith in the Church was shaken for manywas shaken for many
Early Renaissance Creative SpiritsEarly Renaissance Creative Spirits
Giotto di Bondone Giotto di Bondone 1267-13371267-1337
The first “modern The first “modern painter”painter”
Naturalistic, three Naturalistic, three dimensional dimensional paintingspaintings
The Madonna in GloryThe Madonna in Glory
The Madonna in MajestyThe Madonna in Majesty
The EpiphanyThe Epiphany
The Mourning of ChristThe Mourning of Christ
The Duomo and The Campanile di The Duomo and The Campanile di Giotto (Florence)Giotto (Florence)
The High RenaissanceThe High Renaissance
Late 1400s through mid 1500sLate 1400s through mid 1500s Active Periods of the three greatest Active Periods of the three greatest
Renaissance artists:Renaissance artists: Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Raphael Sanzio 1483-1520Raphael Sanzio 1483-1520 Michelangelo Buonarrati 1475-1564Michelangelo Buonarrati 1475-1564
Leonardo: The Virgin of the RocksLeonardo: The Virgin of the Rocks
Leonardo: The Mona LisaLeonardo: The Mona Lisa
Leonardo: The Last SupperLeonardo: The Last Supper
Leonardo: Sketches and PlansLeonardo: Sketches and Plans
Leonardo: NotebooksLeonardo: Notebooks
Raphael: MadonnasRaphael: Madonnas
Raphael: PortraitsRaphael: Portraits
Raphael: The School of AthensRaphael: The School of Athens
Michelangelo: The PietaMichelangelo: The Pieta
Michelangelo: DavidMichelangelo: David
Michelangelo: The Dying SlaveMichelangelo: The Dying Slave
Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel CeilingCeiling
Michelangelo: Sistine ChapelMichelangelo: Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo: Sistine ChapelMichelangelo: Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo: Sistine ChapelMichelangelo: Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo: The Last JudgmentMichelangelo: The Last Judgment
Michelangelo: The Last JudgmentMichelangelo: The Last Judgment
Northern Renaissance: Jan Van Northern Renaissance: Jan Van EyckEyck
Northern Renaissance: Hans Northern Renaissance: Hans HolbeinHolbein
Europe by the 1400sEurope by the 1400s Expanding economies Expanding economies Strong interest in trade for Asian luxury Strong interest in trade for Asian luxury
goodsgoods Ottoman Empire blocked eastern trade Ottoman Empire blocked eastern trade
routesroutes Desire for alternative trade routesDesire for alternative trade routes Shortages of gold and other precious Shortages of gold and other precious
metalsmetals Negative balance of tradeNegative balance of trade New shipbuilding methods and technology New shipbuilding methods and technology
encouraged sea explorationencouraged sea exploration
The ReconquistaThe Reconquista After Italy, the next most After Italy, the next most
important area of change important area of change in Europe was the Iberian in Europe was the Iberian peninsulapeninsula
In the war called The In the war called The Reconquista, the Spanish Reconquista, the Spanish and Portuguese drove out and Portuguese drove out the Muslims by 1492the Muslims by 1492
Spanish and Portuguese Spanish and Portuguese monarchs regarded the monarchs regarded the defense and expansion of defense and expansion of Christianity as a sacred Christianity as a sacred dutyduty
Other Changes Beyond EuropeOther Changes Beyond Europe
Ethnocentrism: judging other Ethnocentrism: judging other cultures by your own standardscultures by your own standards
In the Americas, Aztec and Inca In the Americas, Aztec and Inca cultures were already having cultures were already having difficulties (economic, political) by difficulties (economic, political) by the late 1400s.the late 1400s.
The Ottoman Turks in the Middle The Ottoman Turks in the Middle East were increasingly unable to deal East were increasingly unable to deal with European competitionwith European competition
Polynesian MigrationsPolynesian Migrations
Polynesian MigrationsPolynesian Migrations
Migrations through the Migrations through the Polynesian islands Polynesian islands continued.continued.
Hawaii developed an Hawaii developed an agricultural society agricultural society based on swine. It based on swine. It was divided into was divided into regional kingdoms regional kingdoms with stratified with stratified societies dominated societies dominated by priests and nobles.by priests and nobles.
Polynesian MigrationsPolynesian Migrations
Another migration Another migration pattern led settlers to pattern led settlers to the islands now called the islands now called New Zealand.New Zealand.
The Maoris developed The Maoris developed a warlike culture a warlike culture based on agriculturebased on agriculture
The Polynesian The Polynesian cultures developed in cultures developed in total isolation from total isolation from other civilizationsother civilizations