The Meeting of Cultures

Spanish-Indian Relations

• Spanish Goals

• The Encomienda System

• Conversion of the Indians

• The Quest For Gold

• Trade

• Limits of Spanish Power

The Pueblo Revolt (1680-92)

The Pueblo Revolt (1680-92)

• 20,000 Pueblo Indians ruled by 2,500 Spaniards

• Bad weather and poor harvests in 1670s made it harder to bear Spanish demands.

• Efforts to crush native resistance triggered revolt

• Total Spanish defeat– 400 Spanish, 21 Spanish Franciscans, and 386

Indians were killed. 2000 Spaniards and several hundred Indian allies fled to the El Paso area.

• Division among native leaders enabled a resumption of control in 1692.

French-Indian Relations

• Trading Colonies

• Intermarriage

• Conversion

• Weakness of French Position

English-Indian Relations

• Goals

• Conversion

• Trade

• The Problem of Land

• War

King Philip's War (1675-6)

King Philip's War (1675-6)

• The Wampanoag had been traditional allies of the colonists but now were under economic and religious pressure to assimilate and lose their independence.

• Sachem Metacom (“King Philip” to the colonists) was aware of this and faced growing tensions with the colonies

• Ironically, accusations he planned a war triggered an actual war

• Initial Indian success, followed by Colonial counterattack.

• 1000 Colonists, 3000 Indians killed.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

• Frontiersmen wanted to take more Indian land; the government wanted peace (peace = cheap; war = costly)

• Violence broke out on the frontier; Nathaniel Bacon led a force to destroy the Indians in defiance of the colonial government

• When it tried to stop him, he overthrew it.

• Eventually the British intervened and overthrew the rebels.

The Labor Problem

• The Economics of Labor

• Styles of Agriculture

• Labor Experiments

Indentured Servitude

• Origins

• Purpose

• Success

• Problems

Slavery in the New World: How Many?

12 million Africans are hauled to the Americas between 1492 and 1888. (p. 67)

• 1492-1600: 350,000

• 1600-1700: 1.8 million

• 1700-1800: 6.1 million

• 1800-1888: 3.95 million

Slavery in the New World: Acquiring Slaves

• Slavery met a demand for labor to produce cash crops in semi-tropical and tropical areas

• Most slaves = From West Africa

• Coastal tribes raid the interior for captives to sell to Europeans for guns, alcohol, cloth, metal tools, etc. – Vicious Cycle ensues

Slavery in the New World: The Voyage

• 150-300 slaves per ship, tightly packed

• About 15% of slaves and crew would die

• Water was a huge issue

• Poor food

The Middle Passage

Slavery in the New World: Arrival

• Auction: New slaves sold at auction

• “The Seasoning”: 1/4th to ½ of slaves die in first 5 years.

Inspection and Sale of a Slave

Slavery in the South

• Personal or family farms → Indentured Servitude→ Slave labor.

• Most slaveowners hold 1-5 slaves; most slaves owned in large lots

• Georgia: 1732

• Founded for poor farmers; slavery is banned.

• Once they start to succeed, they want slavery so they can get rich!

• They grow rice and accumulate land and Georgia becomes like every other Southern colony by 1750.

Georgia Colony

Slavery in the North

• Mostly domestic

• Slavery not useful for family farms

• Some use in commercial farming in Mid-Atlantic

• Slave Auction in New Amsterdam:

Race Relations

• Black Codes:– No weapons– No voting– No office holding– No white servants

• Slave Codes– No marriage– Master can do

ANYTHING TO YOU he pleases

– Other whites can kill you and only pay a fine

Creolization

• Pre-1700 slaves usually from African coast; knew more of Europe.

• Later slaves started out knowing nothing of European ways

• After 1750, creole families arise (slaves who had learned English, adopted English culture) with stable family structures.

Free Haitian Creoles

Slave Life

• Work: 'Work Gang' led by a black Driver; White Overseer runs plantation

• Women did field work and all the housework.

• Rise of family structures

• African religion persists

• Resistance and Rebellion:– Stono Rebellion,

1739