The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.
-
Upload
walter-mccoy -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.
![Page 1: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The links between victimization and offending
David J. Smith
![Page 2: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Volume of delinquency by variety of victimization: sweep 4
7.512.2
18.9
25.5
35.3
53.7
1.3 2.4 4.4 6.611.1
18.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Vol
um
e of
del
inq
uen
cy
Broad delinquency Serious delinquency
012345
![Page 3: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Volume of broad delinquency by victimization: sweep 4
34.4
21.4
30.2
17.4
23.3
10
9.3
11.5
10.9
9.5
0 10 20 30 40
Assault with weapon
Threats
Robbery
Theft
Simple assault
Mean volume of delinquency
Not victimVictim
![Page 4: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Volume of serious delinquency by victimization: sweep 4
11.1
5.3
9.7
4.1
6.1
1.8
1.8
2.4
2.3
1.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Assault with weapon
Threats
Robbery
Theft
Simple assault
Volume of serious delinquency
Not victimVictim
![Page 5: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Correlation between delinquency, bullying, and victimization: s.4
0.47
0.35
0.1
0.41
0.4
0.26
0.05
0.38
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Bullyingothers
Adultharassment
Bullyingvictimization
Crimevictimization
Correlation coefficient
Serious delinquencyBroad delinquency
![Page 6: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Correlations between delinquency & victimization at successive sweeps
0
0.05
0.1
0.150.2
0.25
0.30.35
0.4
0.450.5
VICT1 VICT2 VICT3 VICT4
SRD1
SRD2
SRD3
SRD4
![Page 7: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Links between victimization and delinquency over time
1. The strongest link is between victimization and offending over the same 12-month period
2. But victimization is linked with delinquency up to three years later
3. Equally, delinquency is linked to victimization up to three years later
![Page 8: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Link between consistency of victimization and delinquency
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Vol
um
e of
del
inq
uen
cy
Broad delinquency Serious delinquency
High consistentMedium consistentHigh-level inconsistentLow-level inconsistentNever victimized
![Page 9: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Explanations
1. Interaction within a social circle
A. Polarized circles of acquaintance
B. Interactions with intimate relationships
2. Common origins of offending and victimization
A. Personal characteristics
B. Social and environmental factors
![Page 10: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Explanations contd.
3. Causal relationships between offending and victimization
A. Offending causes victimization
B. Victimization causes offending
![Page 11: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Evidence relating to these explanations
1. Regression analyses use victimization at sweep 2 to predict delinquency at sweep 4, and vice versa
2. The basic model (step 1) confirms strong links in both directions. Adult harassment as well as victimization predicts later delinquency
![Page 12: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Evidence contd.
3. At step 2, personality (risk-taking) and social class explain a small part of the link
4. At step 3, risky activities and situations, and delinquent friends, explains a substantial part of the link
5. At steps 4 and 5, parental bonds and neighbourhood deprivation increase, and do not reduce, the link
![Page 13: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Conclusions
1. The most important factors explaining the link between victimization and offending are getting involved in risky activities and situations, and having a delinquent circle of friends
2. To a small extent, the same personality traits underlie both
![Page 14: The links between victimization and offending David J. Smith.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649d1f5503460f949f3d76/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Conclusions contd.
3. There is evidence for a genuine causal link between victimization, running in both directions
4. The findings reinforce the Kilbrandon philosophy, which advocates dealing with young people according to their needs, not primarily as offenders or victims