The Merced River Chronosequence: A Natural Experiment for Understanding Weathering and...
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Transcript of The Merced River Chronosequence: A Natural Experiment for Understanding Weathering and...
The Merced River Chronosequence: A Natural Experiment for Understanding Weathering and Biogeochemical Cycling
The Merced River Chronosequence: A Natural Experiment for Understanding Weathering and Biogeochemical Cycling
• Geological history of the chronosequence• Soil chemical weathering studies
• Ecosystem consequences of weathering• Importance of region for biogeodiversity
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River Terraces: “Escalators through time”
Location and Formation
• Sierra dominantly granitic
• East SJ Valley is dominantly glacial outwash
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Merced River :
Alluvial fans (downslope) and inset terraces (reverse topography) upslope of apex of deposition.
Apex
Present river profile
deposition
erosion
The Inset Fans of SJ Valley (on all major rivers) can be explained by oscillating cycles of variations in stream capacity and sediment delivery rates.
Post Modesto
(floodplain)14C
Modesto
14C
Riverbank
Turlock Lake
(ash) North Merced Gravels
China Hat mem.
Landform Evolution and Mima Mounds/Vernal Pools
• Presence of pools is largely related to landform age– As landforms age, soils become more impervious to water
due to clay rich layers and Si-cemented horizons
• Arkley and Brown (1954) hypothesized a pocket gopher origin coupled with soil development
Mima Mounds
•Actively (?) maintained mounds overlying impervious layer
• Should disappear in ~104 yr via erosion
•Are gophers a “keystone” species for the entire ecosystem?
Hardpan or claypan
Mounds on China Hat member of Laguna formation (> 2 Ma)
Geochemical Changes in Soils vs. Time
Mass Balance Model
Mass gains/losses
Brimhall et al. (1992)
€
τ =
C j,s
Ci,s
C j,p
Ci,s
−1
Concentration of mobile element in soil
Concentration of immobile element in soil
Concentration of mobile element in parent material
Concentration of immobile element in parent material
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
1 10 100 1000 104 105 106 107
Merced Chronosequence
Epsilon to 100 cm
y = 148.71 - 30.859log(x) R= 0.83407
Epsilon to 100 cm
Age (yrs)
Using Zr as reference: Volumetric Changes
1. Initial volumetric expansion
2. Long term volumetric collapse (up to 60%)
€
ε =ΔV
Vp
=ρ pCi,p
ρ sCi,s
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
1 10 100 1000 104 105 106 107
Merced Chronosequence
Epsilon to 100 cm
y = 148.71 - 30.859log(x) R= 0.83407
Epsilon to 100 cm
Age (yrs)
Initial volumetric expansion due to:
• organic matter accumulation
• bioturbation and reduction of BD
- plants
- animals
• gains of structural water in hydrated minerals
-70-60-50-40-30-20-10010
05 1051 1061.5 1062 1062.5 1063 1063.5 1064 106
Merced Chemical Graph DataTau Si to 100 cmy = 108.37 - 25.345log(x) R= 0.75549
Tau Si to 100 cmAge (yrs)-40-30-20-1001020
05 1051 1061.5 1062 1062.5 1063 1063.5 1064 106
Merced Chemical Graph DataTau P to 100 cmy = 75.013 - 17.144log(x) R= 0.74618
Tau P to 100 cmAge (yrs)
•Silicon losses ≈ Al losses
•P large losses
€
τ =
C j,s
Ci,s
C j,p
Ci,s
−1
Elemental Losses with Time
Summary of geochemical data
• Enormous losses of Si, Al, P, and major cations etc. with time (following initial period of rapid gains of C, N)
• Short term volumetric expansion followed by long term volumetric collapse
Consequences of Weathering to Ecosystem Processes
• Plant chemistry is: C,H,O,N,S, P,…• Atmospherically derived elements
– H, O (water, …)– C (CO2)
– N (atm deposition (NO3, NH4, org N)
– S (SO4)
• Soil/rock derived elements– P (apatite)– metals
• P is a key control on long term ecosystem productivity….
Model for N and P vs time: Walker and Syers (1976)
N limitedP limited
Merced Soil N vs. P
• Total Soil N (and C) decline with soil age
• Total soil P is reduced by ~ 60% in old soils
• Loss of apatite
•
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Apatite (%)
Apatite (%)
Age (Ka)
Harden, 1986
Merced N
• Nitrate increases in soil water with age
• Increasing fraction of nitrate in total N loss drives soil 15N to higher values.
• N becomes an “excess” element from biological perspective
WHITE AND BRANTLEY(1995)
Summary
• Merced chronosequence is becoming one of most studied on Earth (after Hawaii)
• Weathering ultimately affect biota– Reduction in P– Reduced NPP– Clay and silica cements induce mima mounds
• Merced chronosequence is the complex geological foundation for unique vernal pool ecosystem…..and in a vastly reduced state….
