THE MOLECULAR CONVERGENCE TULSA, OK 9-21-07 Dr. David Lemberg Executive Producer, SCIENCE AND...
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Transcript of THE MOLECULAR CONVERGENCE TULSA, OK 9-21-07 Dr. David Lemberg Executive Producer, SCIENCE AND...
THE MOLECULAR CONVERGENCETULSA, OK 9-21-07
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 1
Arthur C. Clarke, author of 2001: A Space Odyssey
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 2
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 3
Nanotechnology Biomedicine Information technology
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 4
Harness the possibilities of new science New job creation Economic growth and development Urban renewal
Creative expansion Better living and better lives Fulfillment of human potential Stockholm, Sweden
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 5
Manipulation of molecules and matter Precision assembly of matter Living systems do this every minute of
every day Building proteins Respiration Plants −photosynthesis
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 6
One nanometer (nm) − one millionth the width of a human hair
10 hydrogen atoms side-by-side = 1 nm Visible light approx. 500 nm
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 7
All nano action is at the surface − it’s all about the surface area
As a particle gets smaller and smaller, its surface area compared to its volume gets greater and greater Villi of small intestine Receptors on cell membranes DNA packing in chromosomes
DNA in one cell is six feet long!!!
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 8
At the nanoscale, surface properties become crucial AND controllable
And, properties change based on the dimensions
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 9
“There is no industry that will not be touched by nanotechnology.”
Dr. Eric Isaacs, Director of the Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, and Professor of Physics, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 10
Carbon nanotubes Super strong Super light Super flexible
60-100 times as strong as steel Excellent conductors, so great for
electronics
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 11
$100K per pound to launch to Mars and Jupiter
Lighter and stronger nano-materials Instrumentation Propulsion Navigation systems Sensors
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 12
Carbon nanotube-based x-ray tubes Evaluate small rock samples (for Mars in
2009) Tiny gas sensors based on carbon
nanotubes Analyze extraterrestrial atmospheres
Sensor webs 1000s of tiny sensors Sensing and computing capabilities Planetary-wide topography, atmosphere, signs
of life
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 13
15-20 minutes for one-way signal between Mars Rovers and JSC in Houston
Need autonomous (independent-thinking) spacecraft for long-range missions
Spacecraft makes decisions locally Need enormous computing power
Enter nanotechnology!
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 14
One million times faster than what’s on our desktops (1015 versus 109)
Need super-fast components Nano-computing Molecular transistors (switches) Ultra-high-density memory chips
(109 more than is possible right now) Use optics (light) rather than electrons
Side benefit − laptops won’t get hot
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 15
The number one problem facing the next generation of scientists
Alternative sources Renewable sources Sustainable sources
Need innovative solutions − multidisciplinary approaches
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 16
The 50 Terawatt (TW) Problem
Where’s all the energy going to come from?
Global energy consumption was 14 TW per year in 2002
Energy is already a scarce resource Energy is our #1 national security issue
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 17
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 18
Based on projections, the world will consume 50 TW of energy in 2100.
In 1953, the science fiction master Robert Heinlein wrote “Revolt in 2100”.
He may have been very close to the truth.
But − help may be only 93,000,000 miles away.
Sunlight brings 14 TW of energy per day to the surface of the Earth
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 19
Photovoltaics Solar cells Solar panels
Photosynthesis Biomimetics − mimic this process using
nanoscale technology Biology Chemistry Engineering
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 20
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 21
Inorganic-organic composites TiO2–DNA
Titanium dioxide–DNA interface A nanoscopic battery !!!
TiO2 (a semiconductor) absorbs sunlight DNA separates the electric charge The structure stores the charge like a battery
Current grand challenge – how to store charge?“What do you do at night?”
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 22
“Create a new curriculum for nanobiology”
Help each discipline understand the others
Basic biology for engineers Develop full majors in
nanobiology, nano-economics, nano-engineering
Dr. Nathan Cady, Assistant Professor of Nanobioscience, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY University at Albany
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 23
Mimic biology to build structures at the nanoscale Genetically modifiable biological macromolecules
Harness cellular proteins to build a structure on an inorganic surface Build circuits
DNA-based biosensors to detect pathogens Multiplex sensors – detect 10-100 pathogens in a
sample Implantable prosthetic devices
Tissue bioengineeringDr. David Lemberg
Executive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 24
Build new mathematical models for robots
Program many simple rules → emergent autonomous behavior
Dr. Dennis Hong, Director, Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory, Virginia Tech
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 25
DARwin (Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot With Intelligence)
Navigates obstacles and traverses uneven terrain
Plays soccer Competed in 2007 RoboCup
Communicates by sign Reads “dance” and dances Reads “handshake” and shakes hands
Plays dice game
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 26
MARS (Multi-Appendage Robotics System) Uses lightweight carbon tube
construction NASA developing legged vehicles for
zero-G activities Autonomous inspection and maintenance
outside space station
Whole Skin Locomotion – cytoplasmic streaming
Search and rescue – collapsed building Medical apps – robotic endoscope
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 27
Cancer affects 1.3M Americans each year New diagnoses 25% hereditary; 75% environment and
exposureOf these, 550,000 will die of cancer
What we need is early detection and eradication!
