The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.
-
Upload
amberly-andrews -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
2
Transcript of The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.
![Page 1: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The lichens of Buda
A survey of lichen growth as an
indication of air pollution
![Page 2: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Purpose of the studyTo estimate pollution levels
according to the type and density of lichens found at selected sites in
Budapest
![Page 3: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ExpectationsGiven the distance from the city
center, the prevailing wind conditions and the topography, we
expected to find a more robust supply of lichens, as well as ones more sensitive to pollution, at the
more distant sites
![Page 4: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Methodology• Sites• Trees• Bioindicator species • Technique and tools
![Page 5: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Maple acer
![Page 6: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Lichen as bio-indicator
• Symbiotic association of alga and fungi• Plantlike but no roots or leaves • Interior of lichen thallus (body) is exposed to the environment all the time • No structures to isolate internal tissues• No mechanisms to protect from adverse environmental conditions• When air pollution occurs lichen is totally immersed in the toxic atmosphere and the whole organism is at risk
![Page 7: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Technique
• Use of quadrates: 4 squares with average
• 1m above ground• Four cardinal
points • Data analysis
![Page 8: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Budapest air pollution monitoring stations
Two monitoring stations’ data is needed to control our preconceptions and our results:
• BP4 Pesthidegkút - at Buda Hills (close to Nagyrét and Adyliget)
• BP3 Baross – at Pest (close to the Városliget –CityPark)
![Page 9: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Air pollution data measured at BP3 and BP4
As we see the BP3 station measured higher pollution levels almost during the whole year (this is due to the fact that BP3 is at the city center and BP4 is at the suburbs)
![Page 10: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Meteorological information about Budapest
Yellow: daily average temperature for recent yearsRed: summer of 2006
![Page 11: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sites chosen
• City Park • Nagyret• Ady Liget
![Page 12: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
City Park – Downtown Pest• Flat, formerly marshland• Terrain continually rising away from
Danube• Middle of densely populated area• High levels of traffic in all directions• Thermal baths, fun park, zoo, circus• Largest green area of Pest
![Page 13: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
About Buda
• Buda is the “lungs” of the city
• Hills, valleys, forests and meadows
• Protected natural areas and 300-500m high hills
•Winds from the northwest
![Page 14: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Buda sites
• Both sites about 7 km from city center
• No industrial activity in the vicinity• About 100,000 inhabitants in 2nd
district• Main soil types: limestone,
dolomite, marl and sandstone
![Page 15: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ady Liget
• Basin of the “cool valley” (2 deg. colder)• Partly suburbanized (1920s) forestland
Nagyret
• Popular for hiking• Roads and train
![Page 16: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Findings
![Page 17: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Air pollution!
Few lichens at all in the City Park
![Page 18: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Air pollution!
• More lichens in Buda, primarily hypogymnia physodes
• Young, pale specimins• Predominantly on one
side of the trees• Varieties that love
nitrogen
Healthy hypogymnia physodes
© 2004 J.K. Lindsey
![Page 19: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lichen data (1)
![Page 20: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lichen data (2)
![Page 21: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Lichen data (3)
![Page 22: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Limitations
• Site selection• Sample selection• Methodology• Assessment of surrounding
environment• Absence of control• Representative sample• Time constraint
![Page 23: The lichens of Buda A survey of lichen growth as an indication of air pollution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062216/56649d065503460f949d94b7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Conclusion
• Signs of air pollution at all sites
• Greater air pollution in city center
• High levels of nitrogen and phosphorous