Merced River Vernal Pools and Soil Preservation
• Need old soils for Mima mounds/vernal pools• Old soils are rare --- and becoming rarer
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Mima Mounds used to cover > 500,000 acres in Great Valley
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Agricultural Encroachment and Loss of Mima Mounds
• leveling and dynamite
• modern farm implements
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Now a rare and highly fragmented ecosystem
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Newest threat: urban expansion
• “Farming on the Edge” hotspots of prime farmland loss
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San Joaquin soil is made “state soil” in 1997
Soil Diversity in the United States: soil series = biological species
Rare soils < 50,000 ha,
Endangered soils = rare soils w/ > 50% use,
Extinct soils = 100% use
Soil Diversity and Conservation Planning
• Not all soils are equal • Rare soils appear to harbor rare plants• The Great Valley is an endangered soil hotspot• Role of pocket gophers as “keystone” species??• Merced River chronosequence is a scientific, and a
biogeodiversity, treasure
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.1 1 10 100 1000 104
Merced
Hawaii: humidHawaii: hyperhumid
Hawaii: aridMendocino
Atacama: hyperaridAtacama: hyperaridAtacama: arid
y = 32.307 - 22.339log(x) R= 0.8516
y = 99.317 - 55.793log(x) R= 0.9794 y = 663.93 - 217.33log(x) R= 0.98633
y = 243.41 - 96.72log(x) R= 0.85315 y = 56.548 - 33.381log(x) R= 0.94594
y = 25.033 + 25.033log(x) R= 1 y = 20.852 + 20.852log(x) R= 1 y = -0.22413 - 0.22413log(x) R= 1
Epsilon to 100 cm (%)
Soil Age (Kyr)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
1 10 100 1000 104
Atacama: north Atacama: central
Atamcama: south
Hawaii:arid
Merced
Hawaii:humid
Hawaii:Hyperhumid
y = 58.202 - 51.785log(x) R= 0.80085
Slope of Collapse (log model)
Annual Rain (mm)
Y = M0 + M1*x + ... M8*x8 + M9*x9
-6.6079M0-0.014048M1
-8.7495e-06M20.87487R
Geochronology of Terraces
• Weathering Rate = total weathering/time
• Generally poorly known– Post Modesto, Modesto constrained by 14C (few dates
though)– Turlock Lake dated by one ash– U-trend ages, though used, are now not considered credible
by U-series community
• 10Be was used in 1980’s
Geochronology of Terraces
• Weathering Rate = total weathering/time
• Ages poorly known– Post Modesto, Modesto constrained by 14C (few dates
though)– Turlock Lake dated by one ash– Correlations based on fossils, etc
• 10Be was used in 1980’s
10Be (“garden variety”): Pavich et al. (1986) GCA.
• Produced via cosmic rays in atmosphere• Half-life = 1.5 x 106 years• Delivery rate to soils ~ .5 to 1.5 x 106 atoms cm-2 yr-1
• Considered highly immobile in soils (attaches to negatively charged clays)
• Has z/r (ionic potential) similar to Al (~ 6), indicating it should form sparingly soluble oxides in aqueous solutions
• Can be used for various dating or transport studies
Interpretation of Merced Terrace 10Be- assumed assigned age are correct- determined if measured 10Be = amount that should be there- authors needed erosion to reconcile data
• Constant input, no physical loss
• Constant input, erosional loss
• Constant input, chemical loss
€
dN
dt= q − λN
N = q(1− e−λ t ) /λ
€
dN
dt= q − λN − Em
N = (q − Em)(1− e−λt ) /λ
€
dN
dt= q − (λ + kw )N
N = q(1− e−(k +λ )t ) /(λ + kw )
Trends in 10Be:
• total amount increases with age
• depth trends and amount correlate with clay content
• modern river alluvium ~100x106 at/gm
Analysis of Data Assuming Chemical Loss
Rationale for Chemical Loss:
• Nearly 60% of Al is lost from upper 1m of soils
• Significant losses of Ti
• Assume 10Be loss is proportional to amount present (first order reaction)
WITH LOSS W/O LOSSterrace corrected Be accepted agecalculated age calculated age
atom cm-2 (yrs) (yrs) (yrs)
M12 31000000000 40000 61021.36782 60451.74998R9 1.31E+11 250000 279935.4107 267830.6257R10 1.09E+11 250000 228522.0757 220472.0979T6 1.48E+11 600000 321100.7089 305148.9964T11 1.35E+11 600000 289505.0835 276553.7104CH1 5.39E+11 3000000 2066319.763 1410771.458CH2 4.78E+11 3000000 1591850.624 1196616.653
Interpretations of Chemical Loss Model1. Young terraces (where little erosion or chemical loss might occur),
should give reasonably accurate ages
a. Modesto fm yields older ages than U trend
2. Assuming chemical losses, China Hat fm. yields ages within reasonable ranges
a. Turlock Lake, with high physical erosion history, can not be reconciled.
Topography of Fans/Terraces and Erosion
Modesto fm
level
Riverbank fm
•Level-undulating
•Mima mounds
Turlock Lake fm
• highly undulating
China Hat fm
• level w/ enormous Mima Mounds
• lots of gravel