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The Microbial World Kathy Huschle Northland Community and Technical College.
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Transcript of The Microbial World Kathy Huschle Northland Community and Technical College.
The Microbial WorldThe Microbial World
Kathy HuschleNorthland Community and Technical College
Historical PerspectiveHistorical PerspectiveRobert Hooke: 1635 – 1703Robert Hooke: 1635 – 1703– discovered “little boxes” on a thin slice of corkdiscovered “little boxes” on a thin slice of cork– came to be known as cells, the world’s smallest came to be known as cells, the world’s smallest
structural unitstructural unit– beginning of the cell theory:beginning of the cell theory:
“ “all living things are all living things are
composed of cells”composed of cells”Robert Hooke drawing of fungi
VanLeeuwenhoekVanLeeuwenhoek
van Leeuwenhoek: 1632-1723van Leeuwenhoek: 1632-1723– first man to view live first man to view live
microorganisms using a microorganisms using a single lens microscopesingle lens microscope
Hooke’s Microscope
AnimalculesAnimalcules
Van Leeuwenhoek”s “animalcules”Van Leeuwenhoek”s “animalcules”– this is what he called them, this is what he called them,
based on how they movedbased on how they moved
drawings are representations drawings are representations
of bacteria and protozoaof bacteria and protozoa
Van Leeuwenhoek drawings of animalcules: found in rainwater soaked in peppercorns and material scraped from teeth
Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur
spontaneous generationspontaneous generation– ability of microorganisms to arise spontaneously from ability of microorganisms to arise spontaneously from
non-living matternon-living matter– belief until 2belief until 2ndnd half of 19 half of 19thth century century– proven inaccurate by Louis Pasteur in 1861proven inaccurate by Louis Pasteur in 1861
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur on spontaneous Louis Pasteur on spontaneous generationgeneration
demonstrated the presence of microorganisms in air and demonstrated the presence of microorganisms in air and their ability to contaminate sterile solutionstheir ability to contaminate sterile solutions
Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation
proved that “spontaneous” is a result of the presence of proved that “spontaneous” is a result of the presence of microorganisms in the air or the fluids themselvesmicroorganisms in the air or the fluids themselves
Aseptic TechniqueAseptic Technique
basis of basis of aseptic techniqueaseptic technique– techniques used to techniques used to
prevent contamination by prevent contamination by unwanted unwanted microorganismsmicroorganisms
– standard laboratory standard laboratory practicepractice
Golden Age of MicrobiologyGolden Age of Microbiology1857 - 19141857 - 1914
rapid advances in the science of microbiologyrapid advances in the science of microbiology– fermentation and pasteurizationfermentation and pasteurization– germ theory of diseasegerm theory of disease
Fermentation Process In Lab
Fermentation & PasteurizationFermentation & Pasteurization
fermentationfermentation– discovery that yeast (microorganisms) ferments sugar discovery that yeast (microorganisms) ferments sugar
to alcohol in the absence of airto alcohol in the absence of air– souring and spoiling caused by bacteria in the souring and spoiling caused by bacteria in the
presence of airpresence of air
sugar to beer: goodsugar to beer: good
beer to vinegar: badbeer to vinegar: bad
Beer Fermentation Tank
Fermentation & PasteurizationFermentation & Pasteurization
pasteurizationpasteurization– use of heat to kill use of heat to kill
bacteria to diminish bacteria to diminish spoilage spoilage
fermentation and fermentation and pasteurization solidified pasteurization solidified the connection between the connection between microorganisms and microorganisms and diseasedisease
Milk Pasteurization Equipment
Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease
proof that bacteria caused diseaseproof that bacteria caused disease– Robert Koch 1843-1910 developed the germ theory Robert Koch 1843-1910 developed the germ theory
of disease while studying the cattle disease anthraxof disease while studying the cattle disease anthrax– established that established that Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis was the was the
causative agent “germ” of anthrax in 1876causative agent “germ” of anthrax in 1876
Robert Koch
VaccinationVaccination Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1798 for Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1798 for smallpoxsmallpox
in 1880 Pasteur discovered the use of a virulent bacteria in 1880 Pasteur discovered the use of a virulent bacteria for a vaccine against fowl cholera and coined the term for a vaccine against fowl cholera and coined the term vaccinevaccine
