The Life of John Leland

34
THE LIFE OF JOHN LELAND A Paper Submitted to Dr. Russell Woodbridge In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for CHHI 694 Liberty Theological Seminary By Rick Mangrum Lynchburg, Virginia Sunday, October 16, 2011

description

Brief History of John Leland.

Transcript of The Life of John Leland

Page 1: The Life of John Leland

THE LIFE OF JOHN LELAND

A Paper Submitted to Dr. Russell Woodbridge

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

CHHI 694

Liberty Theological Seminary

By

Rick Mangrum

Lynchburg, Virginia

Sunday, October 16, 2011

Page 2: The Life of John Leland

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

APPROACH-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND TIMELINE ----------------------------------------------------2

EARLY YEARS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

MINISTRY IN VIRGINIA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

MINISTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS--------------------------------------------------------------------8

INFLUENCE ON THOMAS JEFFERSON------------------------------------------------------------11

INFLUENCE ON JAMES MADISON-----------------------------------------------------------------14

SUMMARY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

BIBLIOGRAPHY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

Page 3: The Life of John Leland

INTRODUCTION

This paper will examine the life of John Leland, a Baptist Minister who lived in America

from the mid 1700’s to the mid 1800’s. This paper will discuss the details of Leland’s life and

its impact on early America. The details of his life will show his deep and undeniable impact on

the development of religious liberty in both the culture and the earliest governing documents of

the United States. These same details will also show that Leland went beyond what would have

been normal or every day for a minister working to spread the gospel as well to influence others.

This was an important time in the initial development of our country. His lifetime spanned a

period from America’s existence as a British colony to the election of its ninth President. The

impact of his life on our country shows both the potential of an individual as well as the

development of religious liberty that we enjoy today.

APPROACH

First the historical perspective of Leland’s life will be discussed. The key events of

American history that occurred during his life time will be examined. How the key events in

Leland’s own life intertwined with the American history of that day helps set the stage for his

influence of key Americans and the events of his day. Leland’s ministry as a pastor and

preacher will be examined. The impact of Leland’s life on some of those key Americans and key

topics will be discussed, starting with his impact on Virginia politics and the Virginia

Constitution. His impact on the life of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison will be discussed.

The overall influence of this man on the American history of his day was “crucial.”1 A deeper

1

1 March to Zion Website, http://marchtozion.com/history/389-biography-of-elder-john-leland.com, (accessed 10/1/2011).

Page 4: The Life of John Leland

2

understanding of Leland will give the reader a better perspective on American history at this key

time in the country’s development as well as an understanding of how the religious liberty we all

enjoy in the United States came to be.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND TIMELINE

A good first step to understanding the life of Leland is to examine the key dates and

events in his life and how they occurred in the context of American history. Here is a summary

of key American history events2 and the corresponding event in the life of John Leland.

American History Event John Leland Key Event

1754 French and Indian War begins 1754 Born in Grafton, MA

1772 Surrendered to Ministry

1773 Boston Tea Party

1774 First Continental Congress 1774 Baptism and beginning of

Public Ministry

1775 American Revolution begins

1776 Declaration of Independence 1776 Married at age 22

1777 Began Virginia Ministry

1788 Madison agreement on

Religious Liberty

1789 George Washington elected

U.S. Constitution effective

1791 Bill of Rights ratified 1792 Moves to Massachusetts

1802 Jefferson Cheese incident

1811 Elected to MA Congress

2 American History Timeline Website, http://infoplease.com/ipa/A0902417.html, (accessed 9/30/2011).

Page 5: The Life of John Leland

3

American History Event John Leland Key Event

1812 War of 1812 begins

1837 Van Buren elected eighth President 1837 Wife dies

1841 Harrison elected ninth President 1841 Dies of pneumonia

Leland’s life spanned some of the important and formative years of American history.

He began his life under the rule of King George III and died in the same year as the election of

the ninth American President. In his lifetime, America went from the Declaration of

Independence to the Constitution and Bill of Rights. He witnessed firsthand many of the most

important events in our nation’s history, influencing many of them.

His life also spanned dramatic growth in Baptist’s membership in America. The number

of Baptist “multiplied tenfold” in his lifetime and the number of Baptist churches grew from five

hundred to over twenty five hundred.3 This was a dramatic period for America and for Baptists.

