The Library of Photius v.1

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Transcript of The Library of Photius v.1

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This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world’s books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+  Make non-commercial use of the files  We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+  Refrain from automated querying  Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google’s system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+  Maintain attribution The Google “watermark” you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+  Keep it legal  Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can’t offer guidance on whether any specific use of  any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book’s appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world’s books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
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U N I V E R S I T Y
V L I B R A R Y
J
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T R A N S L A T I O N S
O F C H R I S T I A N L I T E R A T U R E
G e n e r a l E d i t o r s W . J . S P A R R O W S I M P S O N , D . D . ,
W .
K . L O W T H E R C L A R K E ,
B . D .
G R E E K
T E X T S
P H O T I U S
V O L . I .
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r f
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a n
B U B S S W - S
1 E A N 5 1 ? 0 T 0 ^ O F C H R t f H M
U T E R A T U K E
. $ E B I E $ I
G R E E K
T E X T S
T H E
O F P H O T I U S
V O L U M E
3 y
S O C I E T Y
F O R
P R O M O T I N G
C H R I S T I A N K N O W L E D G E . L o n d o n
T h e M a c m i l l a n C o m p a n u . N e w a r k
1 9 2 0
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P r i n t e d
i n G r e a t B r i t a i n b y
R i c h a r d
C l a y &
S o n s ,
L i m i t e d ,
b r u n s w i c k s t . ,
s t a m f o r d
s t . , s . e .
s u f f o l k
* f
n
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P R E F A C E
I t i s p r o p o s e d t o
i s s u e
t h e
p r e s e n t
t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e B i b l i o -
t h e c a
o f P h o t i u s
i n
;
w i l l
a n
o f h i s
l i f e
w o r k s , a
B i b l i o g r a p h y , a n d
a G e n e r a l
I n d e x t o t h e
w h o l e .
A t r a n s l a t o r o f t h e B i b l i o t h e c a h a s a p p a r e n t l y a n o p e n f i e l d .
S o
b e
a s c e r t a i n e d , n o
c o m p l e t e v e r s i o n
e x i s t s
i n
E n g l i s h o r a n y
o t h e r
m o d e r n
l a n g u a g e ,
a l t h o u g h t h e r e
a r e
E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s o r e d i t i o n s o f s o m e o f t h e l o n g e r e x t r a c t s
{ e . g . C t e s i a s ' I n d i c a ) , o f s o m e o f t h e l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m s , 1 o f
s e l e c t e d c o d i c e s ( c h i e f l y o n p r o f a n e
a u t h o r s ) i n
I t a l i a n b y G .
C o m p a g n o n i , 2
a w e l l - k n o w n M i l a n e s e l i t e V a r y
m a n
a n d
s t a t e s
m a n ( 1 7 5 4 - 1 8 3 4 ) ,
a n d o f t h e
w h o l e
i n L a t i n b y t h e l e a r n e d
J e s u i t
A n d r e a s
S c h o t t 3
i n
P a t r o l o g i a
G r a e c a
( v o l .
* i s
u n f o r t u n a t e l y
i n
m a n y p l a c e s u n s a t i s f a c t o r y , a n d
n o c r i t i c a l e d i t i o n h a s b e e n a t t e m p t e d
f o r n e a r l y
a h u n d r e d
y e a r s — s i n c e 1 8 2 4 , t h e d a t e o f I m m a n u e l B e k k e r ' s e d i t i o n .
T h e n a t u r e o f t h e w o r k , a s o r t o f e n l a r g e d t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s ,
o f t e n l e a v e s t h e m e a n i n g a n d c o n n e x i o n o b s c u r e , w h e n t h e r e
e x i s t
n o
t e x t s
s
o f
s u p p l e m e n t i n g
i t .
1 G . S a i n t s b u r y , H i s t o r y o f C r i t i c i s m , i . 1 7 6 L a R u e v a n H o o k i n T r a n s
a c t i o n s o f t h e A m e r i c a n P h i l o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n ( x x x v i i i . 1 9 0 7 )
a n d
C l a s s i c a l P h i l o l o g y
( i v . C h i c a g o ,
1 9 0 9 ) , a n d h e r e a n d t h e r e
i n b o o k s
s u c h
a s H o d g k i n ' s
I t a l y a n d
h e r I n v a d e r s , B u r y ' s L a t e r R o m a n
E m p i r e .
- 2 V o l s . x l v . x l v i . o f B i b l i o t ' c a S c e l t a
d i
o p e r e
g r e c h e e l a t i n e .
3 B o r n a n d
d i e d
a t A n t w e r p ( 1 5 5 2 - 1 6 2 9 ) . A f t e r a w a n d e r i n g l i f e
h e
f i n a l l y
s e t t l e d d o w n a s p r o f e s s o r o f G r e e k a t t h e J e s u i t c o l l e g e i n h i s n a t i v e c i t y .
