The Magnetic Field - Austin Community College District - Magnetic... · 2012. 10. 3. ·...
Transcript of The Magnetic Field - Austin Community College District - Magnetic... · 2012. 10. 3. ·...
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Chapter 28
The Magnetic Field
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 2
Magnetic Field
• Force Exerted by a Magnetic Field
• Point Charge in a Magnetic Field
• Torques on Current Loops
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 3
Magnetic Field
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 4
Electric and Magnetic Field Analogy
Electric Dipole Magnetic Dipole
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 5
Electric and Magnetic Dipole Fields
Electric field lines start on a
positve charge and terminate
on a negative charge.
Magnetic field lines have no
beginning or end, they form
continuous loops. There are no
discrete magnetic charges.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 6
Isolated North and South poles cannot be created by
breaking a bar magnet in half
Magnetic Monopoles Don’t Exist
Breaking a bar magnet in half will only create two smaller
bar magnets. Each with a north and south pole.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 7
Attraction by a Magnetic Field
In a uniform magnetic field there
would be the magnetization of the
object characterized by µ. But
there would not be any attractive
force.
The magnetic field gradient is
required for the magnetic moment
µ to experience an attractive
force.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 8
Attraction by a Magnetic Field
The magnetic moment of the jack
knife acts as if it was a small bar
magnet.
In each case the opposite poles
are facing each other and the
knife experiences an attractive
force.
Never point at a magnet!
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 9
Force Exerted by a Magnetic Field
on a Charged Particle
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 10
Force Exerted by a Magnetic Field
This force is sometimes called the Lorentz force
The direction of the
magnetic force is
perpendicular to the plane
determined by the velocity
and magnetic field vectors.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 11
Right Hand Rule Yields Force Direction
The direction is determined by turning the v vector into the B
vector and the force direction proceeds in the direction that a
right handed screw would move.
In vector language this is
a vector cross product.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 12
The Vector Cross Product
The magnitude of C
C = ABsin(Φ)
The direction of C is
perpendicular to the
plane of A and B.
Physically it means the
product of A and the
portion of B that is
perpendicular to A.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 13
The Cross Product by Components
Since A and B are in the x-y plane A x B is along the z-axis.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 14
X
YZ
Memorizing the Cross Product
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 15
Magnetic
Force
Examples
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 16
The Units of Magnetic Field
≈
i
-4
Earth
N1T = 1 = N(A m)
C(m/s)
1 Gauss = 10 T
B 0.5 G
i
N N1 Tesla(T) = 1 = 1
C(m/s) A m
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 17
Source: http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magflux.htm
Range of Magnetic Field Strengths
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 18
Magnetic Force on Current
Carrying Wires
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 19
Magnetic Force on Current Carrying Wires
The magnetic force on a wire segment is the sum of the
magnetic force on all charge carrying particles in the wire.
� ��
d
d
F = (qv × B)nAL
I = nqv L
� � �
F = IL× B
is a vector whose magnitude is the length of the wire segment
and whose direction is that of the current.
�
L
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 20
B and L form a plane and F is perpendicular to this plane
The wire segment feels a magnetic force perpendicular to the
motion of the current and also perpendicular to the direction of
the magnetic field.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 21
B and L form a plane as long as they are not parallel.