EARLY YEARS

Leland’s life can be divided into three portions, his early years, ministry in Virginia and

ministry in Massachusetts. He was born forty miles from Boston, in Grafton, Massachusetts on

May 14, 1754, into a working family.4 His father’s profession is not recorded other than that he

was a man of “humble position.”5 Grafton was a rural area and he spent his youth

3 Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), p3.4 Ellen M. Raynor, History of the Town of Cheshire, (Holyoke, MA: C.W. Bryon and Co, 1885), p183. 5 Ibid.

Page 6: The Life of John Leland

4

playing in the forests and streams. He was “not handsome” but very good in school.6 He was

known as a happy child, rather carefree. As a teenager, he dreamed of becoming a lawyer. He

was known for his love of talking. It would all change one day in a field close to his home at age

18.

He said he heard an audible voice from above that day saying “you are not about the

work which you have got to do.”7 He began to examine his life and to regularly attend any and

all available church services or religious meetings. He became a student of history and an avid

reader. He started to speak at some of the meetings he attended, eventually starting to preach in

small churches in surrounding towns. He would preach from church to church supporting

himself with odd jobs as a laborer. He had never obtained any training in a vocation or job up to

that point. Preaching became his sole focus.

Soon it was obvious to all around him that he had a “God-given power” to communicate

and persuade others to follow God as he had chosen to do.8 He began to preach to anyone who

would listen, a small group or a large congregation.

MINISTRY IN VIRGINIA

By the fall of 1775 he had preached his way down the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts

to Virginia where he found church audiences who were very responsive to his

6 Ibid.7 C.A. Browne, “Elder John Leland and the Mammoth Cheshire Cheese”, Bureau of Agriculture and Industrial Chemistry, (October 1944), p145.8 Ibid.

Page 7: The Life of John Leland

5

“vigorous,anecdotal and eccentric” preaching style.9 His reputation as an interesting and

effective speaker began to spread throughout the state.

Leland never made any serious attempt to educate himself theologically in a formal way

as a preacher. His style was simple and focused on basic biblical principles such as the Golden

Rule and the Ten Commandments. As was to be a pattern throughout his life, he strongly

believed in being independent from any outside influences whether they are theological or

political. He wanted no support from anyone or any organization, church or government. In fact

he zealously opposed all forms of religious institutions, including Sunday School.10 He preached

against salaried ministers although he personally knew more than 1000 Baptist pastors. He was a

strong proponent of complete personal independence from the very beginning of his ministry to

the very end.

After a short time back in Massachusetts to marry his childhood sweetheart in 1776 at

age 22, he and his new bride travelled back to Virginia and settled in Mount Poney in Culpeper

in August of 1777 where he was ordained by the local Baptist church. As he was raised as a

child, Leland would always prefer a rural lifestyle. He was in high demand as a speaker and

preached from a different church almost every week, again working whatever odd job he could

find during the week to support himself and his wife.

Leland’s early ministry in Virginia coincided with the early political life of Thomas

Jefferson. Jefferson began his political career as a legislator in Virginia in 1776. Jefferson

quickly became known for his belief in the complete independence of the church from the

9 Ibid.10 March to Zion Website (accessed 10/2/2011).

Page 8: The Life of John Leland

6

government. Jefferson believed that there should be no support of any kind for any church from

government. That strongly appealed to Leland’s sense of independence and Leland soon became

a supporter of Jefferson from the pulpit, helping build a grass roots base of support for the

Virginia legislator that would last for Jefferson’s lifetime.

Leland moved to Orange County, Virginia in 1778, just a few miles from Jefferson’s

home at Monticello. It was then the two began to become friends, building a strong, lifelong

friendship based on their common beliefs around the church and its relationship to the state.

Leland continued to support Jefferson and his stand on the “complete separation of church and

state” from the pulpit and is credited with helping Jefferson build influence and support in

Virginia that would ultimately lead to influence on the soon to be written United States

Constitution.11

Leland’s lifestyle was one of a dedicated preacher and servant of God. He rode from

town to town on horseback. It is believed he rode more than 1000 miles during his Virginia

ministry.12 He is said to have stopped and preached at a different town every ten miles. Later in

life, reflecting on his days in Virginia that built the foundation for his ministry he claimed to

have preached 8,000 sermons in 463 different locations to audiences ranging from 5 to 10,000.13

He is believed to have baptized over 1500 new believers.