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 28
Not identified early enough for prevention and effective treatment
At-risk population is not well-identified Current treatment based on “how the
tumor looks under the microscope” VERSUS the molecular changes that are the REAL PROBLEM
Current treatment represents “average treatment for the average tumor” BUT no two tumors are alike
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 29
“Am I or my family at risk for cancer?” Identify genes that predispose to cancer Identify molecular signatures in early
cancer
Cancer patients – “What kind of treatment will I get and will I survive?”
Understand changes in cancer cells Advanced pharmaceuticals targeted to
specific alterations
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 30
“Certain mutations are a beacon telling us something has gone wrong”
“We need more sensitive technology to find subtle changes at low concentrations”
Dr. Francis Barany, Professor of Microbiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Director of Mutation Research, Strang Cancer Prevention Center
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 31
Chromosomal instability Gene duplication Gene rearrangement Gross losses of chromosome material
So – most solid tumors have many genetic mutations
And, tumor cells can suppress or silence genes that normally suppress cell growth
And, malignant cells have multiple strategies to allow them to become invasive or metastatic
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 32
Evade normal mechanisms of the immune system
Ability to acquire a blood supply Ability to become highly motile and travel
in the blood stream and lymphatics
Cancer therapy is an arms race.
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 33
Study how genes are disregulated in cancer progression
Identify the genetic signatures of cells
Probe gene expression, determine which are upregulated and which are suppressed
Dr. Barbara Hempstead, Co-Division Chief, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 34
Obesity ↑ risk of breast CA by 50% Fat cells are small biochemical factories
→ produce estrogen, polypeptide GFs (e.g., insulin)
Overabundance of these biologically active proteins promote carcinogenesis (hypothesis)
Fat cells produce leptin, which promotes breast CA cell growth and metastasis
High leptin levels are correlated with higher-grade tumors
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 35
“The genetic makeup of single cancer cells is very important.”
Cells that express different types of receptors will respond to different combinations of drugs Anti-estrogens and anti-GFs
How diet might modify expression of cancer-related genes
Dr. Eva Surmacz, internationally recognized expert in cancer biology – Director, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sbarro Health Research Organization
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 36
Genetic risk assessment Family history Genetic screening – genomic data“Personalize” treatment to groups ↑ surveillance ↑ screening
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 37
Cancer genetics nirvana – “keeping healthy people healthy”
Smart consumer – “how’s my family history and what’s my genetic risk”
20-50 years – highly accurate risk assessment based on family and personal hx, and a small panel of genes
Dr. Charis Eng, Chair and Founding Director, Genomic Medicine Institute of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 38
National Science Foundation K-12 Initiative Grad students mentor middle-school and
HS teachers Focus on problem-based learning
“Interactive pedagogies” Engage and excite students in math and
science education
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 39
Responsibility to communicate science to the public
Engage in how science is taught Be translators – explain their own work
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 40
Center for Science Education at Emory University
Summer programs for 9th-11th graders 97% go on to college science
majors 150 new curriculum models
Dr. Pat Marsteller, Director, Emory College Center for Science Education
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 41
Address public concerns about science and how science is done
Use jargon-free language Address need for basic research and its
costs Codes of ethics and safety protocols Self-correcting nature of science Public learns not to believe what they
read in newspapers Public learns they can ask questions, too
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 42
Five Grand Challenges (the 5 E’s) Energy Environment Economics Education Ethics (harmony, global cooperation)
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 43
Grand challenges in medicine Personalized, preventive, and prescriptive
medicine Cancer prevention and treatment Diabetes and obesity Alzheimer’s disease Heart disease and stroke Quality of life with increasing longevity
We live in the most exciting time in history for human growth and development
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 44
Dr. David LembergExecutive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 45