Edward Jenner
Birth of Modern ChemotherapyBirth of Modern Chemotherapy
chemotherapy: chemical treatment of a disease, chemotherapy: chemical treatment of a disease, including antibiotics and chemicals used to treat cancerincluding antibiotics and chemicals used to treat cancer
Paul EhrlichPaul Ehrlich– used arsenic to treat syphilisused arsenic to treat syphilis
Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming– penicillin was accidentally discoveredpenicillin was accidentally discovered
Chemotherapeutic AgentsChemotherapeutic Agents
synthetic drugssynthetic drugs– chemically prepared in the labchemically prepared in the lab
antibioticsantibiotics– substances produced naturally by bacteria and substances produced naturally by bacteria and
fungusfungus
both synthetic drugs and antibiotics inhibit the growth both synthetic drugs and antibiotics inhibit the growth or kill other microorganismsor kill other microorganisms
Paul ErlichPaul Erlichfirst use of a chemotherapeutic agent in 1910first use of a chemotherapeutic agent in 1910– used an arsenic containing compound to treat syphilisused an arsenic containing compound to treat syphilis– repeated his experiments with minor changes 605 times repeated his experiments with minor changes 605 times
before he found a concentration that workedbefore he found a concentration that worked
Paul Erlich
Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming
accidentally discovered that accidentally discovered that mold (mold (PenicilliumPenicillium) inhibited ) inhibited the growth of bacterial the growth of bacterial cultures in his lab in 1928cultures in his lab in 1928
Alexander Fleming
PenicillinPenicillin
usefulness of penicillin was not apparent until the 1940’susefulness of penicillin was not apparent until the 1940’s– clinically tested and as a result of the test, it was mass clinically tested and as a result of the test, it was mass
producedproduced– World War II spurred on the production of penicillin as it was World War II spurred on the production of penicillin as it was
initially used for the war effortinitially used for the war effort
Click on the icon below, then click on “Play the Discovery of the Penicillin
Game”. Follow the instructions to help discover Penicillin.
Modern MicrobiologyModern Microbiology
new and different directions that the study of new and different directions that the study of microbiology is going towardsmicrobiology is going towards– drug resistancedrug resistance– new branches of microbiologynew branches of microbiology– develop new vaccinesdevelop new vaccines– recombinant DNA technologyrecombinant DNA technology
Drug ResistanceDrug Resistance
result of genetic changes result of genetic changes in microbesin microbes
production of microbial production of microbial enzymes that inactivate enzymes that inactivate antibioticsantibiotics
Drug ResistanceDrug Resistance
surface changes in microbes surface changes in microbes – disallowing antibiotics from attaching to itdisallowing antibiotics from attaching to it– preventing antibiotics from entering the microbepreventing antibiotics from entering the microbe
New Branches of MicrobiologyNew Branches of Microbiology
study of microbiology broadened and became more study of microbiology broadened and became more specializedspecialized– bacteriologybacteriology
study of bacteriastudy of bacteria– mycologymycology
study of fungistudy of fungi
Clavaria: a fungi
New Branches of MicrobiologyNew Branches of Microbiology
parasitologyparasitology– study of protozoa and parasitic wormsstudy of protozoa and parasitic worms
immunologyimmunology– study of immunitystudy of immunity
virologyvirology– study of virusesstudy of viruses
New VaccinesNew Vaccines
as new diseases emerge, microbiologists strive to find as new diseases emerge, microbiologists strive to find curescures– new vaccines appear to be the best hope as new vaccines appear to be the best hope as
microorganisms continue to develop drug resistancemicroorganisms continue to develop drug resistance
Recombinant DNA TechnologyRecombinant DNA Technology
also referred to as genetic engineeringalso referred to as genetic engineering– microorganisms are used for the study of genetic microorganisms are used for the study of genetic
engineering for several reasonsengineering for several reasons
short life cycleshort life cycle
less complex structure than plant or animal, but less complex structure than plant or animal, but still have DNAstill have DNA
Recombinant DNA TechnologyRecombinant DNA Technology
used to manufacture used to manufacture large amounts of medical large amounts of medical substancessubstances
enhances agricultural enhances agricultural productionproduction
