The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages

Main ContentsMain Contents History about Middle AgesHistory about Middle Ages Manor and Feudalism Manor and Feudalism Knighthood and Code of ChivalryKnighthood and Code of Chivalry The power of ChurchThe power of Church The Crusades and the InfluencesThe Crusades and the Influences Black Death and Its InfluencesBlack Death and Its Influences LiteratureLiterature ArchitectureArchitecture

Middle Ages/Dark Ages/Age of FaithMiddle Ages/Dark Ages/Age of Faith

History of Middle AgesHistory of Middle Ages Why is this period of time called Why is this period of time called Middle AMiddle A

gesges?? Francesco PetrarcaFrancesco Petrarca first divided the Europ first divided the Europ

ean history into three parts: Ancient times, ean history into three parts: Ancient times, Middle Ages and Modern timesMiddle Ages and Modern times

476 A.D. ----------15476 A.D. ----------15thth Century Century Fall of West

RomeThe rise of renaissance

Ancient classical period Modern times

rebirth

why are the early Middle Ages often called why are the early Middle Ages often called “Dark Ages”?“Dark Ages”?

Disintegration of Rome and constant wars;Disintegration of Rome and constant wars; Great civilizations of Greece and Rome had Great civilizations of Greece and Rome had

fallen.fallen. Very few people could read or write, even the Very few people could read or write, even the

kings and nobles; Only priests could read;kings and nobles; Only priests could read; Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was hard; Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was hard; Hunger and diseases like Black Death killed Hunger and diseases like Black Death killed

many;many; Only hope: strong belief in Christianity; heaven Only hope: strong belief in Christianity; heaven

would be better than life on earth--the denial of would be better than life on earth--the denial of earthly happinessearthly happiness

The Middle Ages are also called “Age of Faith”, why?

During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.

The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.

People had a strong belief in Christianity; The church touched everyone’s life from

the richest king to the lowest serf.

Characteristics of Middle Characteristics of Middle AgesAges

Politics: disintegration; frequent wars Politics: disintegration; frequent wars

and invasionsand invasions Economy: Slow developmentEconomy: Slow development Culture: Christianity cultureCulture: Christianity culture

idealism

Middle Ages: General TimelineMiddle Ages: General Timeline

476 A.D.Fall of West

Rome

1066 A.D. Norman

invasion of Britain

1095-1291 Crusades

1306-1321 Dante’s Divine

Comedy

1386 Chaucer begins writing

Canterbury Tales

1337-1453100 Years War

France & England

Beowulf Composed sometimebetween

700 750 1453Fall of East

Rome

1347 A.D. Bubonic Plague

450 A.D.Anglo-Saxons invaded England

II. Feudalism and ManorII. Feudalism and Manor The word “feudalism” was derived from the LatThe word “feudalism” was derived from the Lat

in “feudum”, a grant of land(in “feudum”, a grant of land( 封土）封土） Growth of FeudalismGrowth of Feudalism land + serviceland + service peasants large land-owners peasants large land-owners

protectionprotection

serfs free workers lordsserfs free workers lords

Feudalism: system of land holdingFeudalism: system of land holding

Feudalism: system of loyalties and Feudalism: system of loyalties and

protections during the Middle Ages.protections during the Middle Ages.

Feudalism: system of government—a Feudalism: system of government—a

form of local and decentralized form of local and decentralized

government government

church

Manor house

Wine presscottages

mill

bread oven

stable

barnrectory

forests

meadows

pastures

fields

II. Feudalism and ManorII. Feudalism and Manor Nobles/Lords became independent Nobles/Lords became independent

rulers, they had rights to collect taxes rulers, they had rights to collect taxes make lawsmake laws coin moneycoin money raise armiesraise armies Feudalism a form of local and Feudalism a form of local and

decentralized governmentdecentralized government Economy based on agriculture, with Economy based on agriculture, with

limited money exchangelimited money exchange

III. Knighthood and Code of III. Knighthood and Code of ChivalryChivalry

III. Knighthood and Code of ChivalryIII. Knighthood and Code of Chivalry Only the sons of Nobles and Knights had

rights to be trained as knights Knighthood should be earned. The training was both The training was both long long and and hardhard.. Page—squire—knight—dubbing Page—squire—knight—dubbing Wrestling Wrestling Horse riding Horse riding JoustingJousting Javelin and shot-put Javelin and shot-put Courtly mannersCourtly manners