Leland’s appeal to listeners became his avoidance of topics common to most preachers of

his day. He never spoke of theology or doctrine. He focused on everyday practical matters such

11 Browne, p145.12 March to Zion Website.13 Browne, p152.

Page 9: The Life of John Leland

7

as the treatment of your neighbor, living daily to mirror the life of Christ. He stressed the

importance of avoiding outside influences just as Jesus did in his earthly ministry. Travelling

from town to town must have seemed to Leland similar to the life of Christ, walking from town

to town in biblical days. Leland also focused on the rights of the people in this new country and

encouraged listeners to guard carefully against the control or oppression of local, state or central

governments. In this way he was completely aligned with his friend Jefferson.

Baptists in Virginia at that time were very receptive to Leland’s message of church

independence and religious liberty. They remembered the strong hand of the Church of England

on their parents and families in previous generations and believed this was one of the core,

foundational issues for this new country. Leland addressed the issue of a government supported

national church directly by saying that “no national church can in its organization, be the Gospel

Church.”14 And if the church is not focused on the gospel, to Leland it was of no use. His stance

against any government tie or support to the church found a willing audience in Virginia

Baptists. This was completely consistent with the past behavior of Virginia Baptists who had

“swelled the ranks” of the revolutionary army as the Continental Congress declared

independence.15

Virginia Baptists were also willing to worship with anyone following the gospel message,

regardless of their color. While many of the states were beginning to struggle with race and

slavery issues, in many rural Virginia communities black and white worshiped together.16 Leland

8

14 March to Zion Website.15 Browne, p146.16 Hatch, p106.

Page 10: The Life of John Leland

was as willing to listen to pastors of a different race as he was willing to preach to their

congregations. His focus was on spreading the gospel to any audience. In Virginia, Leland’s

ministry also began to mix with politics on his most passonate political issue.

As Virginia began its Constitutional Convention in 1776, Jefferson stepped out in

opposition to any tax dollars going to support any religious institutions. Many traditional

legislators opposed his view and blocked Jefferson. Leland stepped in, organizing a meeting of

Virginia Baptists on Christmas Day of 1776, writing a paper of support for Jefferson that was

distributed to all Virginia delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Jefferson’s view was

adopted in the first Virginia Constitution. It became the Act for Establishing Religious

Freedom.17 Many of that day would now proclaim Leland as the “leader who really overthrew”

the idea of a government supported and endorsed church.18 This was an accomplishment that the

humble Leland would deny in later years.

These events in Virginia also included James Madison who was aligned with Jefferson

and Leland on this issue. These three began to form the foundation for things to come in the

United States Constitution in later years. These events would repeat themselves and the support

of Leland would again be required to influence this issue on a national level, as will be detailed

in a section later in this paper.

9

17 March to Zion Website.18 Browne, p145.

Page 11: The Life of John Leland

MINISTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS

Despite his great success as a speaker and preacher in Virginia, influencing thousands for

Christ and even impacting the writing of the state’s constitution, Leland was a wandering soul in

his heart. After 14 years in Virginia he moved his family to Massachusetts in 1792. Settling in

Cheshire, he found a community made up almost completely of Baptists.19 Most residents of

Leland’s new town had come there from Rhode Island and settled in what was previously

uninhabited, unsettled land at the foot of Mount Greylock, Massachusetts’s highest peak. Many

of his new neighbors had moved to this area when there was nothing there but trees and fields

and built this community. He would live there for the rest of his life.

Leland’s methods would not change in the coming years. He would still ride his horse

from town to town, preaching wherever he could find an audience. His Virginia years had

molded his approach as a preacher and created his strong reputation as a representative of God’s

word. Cheshire would be the center of his activities but he would not be limited to just one

community or area in his work.

