The Liverpool Customs

Bills of Entry (18204 939)

A Brief Introduction to the Microfilm Edition of the

Liverpool Customs Bills of Entry

Prof. Kenneth Morgan

British Records Relating to America in Microform Series

Microform Academic Publishers

The Liverpool Customs Bills of Entry

(1820-1939)

A Brief Introduction to the Microfilm Edition of the

Liverpool Customs Bills of Entry

BY Prof. Kenneth Morgan

From the British Records Relating to America in

Microform Series

Microform Academic Publishers

OMicroform Academic Publishers, 2002

No part of this microform publication may be reproduced, stored on a LAN or other computer network, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise except brief extracts for the purpose of review, without the prior written permission of the publishers.

Introduction by Prof. Kenneth Morgan, 2002

Published by Microfom Academic Publishers, Main Street, East Ardsley, Wakefield, WF3 2AT, England

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BRITISH RECORDS RELATING TO AMERICA IN MICROFORM (BRRAM)

Published in conjunction with the: British Association for American Studies

General Editor: Professor Kenneth Morgan, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Brunel University

This series of microfilms which includes over 100 titles covers many aspects of American history. Material ranges in time from the colonial period to the twentieth century and in place from Quebec to the West Indies. The series includes records relating to trade, industry, plantations, agriculture and ranching, immigration and settlement, the antislavery movement, politics and military affairs. There are personal papers and diaries as well as state documents and the records of industrial and commercial concerns. Primary printed material (newspapers, pamphlets, guide, bibliographies etc.) as well as manuscript collections are included. Most titles are accompanied by an introductorylindex booklet.

The academic control of the scheme is vested in an advisory committee of the British Association for American Studies.

m.1 I ae Publishers a id the con;a&ee are cmstady s e e h g to widen h e scope of the scheme. Suggestions for material for inclusion should be sent to:

Professor Kenneth Morgan, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK

kenneth.morgan@brunel. ac.uk

Full details of all titles in the series available from the publishers upon request, or on the American Studies page of our website:

http://www.microform.co.uk

Or alternatively, contact the Publishers at: info@microform.co.uk for further information. Reel contents lists for all titles can be emailed or posted free of charge upon request.

Please note that all titles from the BRRAM Series are now available on CD-ROM.

Acknowledgements

The Bills of Entry included in this microfilm edition cover the period from 1820 until 1939. Those for 1820-1840 and 1881-July 1917* are filmed from originals once held at the H.M. Customs & Excise Library, but now transferred to the Merseyside Maritime Museum. Those for 1841-1880 and August 1917-1939** are taken from originals in the Liverpool Record Office, which is housed in the Liverpool Central Library.

The original material that constitutes this microfilm collection is held at and owned by the Board of Trustees of National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside (NMGM), or Liverpool City Council Libraries & Information Services (LRO), England. The Publishers wish to acknowledge the Board of Trustees of (NMGM) and National Customs &Excise for kindly granting permission.

The Publishers would like to thank all the Archivists involved in the project, fiom both the aforementioned repositories. Particular thanks are due to Helen Threlfall (IWGM) and David Stoker (LRO).

The Publishers acknowledge use of the image that fronts the promotional leaflet which is John Isaac’s kerzul view of Lrverpooi, i854, courtesy of Liverpool Record Office, Liverpool Libraries.

Microform Academic Publishers would especially like to thank Prof. Kenneth Morgan of Brunel University, for all his kind help and support. This work could never have been attempted much less completed without his guidance.

* Microfilm Reels 1-6; 47-100 ** Microfilm Reels 7-46; 101-142

The Liverpool Customs Bills of Entry

bY Kenneth Morgan

(Professor of History, Brunel University)

The material contained in this microfilm edition constitutes an essential source for the

study of Liverpool's shipping and trade over a long stretch of time. It comprises

Customs Bills of Entry, which were printed broadsheets designed to provide factual

information - primarily statistics - for merchants and other interested parties to keep

abreast of the flow of commerce into and out of ports. Without these lists, historians

would be unable to calculate the quantitative dimensions of trade for London and a

good many British outports. Bills of Entry are therefore a source of prime importance

for maritime historians. The possibilities for utilising them to provide significant

results are many, and there is no doubt that they nave been under-exploited to date. A

handful of historians have used Bristol Bills of Entry (known as Presentments) for the

late eighteenth century and Liverpool bills for the period 1820-70, but studies using

these documents for other ports are few and far between. A comprehensive microfilm

edition of a complete run of extant bills for one major English port, such as found

here, should go some way towards remedying this relative neglect.

