The Mind-Boggling Diversity of Life
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Transcript of The Mind-Boggling Diversity of Life
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The Mind-Boggling Diversity of Life• The Eukarya domain
contains four kingdoms– Protista– Plantae– Fungi– Animalia
• Eukaryotes evolved sometime after prokaryotes populated the Earth
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The Dawn of Eukarya• Key evolutionary
features of eukaryotes:
– Presence of a nucleus – Membrane-bound
internal compartments– Larger cell size– Sexual reproduction– Multicellular (not all are
though)
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Eukaryotes Have Subcellular Compartmentalization and Larger Cells
• Eukaryotic DNA is in a nucleus
• Increased complexity allows eukaryotes to function with greater efficiency
• Eukaryotes are thousands of times larger in volume than prokaryotes
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Sexual Reproduction Increases Genetic Diversity
• Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity by producing offspring that are different from each other and from both parents.
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Protista: The First Eukaryotes
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Protista: The First Eukaryotes
• The protists include any organism that do not fit into the other kingdom classifications
• Shared Derived Traits:– Simple organization – No specialized tissues
• Can be mobile using a flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
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Protista: The First Eukaryotes
• Live in almost any environment that contains liquid water
• Many protists, such as the algae, are photosynthetic
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Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
• What is an autotroph? What is a producer?
• What is an heterotroph? What is a consumer?
• What is an mixotrophs?
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Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
• Algae are autotrophic producers that use energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis and release oxygen gas as a by-product
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Algae as an Energy Source?
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Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
• Heterotrophic protists rely on other organisms for energy
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Some Heterotrophs Protists Are Pathogens
• Some of the best-known protists are disease-causing pathogens– Malaria ---
Giardia
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Protists are Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, or Mixotrophs
• Mixotrophs obtain energy from a variety of sources, depending on environmental conditions– Photosynthesize– Consumer
• W2L: How is this adventitious for the mixotroph?
Euglena viridis
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Fungi: A World of Decomposers
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Fungi• Shared derived trait:
Fungal cells have a protective cell wall that produce chitin to protect the cell and give the fungus structure
• Fungi can be multicellular or single-celled species
• DNA comparisons show that fungi are more closely related to humans than to plants!
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Fungi• The body of a
multicellular fungus is called the mycelium and is made up of many mycelial strands of hyphae
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Fungi Play a Key Role as Decomposers
• Fungi are heterotrophs that decompose organic materials
• Fungi are the most important decomposers on land
• W2L: What do you think would happen if there were no more fungus in the world?
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Fungi Can be Dangerous Parasites
• Parasitic fungi decomposes the tissue of living organisms
Athlete's Foot Ring “worm”
Zygomycosis
Yeast
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Fungal Parasites• The carpenter ant
(genus Campanotus) is infected by a parasitic fungi of the genus Cordyceps, which changes the behavior of their host
• spores attach to the surface of the ant and enter the ant’s body
• mycelia grow inside the ant’s body absorbing soft tissues but avoid vital organs
• When the fungus is ready to reproduce, the mycelia grow into the ant’s brain!
• The fungus produces chemicals in the brain causing the ant to climb to the top of a plant and latch on
• The fungus then devours the ant’s brain, killing the host releasing clusters of spores into the air completing the life cycle of the fungus
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Lichens and Mycorrhizae: Collaborations between Kingdoms
• Symbiosis is the process of two organisms working together in close association
• Fungi have formed beneficial relationships with members of almost every kingdom
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Lichens Contain a Fungus and a Photosynthetic Microbe
• A lichen is a positive association between:– a photosynthetic
microbe (algae or cyanobacteria) and a fungus
• Lichens are pioneers of barren environments, helping to facilitate soil formation
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Mycorrhizae are Beneficial Associations Between a Fungus and a Plant’s Root
• Mycorrhizae are beneficial associations between a fungus and the plant root
• Plant gets more water with Mycorrhizae
• Mycorrhizae gets sugars from plant
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Plantae
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Plantae• Shared derived trait: Plants are multicellular
autotrophs that use specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
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Plantae• Shared derived trait: cell walls made with
cellulose
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Plantae
• Bryophytes – earliest land
plants– mosses, liverwort,
and hornwort• Gymnosperms– conifers
• Angiosperms– flowering plants
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Plants Had to Adapt to Life on Land
• In order to evolve on land, plants developed a waxy cuticle that prevents them from drying out
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Plants Had to Adapt to Life on Land
• Stomata are pores that open and close to allow the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis to enter the leaves
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Plants: Vascular System
• Vascular tissue:– Phloem• Transports food
molecules like sugar• Flows down
– Xylem • transports water and
dissolved nutrients• Flows up
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Gymnosperms• Gymnosperms were the first plants to
evolve pollen and seeds– The evolution of seeds contributed
to their success• Pollen – contains sperm cells– dry and powdery– produced in great quantities
• Seed – plant embryo and a short
supply of food encased in a protective seed coat
Male Cone
Female Cone
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Angiosperms
• Angiosperms produce flowers and fruit
• Most abundant and diverse group of plants
• Contain both male and female structures
• Bright petals, odors, and sugary nectar are used to attract pollinators
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Plants Are the Basis of Land Ecosystems and Provide Many Valuable Products
• Nearly all organisms on land depend on plants for food
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Plants• Plants have value when left in nature as well– Preventing runoff and erosion– Recycle carbon dioxide from the atmosphere– Produce oxygen to breath
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Little Shop of Horrors?!
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White Plant?!• Ghost plant, where
doe it get its energy?
Monotropa uniflora
• a non-photosynthetic plant that parasitizes mycorrhizal partners of other plants
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Biology is a little Messy• What is one of the main
shared derived traits of plants?
W2L: How can you explain the Ghost Plant then? Is it technically not a plant?
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Cool Thought!
• What if there were plants on another planet?