THE LIVING SOIL. Functions of soil Support plant growth Regulate water flow Absorb and transform...
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![Page 1: THE LIVING SOIL. Functions of soil Support plant growth Regulate water flow Absorb and transform pollutants Habitat for living organisms Soil Quality.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051618/56649cf85503460f949c8351/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THELIVINGSOIL
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Functions of soilSupport plant growth
Regulate water flow
Absorb and transform pollutants
Habitat for living organisms
Soil Quality
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Objective:
Soil organisms:• Who are they and what do
they do?• How do they contribute to
soil quality?
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VEGETATION
• Vegetation - Additon of Organic Matter (OM).
• Prairie ~ OM added to upper 2 ft. of soil due to fibrous root system of grass plants.
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VEGETATION
• Forest ~ OM added to upper 4 “ due to yearly leaf fall to surface of soil.
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Prairie - Border Biotic Factor
• Prairie - Border soils (oak savannahs) have the influence of the prairie and forest ~ due to changes in vegetation over the past 8000 years the soils have been both under prairie and forest.
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Soil Organisms: sizes and abundances
Organism Length or (diameter) mm
Abundance (arable systems)
Bacteria (0.001) 3,000,000,000 / g Fungi (0.005-0.020) 50 meters / g Protozoa 0.010-0.200 100,000 / g Nematodes 1-4.5 7,000,000 / m2 Earthworms 20-200 950 / m2 Potworms 10-50 65,000 / m2 Isopods 3-18 ?? Centipedes 5-80 ?? Millipedes 5-50 ?? Symphylans 2-15 4,500 / m2 Pauropods 0.5-1.5 5,000 / m2 Diplurans 2-7 30 / m2 Proturans 0.4-2 1,000 / m2 Springtails 1-7 100,000 / m2 Mites 0.1-3 250,000 / m2
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Size classification of soil fauna
•Microfauna (<0.1mm diameter)–Occupy water films and existing water-filled pores•Protozoa, nematodes
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•Mesofauna (0.1 – 2mm diameter)–Occupy existing water- and air-filled pore spaces
–Able to break free from surface tension of soil water•Potworms, microarthropods
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Macrofauna (2-20mm diameter)
–Able to alter soil structure•Earthworms, macroarthropods
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Bacteria
• Microscopic, single-celled
• Up to 3 billion/g• Autotrophs,
decomposers, plant symbionts, pathogens
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Fungi
• Up to 50 meters/g
• Decomposers, plant symbionts, pathogens, predators
•Thread-like hyphae; some form visible fruiting bodies (mushrooms, bracket fungi)
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Protozoa• Single-celled
animals• 10,000 -
100,000/g• Feed on
bacteria, fungi, decaying organic matter, other protozoa
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Nematodes
• 1 - 4.5 mm• Up to 7
million /m2 • Bacteria
feeders, fungus feeders, predators, plant roots, parasites
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Isopods• Crustaceans• Feed on decaying plant residues
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Myriapods• Centipedes – predators• Millipedes – decaying plant residues• Symphylans, pauropods
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Springtails
•1 - 7 mm•Up to
100,000/m2
•Fungus feeders, decaying OM, some plant feeders
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Mites•0.1 - 3mm•Up to
250,000/m2
•Decomposers, predators, parasites, plant feeders
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Earthworms
• 2 - 20 cm• 10 - 950/m2
• Many introduced species
• Decaying organic matter
• Different ecological types
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Anecic Earthworms
•Medium to large size•Dorsal, anterior pigment•Permanent vertical
burrows•Forage for plant
residues on the soil surface
•e.g. Lumbricus terrestris
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Endogeic Earthworms
• Small to medium size• Unpigmented• Horizontal burrows
in topsoil• Feed on dead plant
roots and other buried organic matter
• e.g. Octolasion tyrtaeum
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Epigeic Earthwor
ms
• Small in size• Red-brown pigment• Weak burrowers; do not inhabit
mineral soils• Forest litter, compost• e.g. Eisenia fetida
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Role in Soil Processes
•Soil formation and soil structuring
•Nutrient recycling and retention
•Population regulation
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Role in Soil Formation Fragment and humify organic
residues and mix into mineral soil
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Soil formationFormation and
stabilization of aggregatesFormation of pore spaces
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Nutrient Availability
•Symbiotic associations
–Rhizobium and legumes
–Mycorrhizae and most plants
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Nutrient Availability
•Nutrient mineralization from organic matter pools
•Biological nutrient pool
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Live weight of soil organisms in annual cropping systems. These are maximum recorded weights and estimates.
Kg per hectare Bacteria 3,500 Fungi 1,750 Protozoa 175 Nematodes 75 Earthworms 1,100 Potworms 400 Other invertebrates <10 Total weight: 6,000 – 7,000 kg/ha
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Population regulation