Code of chivalryCode of chivalry Live to serve King and Country. Live to serve King and Country. Live one's life so that it is worthy of Live one's life so that it is worthy of

respect and honor. respect and honor. Live for freedom, justice and all that is Live for freedom, justice and all that is

good. good. Never attack an unarmed foe. Never attack an unarmed foe. Never attack from behind. Never attack from behind. Avoid lying to your fellow man.Avoid lying to your fellow man. Avoid cheating. Avoid cheating. Avoid torture. Avoid torture. Protect the innocent. Protect the innocent.

Show respect to authority. Show respect to authority. Respect women. Respect women. Exhibit courage in word and deed. Exhibit courage in word and deed. Defend the weak and innocent. Defend the weak and innocent. Destroy evil in all of its monstrous forms. Destroy evil in all of its monstrous forms. Fight with honor. Fight with honor. Avenge the wronged. Avenge the wronged. Never abandon a friend, ally, or noble Never abandon a friend, ally, or noble

cause.cause. Die with valor. Die with valor. Always keep one's word of honor.Always keep one's word of honor.

Always maintain one's principles. Always maintain one's principles. Avoid deception. Avoid deception. Respect life and freedom. Respect life and freedom. Die with honor. Die with honor. Exhibit manners. Exhibit manners. Be polite and attentive. Be polite and attentive. Be respectful of host, women, and Be respectful of host, women, and

honor. honor. Loyalty to one's friends and those who Loyalty to one's friends and those who

lay their trust in thee. lay their trust in thee.

Code of chivalryCode of chivalry

To protect the weakTo protect the weak To fight for the churchTo fight for the church To be loyal to his lordTo be loyal to his lord To respect women of noble birthTo respect women of noble birth

A duelA duelfor honorfor honor

A duel A duel for lovefor love

IV The power of the churchIV The power of the church Religious workers are called clergymen.Religious workers are called clergymen. In the Middle Ages, the Pope ruled the In the Middle Ages, the Pope ruled the

Christian Church. Other clergy included Christian Church. Other clergy included bishops, priests, nuns, and monks.bishops, priests, nuns, and monks.

Three classes of people in western Three classes of people in western Europe under feudalism Europe under feudalism

Clergy Lords

Peasants

IV The power of the churchIV The power of the church

Christianity became the universal faith Christianity became the universal faith of almost all of the people of Europe.of almost all of the people of Europe.

A child was baptized a few days after A child was baptized a few days after his birth;his birth;

A child would be taught the basic A child would be taught the basic prayers;prayers;

The Church was often the only way to The Church was often the only way to get an education.get an education.

Every people was required to live by Every people was required to live by

the Church’s laws and to pay heavy the Church’s laws and to pay heavy

taxes to support the church;taxes to support the church; Besides, the church also accepted gifts Besides, the church also accepted gifts

of all kinds from individuals including of all kinds from individuals including

land, flocks, crops and even serfs.land, flocks, crops and even serfs. The church used its power to influence The church used its power to influence

kings.kings.

V The Crusades—a series of holy V The Crusades—a series of holy warswars

Reason: to gain control of Jerusalem Reason: to gain control of Jerusalem Process:Process: First Crusade First Crusade 1096—10991096—1099 Second Crusade Second Crusade 1147--- 11491147--- 1149 Third CrusadeThird Crusade 1189--- 1192 1189--- 1192 Fourth CrusadeFourth Crusade1202--- 12041202--- 1204 Fifth CrusadeFifth Crusade 1218--- 12211218--- 1221 Sixth CrusadeSixth Crusade 1228--- 12291228--- 1229 Seventh CrusadeSeventh Crusade 1248--- 12541248--- 1254 Eighth CrusadeEighth Crusade12701270 End: failureEnd: failure Significance:Significance:

Why were they Why were they

called crusaders?called crusaders?

All the soldiers going All the soldiers going

to Palestine wore a to Palestine wore a

red cross on the red cross on the

tunics as a symbol of tunics as a symbol of

obedience to God.obedience to God.