Liverpool is an appropriate port for examining the details of ships and their

cargoes in depth, for it rose significantly to become an important maritime centre in

the century after the reign of Queen h e . In c. 1700 Liverpool was a smallish town

with a limited port restricted by the tidal vagaries of the River Mersey and lack of

docking facilities. During the eighteenth century, however, the wealthy city

corporation poured millions of pounds into constructing wet docks that became the

envy of other British ports. Liverpool rose to prominence demographically and

commercially in this period. In the early eighteenth century, Liverpool merchants

supplemented their existing coastwise, Irish and European trade with voyages around

the Atlantic world. Liverpool slppers became significant traders in the Caribbean

sugar and Chesapeake tobacco trades but, above all, in the African slave trade to the

Americas. Liverpool was the largest slave trading port in the world by 1800. The rise

of Liverpool in these trades arose through a combination of commercial acuity, dock

development, and regional advantages in transport and industry. In the nineteenth

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century the port of Liverpool grew even larger with industrialisation, the financing of

additional docks, internal links with the canal and railway network, the growth of the

cotton trade with the United States, the rise of the emigrant trade, and the

development of successful steamship companies such as Blue Funnel and the Guinea,

Bibby and Castle lines. By the 1840s, Liverpool handled more export tonnage than

London. Many of these commercial trends can be analysed via the Bills of Entry.

The first Bills of Entry in England were issued in 1619, but the earliest

surviving extant copy is for London and is dated 30 June 1660. These lists continued

to be issued regularly over the centuries down to the Second World War in most

cases, though for some ports they continue later. The customs department took over

the publication of the London bills in 1881. At that time there were in fact three sets

of bills for London. They recorded imports and exports and printed ship's reports and

a shipping list. In 1818 they were referred to as 'A', 'B' and 'c' bills, though no 'C' bills

have survived. In 1819 a new 'C' bill which contained imports and exports and details

of the shipping of Liverpool, Hull and Bristol was published. In 1822 the information

contained in the new 'C' bill was incorporated into the 'B' bills and from then on they

were referred to as 'A' and 'B' bills. 'A' bills recorded imports and exports and the '€3'

bills the customs revenue on particular goods plus the names of the merchants who

paid the duties. There were variations in this format from port to port, but Liverpool

mirrored the London bills. From 1856 onwards the information presented in the

Liverpool bills was split into 'A' and 'B' lists.

Surviving sets of Customs Bills of Entry are sometimes found in the libraries

and archives of the ports they document, or in repositories within the same region as

the port. A good many of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century London bills, for

instance, are deposited at the British Library's Newspaper Division, Colindale,

London. The bills for Bristol are in Bristol Central Library; those for Newport are in

Cardiff Central Library. Some copies of bills have turned up in not-too-obvious

places. Thus London bills for the periods December 1668-December 1669 and for

August 1696-March 1698 are in the possession of the Beinecke Rare Book and

Manuscript Library, Yale University. The Merseyside Maritime Museum, Liverpool

has the most extensive collection of Bills of Enby for Liverpool and other British and

Irish ports. It holds the national collection of bills formerly kept in the H. M. Customs

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& Excise Library for London, Liverpool, Bristol, Clyde, Clyde & Forth, Dublin, Hull

and Newcastle upon Tyne. Bills for Southampton between 2 July and 31 December

1847 are included in the Bristol volume for 1847. The Merseyside Maritime

Museum's holdings of London bills cover the years 1660 (copy), 1779-1783 and

1817-1939. The complete run of years extant for Liverpool Bills of Entry is appended

to this microfilm edition.

With reference to all collections of Bills of Entry, only for London and Bristol is there a long run from before 1800. In the case of other ports, the documents survive

from shortly after the end of the Napoleonic Wars or later even though for several

ports they were originally printed from earlier dates. The Bristol Bills of Entry have

already appeared in the British Records relating to America in Microfonn series

(BRRAM), with introductory material by Professor W. E. Minchinton (thirty-two

reels plus printed guide), These Bristol bills cover the period from 1770 to 1917,

though they are not available for every year.