After moving to Massachusetts Leland began to focus more of his time and attention to

politics, while not neglecting his preaching duties. Perhaps he had seen the impact of his work in

Virginia in protecting religious freedom and wished to expand that influence. He began to

preach more on the need for complete separation of church and government. From his new

10

19 Browne, p146.

Page 12: The Life of John Leland

home in the heart of New England, he “denounced most vigorously” the normal process in New

England of electing a local minister by majority vote of the town then imposing a tax on all

residents to pay for the church’s activities.20 More and more he used Jefferson as the example to

follow, a strong political leader who stood firm in his position on the separation of church and

state. Leland clearly saw this issue as an open gateway or as a locked gate to the spreading of

the gospel. If the government had a say in the affairs of the church at some point it would begin

to dictate the content of the Sunday sermons. Leland was convinced that the sole purpose

of the church was to spread the gospel and any government involvement would interfere with

that purpose.

Leland truly loved the community of Cheshire. He would one day speak to President

Thomas Jefferson about the loyalty of this community and about “every patriotic family and

cow” and their support and belief in the new American leader and the government he was

working to build.21 Leland’s love for this people became joined with his passion for religious

liberty from government interference in 1811. He ran and was elected to the Massachusetts

House of Representatives where this issue was his primary focus. For this dedicated, horse-

riding preacher of the gospel to take the time for this new responsibility speaks to his passion for

the issue.

In the Massachusetts House, Leland took a position that to many may have seemed

contrary to his role as a preacher and religious leader. He vigorously opposed legislation that

proposed to stop mail delivery on Sunday, in honor of the Sabbath. He saw that recognition of

11

20 Ibid.21 Browne, p150.

Page 13: The Life of John Leland

religion by government as a small step toward government involvement in the church. He was

pure and focused on this issue. There should be no government involvement in church affairs,

positive or negative. Even a law that sought to respect the church seemed to be interference in

Leland’s mind.

Leland’s years in Massachusetts were a time of gradual evolution from passionate circuit

preacher to religious leader and statesman. His influence and reputation became nearly

nationwide, certainly all up and down the east coast of the new country. “His name was a

household word in nearly every home.”22

He would preach his last sermon at a religious meeting on Friday, January 8th, 1841 in

Cheshire. Witnesses called his last sermon “sound and spiritual” even at age 87.23 He took to his

bed that night and died six days later of pneumonia. He spoke of Heaven in the hours before he

died and looking forward to seeing his wife who had dies four years earlier. He told a young

preacher at his bedside “bury me in a humble manner” and died peacefully.24

He was buried in the Cheshire cemetery. The grave is marked by a small blue marble

stone. The inscription says “Here lies the body of the Rev. John Leland of Cheshire, who

labored 67 years to promote piety and vindicate the civil and religious rights of all men.”25

12

22 Browne, p152.23 March to Zion Website.24 Ibid.25 Browne, p153.

Page 14: The Life of John Leland

INFLUENCE ON THOMAS JEFFERSON

In a previous section the relationship of Leland and Thomas Jefferson was briefly

discussed which began to develop during Lelend’s days in Virginia. This relationship was both

personal and professional, based on a common belief in the complete and total separation of

churches and government. It would impact both of their lives in many ways over many years.

Jefferson would describe Leland as his “friend and ally” many times.26 Their strong friendship

began during the political struggle and victory over religious liberty in Virginia and would

continue as Jefferson moved to the White House.

In 1802 when Jefferson wrote a well know letter to the Danbury Baptist Association in

Connecticut describing his belief in “building a wall of separation between church and state.”27

This letter was widely circulated among Baptists and coined the famous phrase. This was

following the close and bitter presidential election of 1800 in which the Electoral College was

tied and Jefferson’s election was decided in the House of Representatives. Leland’s years of

supporting Jefferson from the pulpit and his strong support of complete religious liberty up and

down the coastal northeast, from Massachusetts to Virginia and back again was seen by Jefferson

as a key component of his victory in becoming President. He had written the letter after taking

office, to Baptists in Connecticut to firmly state his views on the subject. In addition to the

Danbury Letter Jefferson then invited the country’s second most recognized proponent of

religious liberty after himself, John Leland to the White House. What a grand day that must

have been for John Leland. From travelling preacher on horseback to the White House, all due

13

26 Penn State Law Review Website, http://pennstatelawreview.org/articles/113%20Penn%20St.%20L.%20Rev.%20733.pdf, (accessed 10/5/2011).27 Ibid.

