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Program StudiMANAJEMEN

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UNDERSTANDING ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

The Path to Effective Writing

Verbs and Voice

• Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the action.

• There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice.

Active Voice

• Active Voice – indicates that the subject of the verb is acting

• Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

Active Voice

These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.

The dog jumped onto the boy.The dog (subject) is doing the jumping (verb).

Kristy will give a book report to the class.Kristy (subject) is doing the giving (verb).

The computer ate my paper.The computer (subject) is doing the eating (verb).

Passive Voice

• In a passive voice sentence, the subject and object flip-flop. The subject becomes the passive recipient of the action.

• Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

Passive Voice

• These examples show the subject being acted upon by the verb.

• The boy was jumped on by the dog. – Boy (subject) was being jumped on (verb)

• A book report will be given by Kristy to the class.– Report (subject) will be given (verb).

• My paper was eaten by the computer.– Paper (subject) was being eaten (verb).

Reasons to Use the Active Voice

• Most writers prefer to use active voice because it is more direct.

• Compare– Active: The waiter dropped the tray of

food.– Passive: The tray of food was dropped

by the waiter.

Reasons to Use the Active Voice

The active voice is less awkward and clearly states relationship between subject and action.Compare

Passive: Your request for funding has been denied by the review committee.Active: The review committee denied your request for funding.

The active voice sentence pattern propels the reader forward through your writing thus avoiding weak prose.

When to Use Passive Voice

In general, the passive voice is less direct, less forceful, and less concise than the active voice. Use the passive voice in the following situations:

Use passive voice when you do not know or do not want to reveal the performer of an action.Use passive voice when you want to emphasize the receiver of an action.

Examples

• Awkward Passive: My bicycle was repainted by John.

• Deliberate Passive: My bicycle was repainted. (The performer is not mentioned and the emphasis is on the bicycle.)

Form of Passive Voice Verbs

The passive voice requires a "double verb" and will always consist of a form of the verb "to be" and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form) of another verb. Example:

Active: John baked the bread.Passive: The bread was baked by John. (Wasis a form of the verb “be”.)


Writers should be familiar with the forms of "to be" , often called linking verbs, so that they can easily identify the passive voice in their work.

Review the forms of "to be": am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been


• Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive voice:

• is kicked----------------had been kickedwas kicked-------------is going to be kickedis being kicked---------will be kickedhas been kicked-------can be kickedwas being kicked------should be kicked


Often passive voice sentences will contain a "by" phrase indicting who or what performed the action.Passive sentences can be easily

transformed into active sentences when the object of the preposition "by" is moved to the subject position in the sentence.


Examples:Passive: The cookies were eaten by the children.Active: The children ate the cookies.

Passive: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.Active: The gophers dug the tunnels.

Let’s Practice

Directions: Change the sentences below to the active voice.1. The statue is being visited by hundreds of

tourists every year. 2. My books were stolen by someone yesterday. 3. These books had been left in the classroom by a

careless student. 4. Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by

plantation workers. 5. The house had been broken into by someone

while the owners were on vacation.

Let’s Practice

Directions: Change the sentences below to the passive voice.1. Children cannot open these bottles easily. 2. The government built a road right outside her

front door. 3. Mr. Ross broke the antique vase as he walked

through the store. 4. When she arrived, the changes amazed her. 5. The construction workers are making street

repairs all month long.

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Active & PassiveActive Voice Form

• When we want to say that the subject of a sentence is doing the action, we use the verb of that sentence in its Active form:

• e.g. A man is cutting down a tree. ‘A man’ = subject -- doing the action -- cutting - Active

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Active & PassivePassive Voice Form

• When we want to say that the subject of a sentence is not doing anything but is allowing something to be done to it by somebody else, we use the Passive Voice form:e.g. A tree is being cut down by a man.‘A tree’ = subject = not doing anything, but allowing ‘a man’ to cut it. Passive

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Active-Passive Voice –example 1

• The boy is carrying the girl. Active VoiceThe boy = subjectis carrying = verbthe girl = object of the verb Who is doing the action of carrying? = ‘The boy’ – subject of the sentence

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Active-Passive Voice –example 2

• The girl is being carried by the boy. Passive Voice

The girl = subjectis being carried = verbby = prepositionthe boy = object of the preposition ‘by’Who is doing the action of carrying? = Not ‘The girl’, the subject, but ‘the boy’, the object

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Active-Passive Voice – changes 1

• John reads a book every day. Active Voice‘John’ -- the subject of the Active sentence…

A book is read every day by John. Passive Voice‘by John’ – object of the preposition ‘by’The subject of the Active sentence becomes the object of the preposition in the Passive sentence!

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• John reads a book every day. Active Voice‘reads’ – verb of the Active sentenceA book is read every day by John. Passive voiceThe Active form of the verb in Active sentence is changed into the Passive form in Passive sentence.‘reads’ becomes “is read”!

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• John reads a book every day. Active Voice‘a book’ -- object of the verbA book is read every day by John. Passive voice‘A book’ -- subject of the passive sentence…

The object of the verb in the Active sentence becomes the subject of the Passive sentence.