The first Bills of Entry for Liverpool were printed around 1750, but the oldest

surviving example of a Liverpool bill is dated 1796; it can be found among the

Harpton Court Papers at the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. The British

Library has copies of a 'Liverpool Trade List,' similar in format to the Bills of Entry,

for 1798-1800. The Bills of Entry included in this microfilm edition cover the period

from 1820 until 1939. Those for 1820-1840 and 1881-July 1917 are filmed from

originals once held at the H.M. Customs & Excise Library, but now transferred to the

Merseyside Maritime Museum, Those for 1841-1880 and August 1917-1939 are taken

from originals in the Liverpool Record Office, which is housed in the Liverpool

Central Library. The run of bills from these two repositories comprise a fairly

comprehensive set except that volumes are missing for 1821-24, 1833, 1836 and

1838-40. Liverpool Bills of Entry were apparently printed for 1836 and 1838-40 but

the national set that the Merseyside Maritime Museum received from H. M. Customs

& Excise lacked books for those years. Some data contained in the Liverpool bills for

the nineteenth century, along with statistics for other leading provincial ports, are also

included in the London bills. For Liverpool, and indeed for many other British ports,

there are no equivalent sources of trade and shipping data over so many consecutive

years.

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The format of the Bills of Entry is similar for all ports. Essentially, they list

details of ships, cargoes and merchants involved in particular voyages from a port

plus the destinations of outward voyages and the provenance of incoming cargoes.

The Liverpool bills cover both foreign and coasting trade, though after 1853 they are

less comprehensive on the coasting traffic because that was the last year in which

trade was regulated by the Navigation Laws, then in the final stages of being

dismantled as part of the shift from mercantilism towards free trade. The bills do not

normally distinguish between sail and steam vessels. They also do not cover the entire

customs port of Liverpool; they mainly deal with freight handled at the eastem docks.

Therefore coastwise cargoes using the Leeds-Liverpool canal or shpped between

different locations on the Mersey are not recorded. Foreign commodities re-exported

in the coastwise trade are usually distinguished from British manufactured goods,

industrial products and minerals.

Over time the Bills of Entry became more extensive, serving as business

newspapers for the local commercial community. In the late 1840s the bills consisted

of two sides of a broadsheet printed daily except for Sundays. For imports, the

following information is given: the name of the ship and its home port; the master's

name; from whence the ship had arrived; the number of crew; the tonnage of the

vessel; and the merchants importing goods, which are specified by type and quantity.

Export lists are divided into two sections: foreign and colonial produce re-exported,

and British produce and manufactures. Exports are aggregated under destinations,

with a wide range of weights for commodities; but the merchants exporting goods are

not named. There are also three separate lists for ships entered outwards, cleared

outwards, and loading. These give the date, the name of the ship, the destination, the

master and owners, and the dock from which the vessel cleared.

By the turn of the twentieth century, the Bills of Entry covered many more

sheets each day. For imports they give the name of the vessel, the port from which it

had cleared, the number of crew, the tonnage, and the commodities imported by particular merchants. Exports are summarised by destinations, with commodities

aggregated, but, as in the 1840s, the names of exporting merchants are not given. A

separate list of exports specifies commodities entered under bond; this refers to goods

already arrived at Liverpool in coastwise vessels or by inland carriage that were due

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to be exported. A tabular statement of textiles entered for exportation is sometimes

given. There are also separate lists for ships loading and for vessels cleared outwards.

The list of ships loading gives the date, the name of the ship, the master, and the

owners. It is also divided into geographical areas grouped as follows: Africa; Asia;

Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands; France, the south of Europe, the

Mediterranean and the Western Isles; British North America; the United States; and

the West Indies and South America. The docks where ships loaded on the Mersey are

named. The list of ships cleared outwards separates foreign shipments from coastwise

vessels (Ireland is included among the latter) with the date, name of ship and owners

given. By the first decade of the twentieth century the Liverpool bills reported similar

information for Manchester, Barrow, Goole and Grimsby.

A handful of historians have used the Bills of Entry intensively. David M.

Williams has made more use of the Liverpool bills than any other historian. In one

study, he has used them to analyse the import trade in timber at Liverpool for three

decades between 1820 and 1850. Timber was the most important commodity brought

into Liverpool at this time apart from corn and cotton. Liverpool's timber imports in

1850 were greater than those of London in volume and value. Because of a lack of

uniformity in the units of measurement of timber, Williams used data culled from the

Bills of Entry on tonnages of ships carrying timber. To select material systematically

from a source that is time-consuming to research, he based his article on sample years,

namely 1820, 1830, 1839 and 1850. A number of conclusions emerged. Williams

showed that between 1820 and 1850 the Liverpool timber trade expanded two-and-a-

half times; that the trade was dominated by timber supplies from North America; that

most merchants were specialist timber importers; and that the links between timber

importing and shipowning increased over time.