Page 15: The Life of John Leland

to his enduring belief in the rights of all people to worship how they deem appropriate with no

interference from any governing institution. And now he was publicly recognized by the

President of the United States who also shared his point of view.

But Leland was a preacher at heart not a politician. He used the occasion of his visit to

the White House to draw attention to his message. Cheshire, where he currently lived was a city

known for its dairy products and cheese especially. Most people in the town were engaged in the

production of milk or cheese in one way or another. Jefferson invited Leland formally to the

White House for January 1, 1802 in June of the previous year.28 Leland

developed a plan to bring great attention to his home town and preach the gospel in every town

between Cheshire and Washington in the months leading up the following January. This became

known as the Mammoth Cheshire Cheese incident.29

The entire city of Cheshire was part of the plan. The best cows were selected from every

farm. The best milk was acquired. On July 20, 1801 it was all brought together in one location

and a giant, round cheese was produced.30 Leland would transport it to Washington, stopping

along the way at every church that would have him, preaching the gospel. Thousands would turn

out to see the presidential cheese and hear the gospel as a result of their curiosity. In the end,

upon his arrival in Washington, Leland presented the mammoth cheese to the President declaring

14

28 Browne, p147.29 Browne, p145.30 Browne, p147.

Page 16: The Life of John Leland

that the 1235 pound cheese, believed to be a world record, had come from the “good Republican

cows” of Cheshire in Jefferson’s honor.31 The event was publicized all over the country and

served to also publicize the stand of Jefferson on religious liberty. Being seen with Leland in

such a public way could only be interpreted as a statement for religious liberty by observing

citizens given Leland’s complete and public support of that position.

A second great public event would then occur. Since early 1800 after Jefferson had

become President, Sunday worship services were held every week in the House of

Representatives. They were not largely attended. That week, Jefferson invited Leland to be the

speaker. For the first time ever, Jefferson attended. Every member of the House of

Representatives was there in the President’s honor. Jefferson’s attendance at the service led by

one of the nation’s best known evangelists and proponents of religious liberty sent a loud and

clear message to all of the country that Jefferson supported both the Christian and the political

stances of John Leland. It was seen by many as a pivotal moment in the country’s move toward

both positions.32 Leland’s friendship and influence with Jefferson had helped to show the new

President firmly as a firm supporter of religious liberty.

INFLUENCE ON JAMES MADISON

Leland also influenced the life of James Madison significantly. This was completely

consistent with his life as a minister and similar to his influence on Jefferson. It was another

15

31 Penn State Website.32 Ibid.

Page 17: The Life of John Leland

example of how Leland used his work “as a popular Baptist minister to advance his party’s cause

with no objection from Jefferson or Madison until his death in 1841.”33

His impact on Madison was more direct than his influence on Jefferson. Leland played a

key role in helping establishing Madison as an American leader, first in Virginia then nationally.

He strongly and successfully supported Madison politically to be elected to two key positions

that would enable Madison to helped mold history in the area of religious liberty. First he

“played a substantial role” in the election of Madison to the Virginia convention to ratify the

Virginia constitution in 1788 and then to be elected to the first Congress of the United States in

1789.34 Leland’s effective support from the pulpit along with his aggressive travel schedule

spread a positive word about Madison throughout Virginia in the key beginning of Madison’s

political career. Madison’s political career growth coincided almost exactly with the Virginia

ministry of Leland.

At one point Madison sought out Leland for his support. After successfully leading the

work in Virginia to guarantee religious liberty through the Virginia Constitution, Madison sought

to secure the same religious liberty in the United States Constitution, being written in 1789.

Leland was unsure if the language from the Virginia constitution, being put forth by Madison for

the national version was strong enough to permanently secure religious liberty. He made it

known that the language needed to be firm and direct. Without direct language on this issue it is

possible that Leland and Baptists in general, would oppose final approval of the constitution.