SignificanceSignificance Bring the West into contact with the EastBring the West into contact with the East Break down feudalism, and lead to the Break down feudalism, and lead to the

rise of monarchiesrise of monarchies Western Europeans changed many of Western Europeans changed many of

their old ideas their old ideas Peasants and serfs grew discontented Peasants and serfs grew discontented

with their lives and demanded more with their lives and demanded more rightsrights

Renew people’s interest in learning and Renew people’s interest in learning and inventions.inventions.

VI Black Death (1347—1351)VI Black Death (1347—1351)

The influence of the Black The influence of the Black DeathDeath

A total of 75,000,000 people died;A total of 75,000,000 people died;

New attitudes towards death;New attitudes towards death;

Values of life;Values of life;

A loss of respect for the Church;A loss of respect for the Church;

AssignmentsAssignments How much do you know about the great How much do you know about the great

epic epic Beowulf?Beowulf? The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales, a collection of , a collection of

stories about of a group of thirty people stories about of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury (England). The pilgrims, who come from (England). The pilgrims, who come from all layers of society, tell stories to each all layers of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury. Find information about some Canterbury. Find information about some characters: characters: The Knight, The Merchant, The Knight, The Merchant, The Wife of Bath and The PrioressThe Wife of Bath and The Prioress

LiteratureLiterature

1. 1. National EpicNational Epic Beowulf Beowulf (700-750 A.D.)(700-750 A.D.) the oldest surviving epic poem written in olthe oldest surviving epic poem written in ol

d Englishd English the adventures of Beowulf, who saves the the adventures of Beowulf, who saves the

Danes by defeating the monster Grendel aDanes by defeating the monster Grendel and his mother, a sea monster. However latnd his mother, a sea monster. However later he was defeated and killed by a fire drager he was defeated and killed by a fire dragon.on.

Fighting with GrendelFighting with Grendel

Destroy evil in all of its monstrous formsDestroy evil in all of its monstrous forms

Fighting with Grendel’s MotherFighting with Grendel’s Mother

Fighting with a Fire Fighting with a Fire DragonDragon

DanteDante

1265—13211265—1321 Dante became increasingly involved Dante became increasingly involved

with politics. with politics. Dante fled Florence and lost hope of Dante fled Florence and lost hope of

ever returning.ever returning. Beatrice’s death—a turning point in his Beatrice’s death—a turning point in his

lifelife The Divine Comedy The Divine Comedy

Beatrice Beatrice 她首次出现在我面前，而我看见她时，她刚满九她首次出现在我面前，而我看见她时，她刚满九岁。岁。

她一身朱红，最高贵的颜色，谦虚而富于美德；她一身朱红，最高贵的颜色，谦虚而富于美德；束带和装饰与她的年纪两相和谐。束带和装饰与她的年纪两相和谐。

那一剎那，说真的，我内心最深处开始颤抖，颤那一剎那，说真的，我内心最深处开始颤抖，颤抖那么剧烈，连我的心最轻微的搏动也猛烈得可抖那么剧烈，连我的心最轻微的搏动也猛烈得可怕。怕。

它颤声吐出这句话：“看，一个比我强大的神，它颤声吐出这句话：“看，一个比我强大的神，将会来统治我了。将会来统治我了。

BeatriceBeatrice

““ 啊，我要糟了，从今以后，我将烦恼经常。啊，我要糟了，从今以后，我将烦恼经常。 从那时起，爱神主宰我的灵魂。…… 从那时起，爱神主宰我的灵魂。…… 她举止如此高贵可佩，真的可以用荷马的话她举止如此高贵可佩，真的可以用荷马的话来形容她：“她仿佛不是凡人之女，而是神来形容她：“她仿佛不是凡人之女，而是神的女儿。” 的女儿。”

但丁（但丁（ 1265-13211265-1321 ））《新生》，《新生》， XXVIXXVI ，， 12931293

我的女郎和别人打招呼时我的女郎和别人打招呼时 如此优雅，如此美德洋溢如此优雅，如此美德洋溢 所有舌头都颤抖噤声，所有舌头都颤抖噤声， 没有眼睛敢看她。没有眼睛敢看她。 她经过，听见他们的赞美，她经过，听见他们的赞美， 那么温良谦卑；那么温良谦卑； 仿佛是天国派她仿佛是天国派她 来人间显示一个奇迹。来人间显示一个奇迹。