� � �
F = IL× B
F = ILBsinθ
If L and B are parallel
then sinθ = 0 and F = 0
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 22
Force on a Semicircular Wire Loop
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 23
Force on a Semicircular Wire Loop
� � �
dF = IdL× B
You need to understand and be able to demonstrate this calculation.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 24
Force on a Semicircular Wire Loop� � �
dF = IdL× B
ˆ ˆ
ˆ
ˆˆ
ˆˆ
ˆ ˆˆ
θ�
0
π2
dL = dLu = Rd u
B = B k
θ = 0; u = j
θ = ; u = -i
u = -sin(θ)i + cos(θ)j
ˆˆ ˆ∫�
π
0
0
F = IRdθ(-sin(θ)i + cos(θ)j )× B k
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 25
ˆˆ ˆ
ˆ ˆˆ ˆ
ˆ ˆ
ˆ ˆ
ˆ
θ
θ θ
θ θ
+
+
+
∫
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
�
�
�
�
�
π
0
0
π π
0 0
0 0
π π
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
F = IRB (-sin(θ)i + cos(θ)j)× kd
F = IRB (-sin(θ)i)× kd IRB cos(θ)j× kd
F = IRB j sin(θ)d IRB i cos(θ)d
F = IRB j(2) IRB i(0)
F = I(2R)B j
ˆˆ ˆ∫�
π
0
0
F = IRdθ(-sin(θ)i + cos(θ)j )× B k
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 26
Motion of a Point Charge in a Magnetic
Field
This is a central acting
force that gives rise to
cyclotron motion.
This is an example of a
centripetal force.
The magnetic force can’t
change the energy of the
particle because it can do
no work. Why?
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 27
Motion of a Point Charge in a Magnetic
Field
This is a central acting force that gives rise to cyclotron motion.
2
F = ma
vqvB = m
r
mvr =
qB
( )mv2πqB2πr
T = =v v
2πmT =
qB
1 qBf = =
T 2πm
qω= 2πf = B
m
ω = Cyclotron frequency
ω is independent of velocity
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 28
Spiral Motion in a Magnetic Field
The component of the particle
velocity in the direction of the B-
field experiences no magnetic
force.
For a random velocity orientation the result is spiral motion.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 29
Applications
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 30
Velocity Selector - Wein Filter
Objective: If the electric and magnetic forces are balanced
(i.e. equal and opposite) then the charged particle’s trajectory
will be a straight line.
To simplify the design and the mathematics v, B and E are
all perpendicular to each other.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 31
Velocity Selector - Wein Filter
M EF = F
qvB = qE
Ev =
B
To be useful the filter needs to be
adjustable. Which is easier to adjust:
electric field? magnetic field?
Answer: Since E is in the
numerator adjusting this
variable will yield linear
operation. In addition, E can be
changed by simply changing
the voltage on the plates. Apparatus works equally well for
positive or negative charges
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 32
Apparatus for q/m Measurements
Cathode- heated metal
source of electrons
Electrodes for extracting and
focusing the beam of
electrons
Electrodes for deflecting the
beam of electrons.
Phosphorescent coated
screen for screen for
observing electron
arrival
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 33
Geometry for Electron Measurements
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 34
The Mass Spectrometer
Increase in kinetic energy
No change in kinetic energy
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 35
The Mass Spectrometer
Caution: Always use is ∆V for the potential difference and v for the velocity inside the
deflection region.
E
2
2
2 2 22
2
2 2 22
2
2 2
∆U = ∆KE
1q∆V = mv
2
mvF = qvB =
r
r q B v =
m
1 1 r q Bmv = m = q∆V
2 2 m
q 2∆V =
m B r
Acceleration
Deflection
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 36
The Cyclotron
For Protons
B = 16,000 Gauss
r = 50 cm
Energy = 31 MeV
f = 24.3 MHz
qB
m
mvr
qB
ω =
=
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 37
MRI Machine Characteristics
• Several hundred miles of special superconducting wire windings.
• Approximately 400 amps flows through the windings to produce the
magnetic field.
• MRI machines are made of superconducting wire, which is cooled to 4.2 K
(-268º Celsius) using several thousand liters of liquid helium.
• Refilling the Helium in a quenched magnet costs between $10K and $20K.
• To achieve the required magnetic field strength, electrical current is sent
through the windings. Due to the superconductive nature of the wire there
is negligible power loss, so once at full field strength, the system is
disconnected from the power source.