potential for medical potential for medical breakthroughs in area of breakthroughs in area of genetic diseasesgenetic diseases
Microbes and Human WelfareMicrobes and Human Welfare
microorganismsmicroorganisms– beneficial to all life on Earthbeneficial to all life on Earth
microorganismsmicroorganisms– degrade dead plants and animals, recycling the degrade dead plants and animals, recycling the
nutrients to be used by living plants and animalsnutrients to be used by living plants and animals
Soil microbiota decomposing crop residue
Microorganisms as DecomposersMicroorganisms as Decomposers
microorganismsmicroorganisms– decompose organic matter in sewage, breaking it decompose organic matter in sewage, breaking it
down and releasing the beneficial elements, such as down and releasing the beneficial elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, back into the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, back into the environmentenvironment
Sewage Treatment Plant
Microorganisms and BioremediationMicroorganisms and Bioremediation
microorganismsmicroorganisms– are used in are used in
bioremediation, a bioremediation, a process that cleans up process that cleans up toxic wastes and toxic wastes and pollutantspollutants
Microorganisms and Food ProductionMicroorganisms and Food Production
microorganismsmicroorganisms– used in the production of foodused in the production of food
PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals
microorganismsmicroorganisms– used in the development used in the development
and production of and production of pharmaceuticalspharmaceuticals
Microorganisms for Medical UsesMicroorganisms for Medical Uses
microorganismsmicroorganisms– used in the process of diagnosis and treatment of used in the process of diagnosis and treatment of
human diseasehuman disease
Picking cloned yeast colonies for production
Microorganisms as the Medical EnemyMicroorganisms as the Medical Enemy
the other side of the picturethe other side of the picture– influenza: 1918-1919influenza: 1918-1919
killed more people killed more people than WW1, WW2, than WW1, WW2, Korea, and Viet Nam Korea, and Viet Nam combinedcombined
Micrograph of Influenza virus
Microorganisms as the Medical EnemyMicroorganisms as the Medical Enemy
plaque: 13plaque: 13thth century century– killed 25% of the population of Europekilled 25% of the population of Europe
Plague bacteria
Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiologyresurgence of new diseases is due to any or all of the resurgence of new diseases is due to any or all of the followingfollowing– resistance to antibioticsresistance to antibiotics– increase in foreign travelincrease in foreign travel– increase in foreign visitorsincrease in foreign visitors– parents becoming lax on childhood vaccinationsparents becoming lax on childhood vaccinations– increase in the # of elderly in the worldincrease in the # of elderly in the world
the immune system weakens with agethe immune system weakens with age
Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiology
emerging diseases due toemerging diseases due to– changing lifestyleschanging lifestyles– mutation ability of infectious agentsmutation ability of infectious agents
Medical Microbiology SuccessesMedical Microbiology Successes
smallpoxsmallpox– last known disease in the world was documented in last known disease in the world was documented in
19771977– believed at one time prior to eradication, that 80% of believed at one time prior to eradication, that 80% of
the world’s population would be affected by smallpoxthe world’s population would be affected by smallpox
Smallpox virus Clinical Manifestation of Smallpox
Microbiology SuccessesMicrobiology Successes
potato famine in Irelandpotato famine in Ireland– 1850’s1850’s– late blight funguslate blight fungus– through the process of genetic engineering, through the process of genetic engineering,
microbiologists are able to protect the potato microbiologists are able to protect the potato industry from this plight happening againindustry from this plight happening again
Infected potato plant
Blight fungi
What is a Microorganism?What is a Microorganism?often referred to as a “germ”often referred to as a “germ”– very few microbes cause diseasevery few microbes cause disease
very small life formsvery small life forms
300 300 µm 60 µm 3 µm µm 60 µm 3 µm
E. coli on the head of a pin
Perspective on sizePerspective on size
smallest object visible to the naked eye is smallest object visible to the naked eye is
0.1 mm which is = to 100 um(micrometers)0.1 mm which is = to 100 um(micrometers)
most microorganisms range in size from 5um - .1ummost microorganisms range in size from 5um - .1um
viruses, the smallest microorganism, have a size range viruses, the smallest microorganism, have a size range from .1um – 0.01 um.from .1um – 0.01 um.