In another article, Williams used the Bills of Entry to investigate trends in

Liverpool cotton imports over a similar period. Again, he selected the same four years

for study. He shows from the bills that the cotton trade at the port became

concentrated in the hands of a smaller group of merchants in the two decades after

1820: the thirty leading importers controlled less than 40 per cent of the trade in 1820

but were responsible for nearly 60 per cent by 1839. This was a period of rapid

expansion in the Liverpool cotton trade. Though one might anticipate changes in the

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pattern of specialisation in cotton imports as trade increased, Williams in fact found

that the high degree of specialisation among cotton importers in 1820 was maintained

but not increased by 1839. His article also showed that c.80 per cent of the thirty

leading Liverpool cotton importers in the same period specialised in importing cotton

from one geographical area and that nearly the same proportion served as ship's

agents. Unlike his findings for the Liverpool timber trade, however, Williams found no substantial shipowning interests among the leading cotton importers,

In a third paper, Williams examined shipping movements in the North Atlantic

cotton trade. Investigating a couple of sets of sample years - 1830-1832 and 1853-

1855 - he arrived at several conclusions based on data in the Bills of Entry. By

tabulating the number of ships entering Liverpool with cotton cargoes from overseas

ports, he demonstrated the growth of shipping from New Orleans to a leading position

in the trade. He found that occasional traders were more common than vessels on

regular voyages in both sets of sample years, something attributable to seasonal

shipping patterns of cotton from the United States. The article also revealed the

dominance of American vessels over British or colonial ships in the cotton trade to

Liverpool and demonstrated the great increase in the tonnage of ships carrying cotton

over time.

Valerie Burton has made the most detailed study of the Liverpool coasting trade

using statistics from the bills. Focusing on one specific year, 1853, she shows that

four regions accounted for 70 per cent of the recorded tonnage entering Liverpool:

Clydeside, south Wales, and north-east and south-east Ireland. Over half of the

tonnage entering Liverpool from nearby trades came from six British and three Irish

ports: Cardiff, Newport, Swansea, Bristol, London, Glasgow, Dublin, Drogheda and

Belfast. Coal and iron were the most important cargoes imported coastwise into

Liverpool. Over half of the imports from Ireland consisted of livestock. The most

important region for Liverpool's coastwise trade was north Lancashire and Cumbria.

This was mainly a trade in provisions from Liverpool to Maryprt, Whitehaven and

Ulverston, with iron ore supplied at those ports for voyages destined for Clydeside

and south Wales.

Recently, Graeme J. Milne has used data from the Liverpool Bills of Entry in a

computer database dealing with 3,200 voyages and just over 37,000 cargo records for

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incoming vessels in the months of February, June and October 1855, 1863 and 1870.

He deploys these data in conjunction with material on trade drawn from Parliamentary

Papers, the Liverpool Register of Shipping, and local dock revenue statements. By

analysing the Bills of Entry for sail tonnage by area of ship registration, he shows the

dramatic collapse of the United States fleet entering Liverpool: such vessels

accounted for 48 per cent of the arriving sail tonnage in 1855, but this share fell to 25

per cent in 1863 and to 15 per cent in 1870. Milne's analysis of the mean tonnage of

Liverpool ships points to the growth of iron sailing ships between 1855 and 1870 and

to the reliance placed by Liverpool shipowners on Canadian-built wooden sailing

ships. Another finding from the bills is the smoother pattern of seasonal arrivals of

vessels in 1870 compared with 1863 or 1855, showing that monthly variations in

shipping movements became less important in mid-Victorian Liverpool.

These summaries of studies camed out on the Liverpool Bills of Entry

indicate that important conclusions can be drawn from this historical source. Of

course, there are difficulties involved in handling the bills. Weights and meas.ures

often need to be standardised for particular commodities. The plethora of detail on

coastwise products makes it difficult to tell the wood from the trees. The sheer

amount of information included in the bills means that, as in the studies cited,

methods of selection are necessary. But with the capacity of computers to handle large

databases, the potentiality of the bills as a source for Liverpool's economic history is

obvious. The way fonvard in their use partly lies with coherent projects carried out by

teams of researchers. It also lies in linking the bills with other local maritime records,

such as the Liverpool Register of Shipping, if one is investigating ship registry or

shipownership; or in collating merchants' names with apprenticeship records, wills

and deeds, if one is studying the composition of the local merchant community - a

virtually untouched subject. Whatever their use, this microfilm edition will make the

Liverpool Bills of Enhy more accessible to a wider range of historians and,

conceivably in time, help to facilitate such studies.