• An MRI machine IS ALWAYS ON. A strong magnetic field is always
present near the machine.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 38
Metal Hungry MRI Machines
Typical Magnetic Field Strengths
1.5 T to 3.5T
15,000G to 35,000G
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 39
Superconducting Dipole Magnet
B
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 40
Superconducting Accelerator Magnets
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 41
SC Accelerator Magnet Parameters
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 42
The Current Loop and Its Interactions
with a Uniform Magnetic Field
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 43
The Current Loop
The current loop is a closed mathematical curve, C. It can be
traversed in two directions: clockwise or counter clockwise.
The curve encloses a two-sided surface S. The path shown
below traverses the curve in the counter clockwise direction,
when viewed from above. For this traversal direction the
normal vector associated with the surface points up.
CS
A right handed rule can be
employed to determine the
direction of the surface normal.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 44
Magnetic Forces on the Current Loop
The current in the sides of
the loop of length “b” are
parallel to the direction of
the magnetic field.
Hence they experience no
magnetic force.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 45
Looking Along the Current Loop,
Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field
There is no translation of the current loop - only a torque, or twisting motion
– because the magnetic field is uniform.
Both wire segments of length
“a” experience a magnetic
forces of equal and opposite
magnitude.
1 2
2
F = F = IaB
τ = F bsinθ = IaBbsinθ = IABsinθ
where A = ab is the area of the loop
τ = NIABsinθ in the case of N identical loops
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 46
The Magnetic Moment
Valid for any shape loop
The net effect on a current loop
in a uniform magnetic field is
that it experiences a torque.
The magnetic moment wants to
align itself with the direction
of the magnetic field.
ˆ�
�� �
µ = NIAn
τ = µ× B
A General Current Loop
τ = µBsinθ
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 47
Lemoptix MEMS Scanning Micromirror Technology
Commercial Application – Current Loop
APPLICATIONS• Barcode scanners• Laser printer• Endoscopy/confocal
microscopy• Medical Imaging• Optical Sensing• Laser pointing – Steering
of laser beams
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 48
Commercial Application – Current Loop
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 49
Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
Low Energy:
Aligned with field
High Energy:
Aligned against
the field.
Work has to be done to reorient the magnetic moment
from its aligned orientation to an anti-aligned orientation.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 50
Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
180o90o
θ
∫ ∫
∫
��
i
0
cosθ
1
dW = +τ dθ = +µBsinθdθ
∆U = dW = µBsinθdθ
∆U = µB (-d(cosθ)) = -µB(cosθ - 1)
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 51
180o90o
Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
��
iU = -µ B
∴
��
i
0 0
0
0
U(90 ) = -µB(cos(90 ) - 1)+U = 0
U = -µB
U(θ) = -µBcosθ
U(θ) = -µ B
0
0
∆U = -µB(cosθ - 1)
From θ = 0 to θ = 2π
∆U = 2µB
U = -µB(cosθ - 1)+U
Anticipating Quantum Mechanics
we define U(θ = 90 ) = 0
π
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 52
Magnetic Moment of a Rotating
Charged Disk
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 53
Magnetic Moment of a Rotating
Charged Disk
A rotating charged disk can be treated as a collection of concentric
current loops. Each loop has a magnetic moment. The sum of all
these magnetic moments is the magnetic moment of the disk.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 54
Rotating Charged Disk
The infinitesimal magnetic moment
dµ is due to the rotation of the
charge in infinitesimal area 2πRdR.
The area of this loop is πR2
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 55
Rotating Charged Disk
This can be cast into a more general form by remembering
� � �
����
2
2 2
1L = Iω= ma ω
2
Qωa Q ma Qµ = = ω= L
4 2m 2 2m
The “I” is the moment of
inertia. The “Q/m” ratio is
not a real charge to mass
ratio.
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 56
Extra Slides
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 57
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 58
Superposition of Magnetic Fields
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MFMcGraw-PHY 2426 Ch28a-Magnetic Field - Revised 10/03/2012 59
Magnetic & Geographic Confusion