对看见她的人对看见她的人 她无比悦目，她无比悦目， 透过眼睛透过眼睛 她的甜美进入人心，她的甜美进入人心， 你感觉到了，就会相信：你感觉到了，就会相信： 从她双唇，似乎从她双唇，似乎 有个甜美的精神发出，有个甜美的精神发出， 充满了爱，充满了爱， 对灵魂说：叹息吧。对灵魂说：叹息吧。

但丁路遇贝阿特里丝但丁路遇贝阿特里丝

The Divine ComedyThe Divine Comedy 1. 1307-1321 2. “Comedy”--- 幻游形式，但丁以自己为

主人公，假想他作为一名活人对冥府进行了一次游历。

3. The Divine Comedy is comprised of 3 wois comprised of 3 works:rks: InfernoInferno PurgatoryPurgatory ParadiseParadise

The structure of InfernoThe structure of Inferno Dante describes a journey through Hell;Dante describes a journey through Hell; His companion for the travel is Virgil, a His companion for the travel is Virgil, a

mentor and protector. mentor and protector. Dante’s Hell carefully categorizes sinners Dante’s Hell carefully categorizes sinners

according to the nature of their sins.according to the nature of their sins. The sinners in the nine circles of hell are The sinners in the nine circles of hell are

guilty of one of three types of sin:guilty of one of three types of sin: Incontinence: losing control of natural Incontinence: losing control of natural

appetites and desiresappetites and desires Brutishness: attraction to things which Brutishness: attraction to things which

repulse the healthy soulrepulse the healthy soul Malice: abuse of reason, a human's most Malice: abuse of reason, a human's most

god-like qualitygod-like quality

The Divine Comedy:1307-The Divine Comedy:1307-13211321

DanteDante 在在 VirgilVirgil 带领下，穿过地狱湖 带领下，穿过地狱湖

PurgatoryPurgatory （（净界）净界） Those who recognize their sins are Those who recognize their sins are

given a chance to purify given a chance to purify themselves in Purgatory.themselves in Purgatory.

Dante feels Hell is a necessary, Dante feels Hell is a necessary, painful first step of any man’s painful first step of any man’s spiritual journeyspiritual journey

Comments on The Divine Comments on The Divine ComedyComedy

1.1. 对教会的憎恨—地狱中一切罪恶的中心是圣对教会的憎恨—地狱中一切罪恶的中心是圣城；城；

“ “ 日夜在那里用基督的名义做着买卖，干着日夜在那里用基督的名义做着买卖，干着买卖圣职，敲诈勒索、荒淫无度、迫害基督徒买卖圣职，敲诈勒索、荒淫无度、迫害基督徒等丑恶的行为”等丑恶的行为”

“ “ 到处断绝上帝赐给人民的面包，树立了导到处断绝上帝赐给人民的面包，树立了导致人民走上邪路的坏榜样”。 致人民走上邪路的坏榜样”。

2.2. 表露了反对中世纪的蒙昧主义，提倡文化，表露了反对中世纪的蒙昧主义，提倡文化，尊重知识的新思想。尊重知识的新思想。

“ “ 你们生来不是为了走兽一样生活，而是为你们生来不是为了走兽一样生活，而是为着追求美德和知识。”着追求美德和知识。”

Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里杰弗里 ··乔索乔索

The representative writer in the The representative writer in the Medieval English literatureMedieval English literature

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)

Chaucer’s three literary periodsChaucer’s three literary periods::

First period or the French period :First period or the French period :

1) 1) The Romaunt of the RoseThe Romaunt of the Rose 《《 玫瑰传奇》玫瑰传奇》 a translation, popular in a translation, popular in

Middle agesMiddle ages

2) 2) The Book of the Duchess The Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》《悼公爵夫人》 ,, the best work of the ti the best work of the ti

meme

Second period Second period or the Italian period:or the Italian period:

Troilus and Criseyde:Troilus and Criseyde: 《特罗伊拉斯《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》和克莱西德》

a poem of a love storya poem of a love story Chaucer’s longest complete poem Chaucer’s longest complete poem

of 8,000 linesof 8,000 lines

Son of Priam

A beautiful widow, a fickle woman

The third period or the English period, The third period or the English period, his best period:his best period:

The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》《坎特伯雷故事集》 His masterpiece and a representative wHis masterpiece and a representative w

orks of the Middle Ages.orks of the Middle Ages.