Bibliography

Liverpool's maritime commerce is described and analysed in many fine studies,

including J. R. Harris (ed.), Liverpool and Mersevside: Essays in the Economic and

Social Historv of the Port and its Hinterland (1969); F. E. Hyde, Liverpool and the

Mersev: An Economic Historv of a Port. 1700-1970 (1971); P. N. Davies, Henn/ Tvrer: a Liverpool Shiming Agent and his Enterprise, 1879-1979 (1979); and Sheila

Marriner, The Economic and Social Development of Mersevside (1982). Details on

the coverage and publication history of Bills of Entry can be found in Edward A.

Carson, 'Sources for Maritime History (1): Customs Bills of Entry, ' Maritime History,

I (1971), pp. 176-89, and John J. McCusker, Eurowan Bills of Entrv and Marine

Lists: Early Commercial Publications and the Origins of the Business Press (1985).

David M. Williams is the historian whose published work has made most intensive

use of the Liverpool Bills of Entry. His scattered articles have been conveniently

brought together in Lars U. Scholl (ed.), Merchants and Mariners: Selected Maritime

Writings of David M. Williams, Research in Maritime History, no. 18 (2000). The

Liverpool bills have also been used effectively in Valerie Bwton (ed.), Livemool

Shipping. Trade and Industw: Essavs on the Maritime Historv of Mersevside 1780-

1860 (1989) and Graeme J. Milne, Trade and Traders in Mid-Victorian Liverpool:

Mercantile Business and the Making of a World Port (2000). The Bristol Customs

Bills of Entry have been analysed in Kenneth Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade

in the Eighteenth Centuw (1993). Intelligent use of the London Bills can be found in

Frank Broeze, Mr Brooks and the Australian Trade (1993).

0 Professor Kenneth Morgan, September 2002

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Liverpool Bills of Entry (1820-1939)

1820 and 1825

1826 and 1827

1828 and 1829

1830 and I831

1832 and 1834

1835 and 1837

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1898 (July 5th-Dec 31st)

1899 (Jan 2nd-Dec 30th)

1900 (Jan 1st-June 30th)

1900 (July 2nd-Dec 31st)

1901 (Jan 1st-June 29th)

1901 (July 1st-Dec 31st)

1902 (Jan 1st-June 30th)

1902 (July 1st-Dec 31st)

1903 (Jan 1st-June 30th)

1903 (July 1st-Dec 31st)

1904 (Jan IstJune 30th)

1904 (July 1st-Dec 31st)

1905 (Jan 2nd-July 5th)

1905 (July 6th-Dec 30th)

1906 (Jan 1st-July 3rd)

1906 (July 4th-Dec 31st)

1907 (Jan 1st-June 29th)

1907 (July 1st-Dec 31st)

1908 (Jan 1st-July 7th)

1908 (July 8th-Dec 31st)

1909 (Jan 1st-June 30th)

1909 (July 1st-Dec 31st)

1910 (Jan 1st-June 30th)

1910 (July 1st-Dec 31%)

1911 (Jan 2nd-May 31st)

1911 (June 1st-Dec 30th)

1912 (Jan 1st-June 29th)

1912 (July 1st-Dec 31s)

1913 (Jan 1st-June 30th)

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1918 A(Jan 1st-Sept 30th)

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1919 A (Jan 1st-Aug 4th)

1919 A (Aug 5th-Dec 31st)

1919 B (Jan 1st-Dec 31st)

1920 A (Jan ISt-JUly 8th)

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1929 A (Jan 1st-Sept 2nd)

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1930 A (Jan 1st-Sept 8th)

1930 A (Sept 9th-Dec 31st)

1930 B (Jan 1st-Dec 31st)

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1932 A (Jan lSt-Jdy 15th)

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1933 B (Jan 2nd-Dec 30th)

1934 A (Jan 1st-Dec 31st)

1934 B (Jan 1st-Dec 31st)

1935 A (Jan 1st-May 4th)

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1935 B (Jan 1st-July 31st)

1935 B (Aug 1st-Dec 31sf)

1936 A (Jan 1st-Aug 19th)

1936 A (Aug 20th-Dec 31st)

1936 B (Jan 1st-Dec 30th)

1937 A (Jan 1st-Dec 31st)

1937 B (Jan tst-Dec 31st)

1938 A (Jan 1st-April 21st)

1938 A (April 22nd-Dec 3 1st)

1938 B (Jan 1st-Dec 31st)

1939 A (Jan 2nd-May 12th)

1939 A (May 13th-Sept 2nd)

1939 B (Jan 2nd-Sept 2nd)

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