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Active-Passive Voice – note 1

• He cooks food. Active Voice‘food’ – object of the verb –singular

Food is cooked by him. Passive Voice‘Food’ – subject of the passive

sentence – singular, so ‘is cooked’ --verb singular

When the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must also be in singular

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• When the subject of a sentence is Plural, the verb of that sentence must be Plural:

• He carried some books. Active Voice‘some books’ -- object of the verb in Active – PluralSome books were carried by him. Passive Voice‘were carried’ – verb – ‘were’ plural / ‘books’ plural

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Active-Passive Voice -- note 3

• She has signed ten letters. Active Voice‘She’ – subject; ‘has’ – part of the verb – singular‘ten letters’ – object of the verb in Active -- plural

Ten letters have been signed by her. Passive Voice‘Ten letters’ – subject – plural; ‘have been signed’ verb –‘have’ -- plural

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Active-Passive Voice – Tense Change 1

• She bakes cakes. Active‘bakes’ – verb –Simple Present Tense

Cakes are baked by her.Passive Voice

‘are baked’ – verb –Simple Present Tense

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Active-Passive – Tense Change 2

• He is building a sand castle.‘is building’ – verb –present continues tense –ACTIVE VOICE FORM

A sand castle is being built by him.‘is being built’ – verb –present continues tensePASSIVE VOICE FORM

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Active-Passive -- Tense Change 3

• He has drawn a picture.‘has drawn’ – verb –present perfect tenseACTIVE VOICE

A picture has been drawn by him.‘has been drawn’ – verb –present perfect tensePASSIVE VOICE

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Active-Passive – Tense Change 4

• According to the traditional grammar rules, the present perfect continues tense is not used in PASSIVE VOICE FORM; however, in the contemporary English, there are occasions where the present perfect continues tense is used in the Passive Voice:

• e.g. He has been mowing the lawn. Active VoiceThe lawn has been being mowed by him.

Passive Voice

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Active-Passive Voice –Tense Change 5

• She told me a secret. Active Voice‘told’ – verb – simple past tense

A secret was told (to) me by her. Passive Voice

‘was told’ – verb – simple past tense

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Active-Passive Voice –Tense Change 6

• The postman was delivering the post. ‘was delivering’ -- verb -- Past Continuous TenseACTIVE VOICE FORM

The post was being delivered by the postman.‘was being delivered’ -- verb -- Past continuous TensePASSIVE VOICE FORM

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Active-Passive Voice -- Tense Change 7

She had eaten several peas before she offered him any.

‘had eaten’ – verb – past perfect tense – Active

Several peas had been eaten by her before she offered him any.‘had been eaten’ – verb – past perfect tense -- Passive

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• According to the traditional grammar rules, the past perfect continuous tense is not used in Passive form; however, in the contemporary English, there are occasions where the past perfect tense is used in the Passive Form, too!

• He had been writing letters for half an hour before somebody called him out.

• Letters had been being written for half an hour (by him) before somebody called him out.

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They will give the beggar some money. ‘will give’ -- verb -- simple future tense -- Active

The beggar will be given some money by them.‘will be given’ -- verb -- simple future tense -- Passive

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Active-Passive -- Tense Change10

• According to the traditional grammar rules, the future continuous tense in the Active is not used in Passive Voice Form.

• e.g. They will be playing with fireworks by the time their father reaches home. Active‘will be playing’ – verb – future continuous

-------- NO PASSIVE --------

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• Sue will have sewn two dresses by 12 O’ clock. ‘will have sewn’ – verb – future perfect tense – Active

Two dresses will have been sewn by 12 O’ clock by Sue. ‘will have been sewn’ – verb – future perfect tense --

Passive

05-05-2009 BCK 40


• According to the traditional grammar rules, the future perfect continuous tense is not used in the Passive Voice Form:

e.g. You will have been working on the course material for 2 hours by 6 in the evening.‘will have been working’ – verb –Future Perfect Continuous Tense – Active

---------- NO CHANGE ----------

05-05-2009BCK 41


The Modal Auxiliary (helping) Verbs in Passive Voice Form take ‘be’: e.g. He will give you a book. Active VoiceYou will be given a book by him. Passivee.g. They can pick a number. Active VoiceA number can be picked by them. Passivee.g. We must finish this job. Active VoiceThis job must be finished by us. Passive

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• The Subject of the active voice sentence becomes the object of the preposition in the Passive Voice sentence. The preposition is usually ‘by’ when the object is a person, and ‘with’ when the object is a thing, such as a knife, gun, arrow, etc.

• e.g. The hunter shot the deer with an arrow. ActiveThe deer was shot with an arrow by the hunter. Passive

‘an arrow’ -- a thing – preposition ‘with’‘a hunter’ -- a person -- preposition ‘by’

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• When there are two objects of the verb in the active voice sentence, we can change that active sentence into passive in two way: using the first object in one sentence and the second object in the other.

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Active-Passive Voice – note 2(continued)

• e.g. The teacher teaches you a lesson. Active‘you’ – object of the verb / ‘a lesson’ – object of the verb

(A) You are taught a lesson by the teacher. Passive(B) A lesson is taught to you by the teacher. Passive

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Active-Passive Voice -- note 3

• In writing the Passive Voice, in most cases, the preposition –‘by’ or ‘with’ – and its object are not used, because they are understood:

• e.g. The cook made me an omelette. Active VoiceAn omelette was made for meby the cook..Passive Voice

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