Poet’s Corner in Westminster Poet’s Corner in Westminster AbbeyAbbey

HomeworkHomework

Who else has been buried in the Poets’ Corner?Who else has been buried in the Poets’ Corner? Charles Dickens; William Shakespeare; Robert Charles Dickens; William Shakespeare; Robert

Browning; Tomas Hardy; John Milton; LaurenBrowning; Tomas Hardy; John Milton; Laurence…ce…

Without Byron and Shelly whose ideas and thoWithout Byron and Shelly whose ideas and thoughts are regarded as heresy.ughts are regarded as heresy.

The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales

1. It has 24 stories.1. It has 24 stories. 2. It is the description of the pilgrims2. It is the description of the pilgrims（朝圣者）（朝圣者） who tell stories.who tell stories.

3. It is about the life of ordinary peo3. It is about the life of ordinary people.ple.

4. It gives vivid characters, with hum4. It gives vivid characters, with humor and satire.or and satire.

Canterbury CathedralCanterbury Cathedral

The TalesThe Tales

The famous ones are the story of :The famous ones are the story of : 1) the wife of Bath1) the wife of Bath （巴斯城的妇女）（巴斯城的妇女） , , 2) the Knight2) the Knight （骑士）（骑士） , , 3) the Pardoner3) the Pardoner （卖赎罪卷者）（卖赎罪卷者） , , 4) the Nun’s Priest4) the Nun’s Priest （尼姑的教士）（尼姑的教士） , , 5) the Prologue5) the Prologue （序诗）（序诗） ..

The wife of The wife of Bath:Bath:

wears scarlet red wears scarlet red stockings;stockings;

wears a broad wears a broad hathat

Powerful, Powerful, beautiful, beautiful, stubborn and stubborn and independent independent

The Wife of BathThe Wife of Bath She is the owner of a cloth factory, She is the owner of a cloth factory,

light-hearted, merry, somewhat light-hearted, merry, somewhat vulgar and exceedingly talkative.vulgar and exceedingly talkative.

She had been married five times; the She had been married five times; the first three of them are good to her first three of them are good to her and rich; the other two of them are and rich; the other two of them are bad, her fourth husband has a bad, her fourth husband has a mistress; the fifth tries to control her mistress; the fifth tries to control her and hits her, which leads to her and hits her, which leads to her deafness;deafness;

CommentComment The wife of Bath presents herself as the The wife of Bath presents herself as the

authority of marriage and marital life. authority of marriage and marital life. It was very rare for a woman in the It was very rare for a woman in the

fourteenth century to travel as a fourteenth century to travel as a pilgrim.pilgrim.

She talked about her experiences and She talked about her experiences and thoughts in public.thoughts in public.

She married five times.She married five times. She strongly believed in herself. sheShe strongly believed in herself. she

questions the authority of the bible.questions the authority of the bible. She was powerful and independent.She was powerful and independent.

Other Characters in the Other Characters in the talestales

The Knight: a warrior who relies The Knight: a warrior who relies on the code of chivalry. on the code of chivalry. Represents the romanticized Represents the romanticized standards of the feudal system.standards of the feudal system.

The Prioress: A nun. She makes The Prioress: A nun. She makes every effort to be refined and every effort to be refined and elegant, and she cannot bear to elegant, and she cannot bear to see any harm come to any of see any harm come to any of God’s lesser creatures, like mice. God’s lesser creatures, like mice. However, when it is her turn to However, when it is her turn to tell a story, hers is violent and full tell a story, hers is violent and full of blood and sorrow.of blood and sorrow.

Other Characters in the Other Characters in the talestales

The Merchant: The merchant is obsessed The Merchant: The merchant is obsessed with his wealth, and talks about money with his wealth, and talks about money constantly. constantly.

The Miller: a large and strong man, and is The Miller: a large and strong man, and is one of the best at telling vulgar stories. one of the best at telling vulgar stories.

The Pardoner: A clergyman who is The Pardoner: A clergyman who is outwardly corrupt. His main motivating outwardly corrupt. His main motivating factor was money, and so if the sinner factor was money, and so if the sinner had the gold, the Pardoner would favor had the gold, the Pardoner would favor the sinner and help pardon him.the sinner and help pardon him.

Social SignificanceSocial Significance

Affirm men and women’s right to pursuAffirm men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth.e their happiness on earth.