16

33 Ibid.34 Ibid.

Page 18: The Life of John Leland

Leland wanted to language to be very clear or he would begin to rally support opposing the

document.35

Madison sought out Leland and asked for his support. “Under an oak tree on Leland’s

farm” the two reached compromise on the language and Leland promised Madison his public

support.36 Madison promised Leland there would be specific amendments on key issues such as

religious liberty not clearly addressed in the constitution itself. This was the beginning of

Madison’s support for what would become the Bill of Rights, starting with the First Amendment

to the Constitution guaranteeing religious liberty. This also helped align Madison with Patrick

Henry, a fellow Virginian, who also opposed the new constitution without more specific

language on this and other issues. Madison and Henry had long been political foes. Leland’s

agreement with Madison may have opened the way for much more than just religious liberty in

the constitution. It may have helped solved political stalemate between Madison and Henry that

could have stopped the approval of the new constitution. It was clear to all at the time that the

approval of Leland was “particularly weighty” to the approval of the first constitution and the

Bill of Rights under Madison’s leadership.37

Leland’s life clearly and directly impacted the lives and political success of two of our

nation’s early leaders, Jefferson and Madison. Not only did this self-educated, self-supporting

Baptist minister change the lives of thousands with this telling of the gospel, he helped form the

religious freedoms we all today enjoy. The impact of this one man is truly something to be

studied and admired.

17

35 Steven Waldman, Founding Faith, (New York, NY: Random House Publishing, 2008), p136.36 Ibid, p137.37 John A. Ragosta, Wellspring of Liberty, (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010), p168.

Page 19: The Life of John Leland

SUMMARY

John Leland started life from humble beginnings in rural Massachusetts. During his

years America would move from a group of colonies ruled by an English king to an independent

nation. He spent those historical years focused on his call from God, heard from the sky one day

in a field at age eighteen.

Most of his life he spent either on horseback travelling from town to town or behind a

pulpit or on a stage preaching the gospel to thousands. He helped many find Christ. Through it

all he became known as a crusader for the gospel and a strong supporter of religious liberty. His

words as a preacher helped influence many leaders of this new nation. Among them are Thomas

Jefferson and James Madison. Both gave Leland credit for his part in their success as American

leaders and in helping guarantee religious liberty through the Constitution of the United States.

Without his strong influence in its early formation it is likely that religious liberty in America

would not be as clear and as strong as it came to be.

After many years of hard but successful ministry, Leland died in the home he loved,

peacefully in his sleep after a short illness. He asked to be buried nearby in a simple grave.

Leland’s life is a part of American history that enriches all who understand it. His life is one to

be admired. Leland was not limited by his humble beginnings or lack of education. He was not

intimidated by those who did not know or opposed him. He was not overwhelmed by political

leaders or the power of their offices.

Leland’s fierce personal independence is also a strong example for us all. He

wished no support or special treatment from government of any kind. No doubt he would be

18

Page 20: The Life of John Leland

disappointed by the tax-free status churches today enjoy.38 He would see that as a threat to

religious liberty.

Leland simply followed the call of God, made the best of what he had, worked as

hard as he could and did the best he knew how to do. His life reminds this writer of the life and

words of Paul. In 2 Timothy 4:7 Paul wrote “I have fought the good fight. I have finished the

course. I have kept the faith.” Those are words that well describe the life of John Leland.

19

38 Bruce Gourley, “Maybe It’s Time to Dust Off John Leland”, Baptiist History and Heritage, (June 2008), p62.

Page 21: The Life of John Leland

BIBLIOGRAPHY

American History Timeline Website, http://infoplease.com.

Browne, C.A., “Elder John Leland and the Mammoth Cheshire Cheese”, Bureau of Agriculture and Industial Chemistry, October 1944.

Freedom Forum Website, http://freedomforum.org..

Gourley, Bruce T., “Maybe It’s Time to Dust Off John Leland”, Baptist History and Heritage, June 2008.

Hatch, Nathan O., The Democratization of American Christianity, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989.

March to Zion Website, http://marchtozion.com.

Penn State Law Review Website, http://pennstatelawreview.org.

Pinson, William M., Baptists and Religious Liberty, Dallas, TX: Baptistway Press, 2007.

Ragosta, John A., Wellspring of Liberty, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Waldman, Steven, Founding Faith, New York, NY: Random House Publishing, 2008.