The Middle East in Transition Chapter 27 “TOP TENS” Chapter 27.
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Transcript of The Middle East in Transition Chapter 27 “TOP TENS” Chapter 27.
![Page 1: The Middle East in Transition Chapter 27 “TOP TENS” Chapter 27.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697c01d1a28abf838cd04f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Middle East in TransitionChapter 27 “TOP TENS”
Chapter 27
![Page 2: The Middle East in Transition Chapter 27 “TOP TENS” Chapter 27.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051622/5697c01d1a28abf838cd04f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. Pan Arabism
• Movement to unite all Arabs based on common language and culture
• Why? In reaction to western imperialism and westernization
• Create a world power to rival other world powers
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Pan Arabism
• Obstacles to unity– Loyalty to own nation (Iraq, Syria, Egypt)– Too big geographically– Ethnic & religious rivalry– Economic gap between rich & poor nations
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Pan Arabism
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Differences in Governments• Republic
– People choose leaders to represent them
– Elected officials on many levels run the country
– Leader can turn into a dictator
• Monarchy– Leadership is
passed on through family lineage
– Leader can rule with advisors or alone
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2. Monarchies in the Middle East
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Saudi Arabia
•
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Jordan
•
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3. Republics in the Middle East
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Egypt
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IRAQ
• Officially was a republic when Hussein ruled the country
• Currently transitioning
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Syria
• Republic under military regime
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Turkey
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Israel
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Iran
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4 Fundamentalism Belief that society should be
based on the principles of one’s religion, esp. a literal
interpretation of the scriptures
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5. The 3 Characteristics
of Fundamentalism
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1. Desire to return to the values and
traditions of their religion
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2. Reaction to secularism and loss
of traditions
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3. Opposition to westernization.
Western influences corrupt the society.
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Westernization to Fundamentalism
• Western clothes, music, food, and cultural values conflicted with Islamic beliefs
• Countries returned to the beliefs in the Koran for laws (Sharia)
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6. Sharia – Living by Islamic Law
• It is the sacred law of the Koran
• It is the official law of Saudi Arabia and Iran
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Examples: Some Basic Rules of Sharia from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia
• Taking God's name before eating and drinking and using the right hand for the purpose.
• When meeting someone, saying As-Salamu Alaykum( السالم literally: peace be upon , عليكمyou) and answering with Wa alaykumus-Salam.
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Some Basic Rules of Sharia from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia
• When sneezing, saying Alhamdulillah ( لله :literally ,الحمدall gratitude is for only Allah) and person who listens, should respond with Yarhamukallah (literally: God have mercy on you).
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Some Basic Rules of Sharia from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia
• Sharia does not allow freedom of speech on such matters as criticism of Muhammad. Such criticism is considered blasphemy against Muhammad.
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Some Basic Rules of Sharia from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia
• In accordance with the Qur’an and several hadith, theft is punished by imprisonment or amputation of hands or feet, depending on the number of times it was committed
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Some Basic Rules of Sharia from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia
• Women are required to cover all of their body, except face and hands.
–Khumur – a scarf that covers the face
–Hijab – head covering
• Men have a more relaxed dress code: the loins must be covered from knee to waist.
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7. Extremism
• Islamists groups that use violence
• Al Qaeda claims to be using Islam to defeat enemies
• Attacks against US & Western nations
• War on Terror
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8. Population Explosion
• Rapid population growth since 1960 (nearly 3x)
• Issue b/c of scarce water/resources
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9. Scarcity
• Water desalination attempts to freshen water to make more supply
• Land Reforms redistributing land to landless peasants (not entirely effective)
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10. Modern Nations Emerge• Iran: 1979 Islamic Revolution Ayatollah
Islamic Republic
• Egypt: limited oil resources, limited water rely on agriculture Aswan High Dam– ? Islamic ideals vs. Westernization
• Turkey: ally of western nations, in NATO – Conflict between Turks & Kurds
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Lebanon
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Lebanon
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Iran
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Iran
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Iran
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Egyptian holding Koran
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These fundamentalists allegedly bombed a German tour bus
Egypt
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Osama Bin Ladin
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Afghanistan
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Yigal Amir