The Marine Food Webs 1)What regulates a planktonic food web? I)Light II)Nutrients III)Importance of...
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The Marine Food WebsThe Marine Food Webs
1) What regulates a planktonic food web?I) LightII) NutrientsIII) Importance of the Type of NutrientIV) Size and ExportV) Food Web Structure
2) Examples of what controls a food webI) El NinoII) Iron Ex
Oscar Schofield ([email protected])
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autotrophsautotrophs autotrophsautotrophs
omnivores omnivores omnivores omnivores
carnivorescarnivorescarnivorescarnivores
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Pyramimonas parkeae
Dunaliella tertiolecta
Gephyrocapsa
oceanica
Ceratium sp.
Thoracosphaera
heimii
Ditylum brightwellii Diatom
sp.
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I) Light
Z (meters)
Irradiance Intensity
Lambert Beers LawEd2 = Ed1e-z*Kd
Ed2
Ed1z1
z2
z
1) Because of Lambert Beers Lawthe ocean is dim
2) Plant life is dependent on light
3) The 1% light levelfor the majority of the is 100 m or less?
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202 204 206 208 210 212 214
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Julian Day
Dep
th (
m)
0 633 1267 1900
202 204 206 208 210 212 214
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Julian Day
Dep
th (
m)
0 633 1267 1900
μm
ol p
hoto
ns (
m-2 s
-1)
De
pth
(m
)
Calendar Day
μmol photons m-2 s-1
202 204 206 208 210 212 214
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Julian Day
Dep
th (
m)
0 500 1000 1500
500
1000
1500
2000
0
Calendar Day
202 204 206 208 210 212 214
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Julian Day
Dep
th (
m)
0 633 1267 1900 Oliver et al.JGR 2004
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0
2
4
6
8
10
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Irradiance (mol photons m-2 s-1)
Pro
duct
ivit
y (m
g C
mg
Chl
a-2 h
-1)
Pmax
Ik = Pmax/Respiration
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Irradiance IntensityTemperature
time
PP Ed
Irradiance IntensityTemperature
Z (meters)
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Z(meters)
net primaryproduction
net photosynthesis
phytoplanktonrespiration
communityrespiration
euphotic zone
Critical depth NPP = Rc
Note these are integratedover the water column.
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CHL a
>3
0
mg m-3
UML
Low wind High wind
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IrradianceIrradiance
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton
Physical mixing processes
Nutrients
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1993 1994
Dec JanSept Oct Nov
0
50
100
De
pth
(m
)
0
50
100
De
pth
(m
)
0
50
100
De
pth
(m
)
0
50
100D
ep
th (
m)
NO 3
- (
M)
Chl a
(m
g m
-2)
PO
43-
(M
) Si(
OH
) 4 (
M)
0
3
10
45
0.8
2.5
15
80
Biomass and NutrientsSta E (1993-1994)
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Nutrient concentration (can be nitrogen, phosphorus)
Nut
rien
t Upt
ake Vmax
Ks
NO3 NO3
NO3
NO3
NO3
NO3
Austin Powers Fat Bastard Model System, eats fast when a lot available, but sloppy & alot ends on his shirt not in his belly
Miss Manner Model System, eats slow and efficiently, everything ends up in her belly
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
diatoms coccos dinos greens
KsNO3-
KsN
O3-
(uM
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
diatoms coccos dinos greens
Vmax NO3/C
mol
N/
mol
C/d
ay
Nutrient Uptake Varies with Phytoplankton SpeciesNutrient Uptake Varies with Phytoplankton Species
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Different Strategies of Nutrient UtilizationDifferent Strategies of Nutrient Utilization
Diatoms
•High Vm •High Ks
Coccolithophores
•Low Vm •Low Ks
High or fluctuating nutrientsHigh mixing, upwellingLow average irradiance, light fluctuationsHigh turbulence
Chronically oligotrophicStratified conditionsHigh average irradiance Low turbulence
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Cullen et al. 2003Cullen et al. 2003
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2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Total Chlorophyll (ug/L)
Siz
e
Nutrients are low Nutrients are high
n = 6695
Remember small cells, higher surface to volume ratioRemember small cells, higher surface to volume ratio
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Various phytoplankton concentrations of earth's oceans.Various phytoplankton concentrations of earth's oceans.
