The limits of my The limits of my language mean the language mean the limits of my world.limits of my world.

- Ludwig Wittgenstein- Ludwig Wittgenstein

An Introduction to An Introduction to Documenting Research Documenting Research

SourcesSources

ENL 111, Dr. VavraENL 111, Dr. Vavra

What IS “Documentation”?What IS “Documentation”?

““Documentation” denotes various Documentation” denotes various formats for indicating in your writing formats for indicating in your writing where your source materials (articles, where your source materials (articles, books, interviews, web pages, etc.) books, interviews, web pages, etc.) come from. In other words, come from. In other words, “documentation” enables readers of “documentation” enables readers of your writing to find your sources.your writing to find your sources.

Why Are We Looking at Why Are We Looking at Documentation Now?Documentation Now?

A requirement of this course is that you A requirement of this course is that you learn how to research for information on a topic learn how to research for information on a topic and then efficiently document that research in and then efficiently document that research in one or more papers. one or more papers. But before you start to do But before you start to do research, it makes sense to know what you will research, it makes sense to know what you will need to efficiently use the sources in writing a need to efficiently use the sources in writing a paper.paper. That is the purpose of this presentation. That is the purpose of this presentation.

The Purposes of DocumentationThe Purposes of Documentation

Documentation has four primary purposes, Documentation has four primary purposes, one negativeone negative, and , and three positivethree positive::

To avoid plagiarism,To avoid plagiarism, To give credit where it is due,To give credit where it is due, To enable readers to find your To enable readers to find your

sources, andsources, and To add to your own credibility.To add to your own credibility.

The Formats of DocumentationThe Formats of Documentation

We live in a free country. As a result, We live in a free country. As a result, there is no one who can tell us how to there is no one who can tell us how to format documentation. As a result, there format documentation. As a result, there are several different formats for are several different formats for documenting sources. documenting sources.

(Don’t complain. If we want freedom, (Don’t complain. If we want freedom, we need to pay for it.)we need to pay for it.)

Formats for Documentation - 1Formats for Documentation - 1

MLA (from the Modern Language MLA (from the Modern Language Association)Association)

APA (from the American Psychological APA (from the American Psychological Association)Association)

Various formats in databasesVarious formats in databases

Formats for Documentation - 2Formats for Documentation - 2

We will be using the MLA format. In We will be using the MLA format. In some courses you will be expected to use some courses you will be expected to use APA, but the differences between the two APA, but the differences between the two are mainly a question of what information are mainly a question of what information goes where in the format. (We will look at goes where in the format. (We will look at the differences in a later class.)the differences in a later class.)

Formats for Documentation - 3Formats for Documentation - 3

In MLA format, for example, the title of the work comes In MLA format, for example, the title of the work comes immediately after the author’s name:immediately after the author’s name: Carr, Nicholas. Carr, Nicholas. The Shallows – What the Internet is Doing to Our The Shallows – What the Internet is Doing to Our

BrainsBrains. N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 2010.. N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 2010.

In APA format, the date comes right after the author’s In APA format, the date comes right after the author’s name:name: Carr, Nicholas. (2010) Carr, Nicholas. (2010) The Shallows – What the Internet is The Shallows – What the Internet is

Doing to Our Brains.Doing to Our Brains. N.Y.: W.W. Norton. N.Y.: W.W. Norton.

When there are several works in a list by one author, in When there are several works in a list by one author, in MLA they are arranged in alphabetical order by title. In MLA they are arranged in alphabetical order by title. In APA, they are arranged by date, with the most recent APA, they are arranged by date, with the most recent first.first.

The Two Parts of DocumentationThe Two Parts of Documentation

Works Cited (and/or) BibliographyWorks Cited (and/or) Bibliography

Framing - We will explore framing later in Framing - We will explore framing later in the course. the course.

Works Cited and/or BibliographyWorks Cited and/or Bibliography

A A “Works Cited”“Works Cited” is an alphabetical list is an alphabetical list of all the sources (works) that you cited of all the sources (works) that you cited (used) in your paper.(used) in your paper.

A A “Bibliography”“Bibliography” usually includes usually includes everything in the Works Cited, but also everything in the Works Cited, but also includes other sources that the writer includes other sources that the writer believes are relevant to the topicbelieves are relevant to the topic..

The following is an example of part The following is an example of part of an MLA Works Cited list.of an MLA Works Cited list.

Foster, Kristy. "Marcellus Shale Drilling: Can Safe Water Foster, Kristy. "Marcellus Shale Drilling: Can Safe Water Supply Be Sustained?" Supply Be Sustained?" Farm and Dairy - The Auction Farm and Dairy - The Auction Guide and Rural MarketplaceGuide and Rural Marketplace. Farm and Dairy, 24 Sept. . Farm and Dairy, 24 Sept. 2010. Web. 01 Nov. 2010.2010. Web. 01 Nov. 2010.

Hartstein, Arthur M. Hartstein, Arthur M. Environmenta Benefits of Advanced Oil Environmenta Benefits of Advanced Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technologyand Gas Exploration and Production Technology. . Washington DC: US Department of Energy Office of Washington DC: US Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy, Oct. 1999. Pdf. 01 Nov. 2010.Fossil Energy, Oct. 1999. Pdf. 01 Nov. 2010.

"Science Centric | News | 'Fracking' Mobilises Uranium in "Science Centric | News | 'Fracking' Mobilises Uranium in Marcellus Shale." Science Centric -- Science, Health and Marcellus Shale." Science Centric -- Science, Health and Technology, Breaking News. Science Centric, 26 Oct. Technology, Breaking News. Science Centric, 26 Oct. 2010. Web. 01 Nov. 2010.2010. Web. 01 Nov. 2010.

The Parts of a Works Cited CitationThe Parts of a Works Cited Citation

What is included in a “Works Cited” What is included in a “Works Cited” citation depends upon the kind of source citation depends upon the kind of source you have used—a book, a magazine or you have used—a book, a magazine or journal article, a web page, a personal journal article, a web page, a personal interview.interview.

You will be shown how to use the Purdue You will be shown how to use the Purdue OWL, a widely recognized source for OWL, a widely recognized source for formatting documentation.formatting documentation.

In-text Citations for MP # 2In-text Citations for MP # 2

We will be looking at in-text citations We will be looking at in-text citations in more detail later in the course. For MP # in more detail later in the course. For MP # 2 what you need to know is that an in-text 2 what you need to know is that an in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the citation is placed in parentheses after the material that you quote or paraphrase. material that you quote or paraphrase. What goes in the in-text citation is the What goes in the in-text citation is the minimal amount of information needed to minimal amount of information needed to find the source in the “Works Cited” list find the source in the “Works Cited” list plus the page number on which that plus the page number on which that material appears.material appears.

An Important SuggestionAn Important Suggestion

As you write your draft of a paper, As you write your draft of a paper, include the in-text citations in the draft.include the in-text citations in the draft. Far Far too many students do not do this. Then too many students do not do this. Then they can’t find the sources when they go they can’t find the sources when they go back to “revise” the paper. The result is back to “revise” the paper. The result is that they end up with a serious plagiarism that they end up with a serious plagiarism problem. (Remember that part of my job is problem. (Remember that part of my job is to check your citations against the copies to check your citations against the copies of your sources that you will be giving me.)of your sources that you will be giving me.)

Quiz (You can use your notes.)Quiz (You can use your notes.)

1.1. What are the four purposes of What are the four purposes of documentation? (20 each)documentation? (20 each)

2.2. Explain the difference between a “Works Explain the difference between a “Works Cited” and a “Bibliography.” (20)Cited” and a “Bibliography.” (20)