Click on the icon to for more information on microbial size.Then click on the items listed on the right to gain perspective on how small microorganisms are.
Microbial SizeMicrobial Size
3 Domains 3 Domains of all living organismsof all living organisms
BacteriaBacteria
ArchaeaArchaea
EucaryaEucarya
BacteriaBacteria
single-celled single-celled prokaryoteprokaryote
– prokaryote is a simple cell with a nucleoid region, prokaryote is a simple cell with a nucleoid region,
surrounded by cytoplasm and a cellsurrounded by cytoplasm and a cell wall wall
BacteriaBacteria
comprised of specific shapescomprised of specific shapes– rod or bacillirod or bacilli– spherical or coccispherical or cocci– spiralspiral
Rod shaped bacteria Spherical shaped cocci Spiral shaped bacteria
BacteriaBacteria
bacterial cells multiply by binary fissionbacterial cells multiply by binary fission– one cell divides into two cells, identical to originalone cell divides into two cells, identical to original
E. Coli undergoing division Binary fission of protozoa
BacteriaBacteria
cell walls contain peptidoglycan, which is cell walls contain peptidoglycan, which is uniqueunique to to bacteria cellsbacteria cells
ArchaeaArchaea
Archaea means ancientArchaea means ancient
Archaea bacteria look identical Archaea bacteria look identical microscopically to members of microscopically to members of the Bacteria domainthe Bacteria domain
chemical composition of cell wall chemical composition of cell wall differs: Archaea do not have differs: Archaea do not have peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan
Bacteria in a Deep Sea vent
ArchaeaArchaea
have the ability to grow in extreme environmentshave the ability to grow in extreme environments– extreme temperatures: hot or coldextreme temperatures: hot or cold– acidic or alkaline conditionsacidic or alkaline conditions– extreme salt concentrationextreme salt concentration
Hotsprings at Yellowstone
EucaryaEucaryaall members of the living world except the prokaryotes all members of the living world except the prokaryotes are considered Eucaryaare considered Eucarya– single celled and multi-celledsingle celled and multi-celled– contain organellescontain organelles– membrane bound nucleusmembrane bound nucleus
EucaryaEucarya
includeinclude– algaealgae– fungifungi– protozoaprotozoa
Ciliated protozoan
Fungi
Algae
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
notice the additional structures found in the eukaryotic cell
Microbial WorldMicrobial World
bacteriabacteria
archaebacteriaarchaebacteria
algaealgae
fungifungi
protozoaprotozoa
virusvirus
viroidsviroids
prionsprions
BacteriaBacteria
E. coli
FungiFungi
AlgaeAlgae
ProtozoaProtozoa
VirusesViruses
VirusVirus
considered acellular, non-livingconsidered acellular, non-living
made up of a core containing DNA or RNA surrounded made up of a core containing DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coatby a protein coat
can reproduce only by using the cellular mechanism of can reproduce only by using the cellular mechanism of another cellanother cell– often considered the parasites of the microbial worldoften considered the parasites of the microbial world
ViroidsViroids
viroidsviroids– single piece of nucleic acid with no protein coatsingle piece of nucleic acid with no protein coat– only capable of causing plant diseasesonly capable of causing plant diseases
Pear blister canker viroid
PrionsPrions
prionsprions– contain only proteincontain only protein– causative agent for some causative agent for some
neurodegenerative diseases in humans and neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animalsanimals
Prion