• Purple and blue areas - unproductive regions (open ocean areas)
• Red and orange areas - productive regions (coastal areas, small basin)
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180oW 135oW 90oW 45oW 0 45oE 90oE 135oE 180oE90oN
60oN
30oN
0o
30oS
60oS
90oS
More recently satellite algorithms have been developed More recently satellite algorithms have been developed for some phytoplankton taxa detectionfor some phytoplankton taxa detection
Iglesias-Rodriguez et al. 2000
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Surface chlorophyll from CZCS
Vertical distribution of Chl from 21,000 profiles
Mixed layer depth from NOAA-NODC archive
Surface nutrients
Brunt-Vaisala
57 provinces on the basis of:
Longhurst 1995
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IrradianceIrradiance
ZooplanktonZooplankton
Higher Trophic LevelsHigher Trophic Levels
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton
Physical mixing processes
Nutrients
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GRAZERS in the plankton sea
soft-bodies, asexual, consumessoft-bodies, asexual, consumesall particle sizes, bloom & bust all particle sizes, bloom & bust
hard-bodies, sexual, consume hard-bodies, sexual, consume specific particle size ranges, specific particle size ranges, roving bandsroving bands
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phytoplankton
zooplankton
fish
1000
100
10
0.1
0.1 This assumes atrophic transfer
efficiency of 10%
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Upwelling zones (2 trophic levels)Phytoplankton Anchovies (20 % transfer efficiency)
Coastal Regions (4 trophic levels)Phytoplankton herbivorous zooplank.carnivorous zooplank.fish
(15% efficiency)
Open ocean (5 trophic levels)Phytoplanktonherb. Zooplank.carniv. Zooplank.carniv. Fishtuna
(10% efficiency)
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Area Plant prod. Efficiency Trophic levels Est. fish
Open 39*109 10% 5 4*106
Ocean
Coastal 8.6*109 15% 4 29*106
Ocean
upwelling 0.23*109 20% 2 46*106
(metric tonsper year)
(metric tonscarbon per year)
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IrradianceIrradiance
SinkageSinkage & & SenescenceSenescence
Particle DynamicsParticle Dynamics
Particle Flux (Carbon flux)Particle Flux (Carbon flux)
ZooplanktonZooplankton
Higher Trophic LevelsHigher Trophic Levels
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton
Physical mixing processes
Nutrients
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Sequestration of Atmospheric CarbonSequestration of Atmospheric Carbon
Chisholm, 2000
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MARINE SNOW
What is it?What is it?
How is formed? (particle-particle, sticky, virus)How is formed? (particle-particle, sticky, virus)
Why is it important?Why is it important?
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What is Marine Snow?
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Hey look!Here comes a
Diatom!Diatom
Snow FormationWhile photosynthesizing DOM is exuded These molecules encounter one
another in the aqueous environment
Through cation binding the molecules come together forming larger particles
The particles are extremely “sticky” and easily adhere to each other as well as other particles in the water
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Marine snow particles fromMarine snow particles fromoff New Jerseyoff New Jersey
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Irradiance
Elemental Flux
CO2
N2
Fe
CarbonN2Fe
rivers
Wind
Continental shelf
Con
tinen
tal s
lope
S
Mixing processes
New Nutrients
Phytoplankton
Sinkage &
Senescence
Particle Dynamics
Zooplankton
Higher Trophic LevelsM
ixed
Lay
er D
epth
RegeneratedNutrients
Water column depthM
ixed
Lay
er
Dep
th
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A Natural Experiment: Are nutrients from the deepocean driving the primary productivity?
El Nino
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Top: “normal” forcing condition
Bottom: El Niño forcing condition
Open University, 1998
Normal
El Nino
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Top: normal Bottom: El Niño condition
Open University, 1998
Normal
El Nino
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JPL
El Nino
La Nina
Notecoastal effect
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HNLC
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So lets do an experiment: What limits productivity in a high So lets do an experiment: What limits productivity in a high nitrogen/phosphorus ocean? Is it iron limited?nitrogen/phosphorus ocean? Is it iron limited?
Go to a HNLC Ocean (Antarctic), going means sending a graduate Go to a HNLC Ocean (Antarctic), going means sending a graduate student, dump iron in the ocean and watch the phytoplankton respond.student, dump iron in the ocean and watch the phytoplankton respond.
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Iron Patch Health
Red = HealthyRed = HealthyBlue = Not happyBlue = Not happy
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GLOBALGLOBAL
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Cell size effects the trophic transfer of matter Cell size effects the trophic transfer of matter and energy in the food weband energy in the food web
• Cullen et al.
(Cullen et al., 2002)
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(from N.Gruber)
(Takahashi et al 1995)
Net CO2 flux
Example: variability in carbon uptake
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MARTIN GLACIAL & INTERGLACIAL