Oppose the dogma of asceticism (Oppose the dogma of asceticism ( 苦行主苦行主义义 ;; 禁欲主义禁欲主义 ) preached by the church.) preached by the church.

Attack the greed of the clergies.Attack the greed of the clergies.

Chaucer’s languageChaucer’s language 1. His language is full of humor and 1. His language is full of humor and

satire.satire. 2. His language is vivid, exact and 2. His language is vivid, exact and

smooth, a master of word-pictures.smooth, a master of word-pictures. 3. He is the first to use heroic couplet 3. He is the first to use heroic couplet

which he introduced from France.which he introduced from France. 4. He is the first great poet who wrote 4. He is the first great poet who wrote

in the English language, making the in the English language, making the dialect of London the standard for the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.modern English speech.

Comment on ChaucerComment on Chaucer

1. He is the first English short-story 1. He is the first English short-story teller and the founder of English teller and the founder of English poetry.poetry.

2. He is the founder of English 2. He is the founder of English realism.realism.

3.He is the master of English 3.He is the master of English language, the greatest in the Middle language, the greatest in the Middle Ages.Ages.

RomanesqueRomanesque ArchitectureArchitecture

massiveness massiveness

SoliditySolidity

MonumentalityMonumentality

GothicGothic ArchitectureArchitecture

HeighHeightt

GothicGothic ArchitectureArchitecture

LightLight stained stained

glass glass

windowswindows

The Middle Ages is also called the ____.The Middle Ages is also called the ____.

A. “ Age of Christianity”A. “ Age of Christianity” B. “ Age of literature” B. “ Age of literature”

C. “ Age of Holy Spirit” D. “ Age of Faith”C. “ Age of Holy Spirit” D. “ Age of Faith” Who is the author of Who is the author of The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales?_______?_______

A. Roger BaconA. Roger Bacon B. Dante Alighieri B. Dante Alighieri

C. Chaucer C. Chaucer D. St. Thomas Aquinas D. St. Thomas Aquinas According to the code of chivalry, which of the following According to the code of chivalry, which of the following

is not pledged to do for a knight? _____is not pledged to do for a knight? _____

A. to be loyal to his lord A. to be loyal to his lord

B. to fight for the churchB. to fight for the church

C. to obey without question the orders of the abbot C. to obey without question the orders of the abbot

D. to respect women of noble birth   D. to respect women of noble birth   

Under Feudalism, what were the three classes of people of Under Feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe? _____western Europe? _____

A. clergy , knights and serfsA. clergy , knights and serfs

B. Pope , bishop and peasantsB. Pope , bishop and peasants

C. clergy , lords and peasantsC. clergy , lords and peasants

D. knights , nobles and serfsD. knights , nobles and serfs

Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Europe is NOT true?_______Middle Ages in Europe is NOT true?_______

A. Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval.A. Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval.

B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.

C. As a knight , he was pledged to fight for the church.C. As a knight , he was pledged to fight for the church.

D. At about fourteen , the page became a knight.D. At about fourteen , the page became a knight.

Who wrote , “ I came, I saw, I conquered ”? _______ Who wrote , “ I came, I saw, I conquered ”? _______ A. Horace B. Julius CaesarA. Horace B. Julius Caesar C. Marcus Tullius Cicero D. VirgilC. Marcus Tullius Cicero D. Virgil Julius Caesar was assassinated in the year of ___. Julius Caesar was assassinated in the year of ___. A. 146B.C. B.44B.C C. 27B.C. D. 40B.C. A. 146B.C. B.44B.C C. 27B.C. D. 40B.C. 8. Who is the first Roman Emperor? 8. Who is the first Roman Emperor? A. Agamemnon B. Alexander A. Agamemnon B. Alexander

C. Julius Caesar D. Augustus CaesarC. Julius Caesar D. Augustus Caesar 9. Who is not one of the greatest philosophers in ancient 9. Who is not one of the greatest philosophers in ancient

Greece?Greece?

A. Plato B. Galileo C. Socrates D. Aristotle A. Plato B. Galileo C. Socrates D. Aristotle 10. Who is not involved in the Trojan War?10. Who is not involved in the Trojan War?

A. Achilles B. Priam C. Hector D. DidoA. Achilles B. Priam C. Hector D. Dido