* 1 H e
w a s
a n i n d e f a t i g a b l e t r a n s l a t o r
a n d
e d i t o r . T h e t r a n s l a t i o n o f P h o t i u ss o f u n e q u a l m e r i t , a n d i t i s s u p p o s e d t h a t i n p a r t s i t i s t h e w o r k o f a
n
a n d
P * S e e
E .
M a r t i n i , T e x t g e s c h i c h t e d e r B i b l i o t h e k d e s P a t r i a r c h e n P h o t i o s
t o ( 1 9 1 1 ) .
j * I t w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t , f o r i n s t a n c e , t o g e t a c l e a r i d e a o f t h e s t o r y o f
  H e l i o d o r u s ' s T h e a g e n e s a n d
C h a r i c l e a
f r o m
P h o t i u s ' s
a b s t r a c t a l o n e .
r ]
^ ' ^ l P 5 1 5 8 8 7
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v i
T h e
p r e s e n t
t r a n s l a t o r , i n t h e e n d e a v o u r t o o b t a i n
a s
s a t i s
f a c t o r y a r e n d e r i n g a s p o s s i b l e , h a s c o n s t a n t l y c o n s u l t e d t h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t l i t e r a r y , t h e o l o g i c a l ,
a n d h i s t o r i c a l w o r k s a n d
e n c y c l o p a e d i a s
b e a r i n g
o n
c o v e r e d
b y
e x t e n
s i v e r e a d i n g o f P h o t i u s .
N a t u r a l l y ,
t h e r e i s l i t t l e s c o p e
f o r
o f
t r a n s l a t i o n , a n d i n t h e l i t e r a r y c r i t i c i s m s i t i s
b y
n o
m e a n s e a s y t o f i n d a c o r r e c t a n d a d e q u a t e E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t
f o r
t h e t e r m s u s e d .
I n t h e m a t t e r o f n o t e s , t h e n u m b e r o f
p e r s o n a l
a n d
g e o
g r a p h i c a l n a m e s , o f
h i s t o r i c a l
a l l u s i o n s , i s s o l a r g e t h a t a n y
a t t e m p t t o d e a l
w i t h
t h e m
w o u l d
h a v e
t h e
r e d u c e d
i t t o a k i n d o f
p e g
t o
t u r e
e n c y c l o p a e d i a .
I n
o f
f a m i l i a r t o
a l l
a
b r i e f n o t e h a s b e e n g i v e n , s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f i d e n t i f i
c a t i o n ( o f t e n n e c e s s a r y w h e r e t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l p e r s o n s o f t h e
s a m e
t h a t
t h o s e d e s i r o u s o f f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d
k n o w
w h o m
t o l o o k i n t h e u s u a l
b i o g r a p h i c a l
a n d o t h e r
d i c t i o n a r i e s .
I n t h e c a s e
o f
n a m e s l e s s f a m i l i a r a n d
p o i n t s
a r i s i n g d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e t e x t , t h e
d e t a i l s
g i v e n a r e s o m e w h a t
f u l l e r . I n
t h e B i b l i o g r a p h y a l i s t o f t h e m o s t u s e f u l g e n e r a l
w o r k s
o f
a n d
e d i t i o n s
o r
o f t h e
a u t h o r s
c r i t i c i s e d
i n
t h e B i b l i o t h e c a w i l l b e
g i v e n .
T h e p r e s e n t
w o r k m a k e s n o c l a i m t o c o n t a i n a
c o m p l e t e
e x e g e t i c a l
o r c r i t i c a l
c o m m e n t a r y , b u t i s a s o m e w h a t f r e e t r a n s l a t i o n i n t e n d e d t o
g i v e t h e o r d i n a r y r e a d e r a n i d e a o f t h e
l i t e r a r y
a c t i v i t y o f t h e
c h i e f
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e
s o - c a l l e d
B y z a n t i n e R e n a i s s a n c e .
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A L P H A B E T I C A L
L I S T O F
A U T H O R S
C R I T I C I S E D I N V O L . I
A c h i l l e s , T a t u s .
C l i t o p h o n
a n d
( L X X X V I I )
A c t s
t h e
d i s p u t a t i o n
o f h e r e t i c s
h e l d b e f o r e J o h n , p a t r i a r c h o f
C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ( X X I V )
A d r i a n ( H a d r i a n ) . I n t r o d u c t i o n t o
t h e S c r i p t u r e s ( I I )
A d r i a n ( H a d r i a n ) , e m p e r o r . D e
c l a m a t i o n s ( C )
A e s c h i n e s . O r a t i o n s a n d L e t t e r s
( L X I )
A g a i n s t t h e
J e w s
a n d Q u a r t o -
d e c i m a n s . A n o n y m o u s ( C X V )
A m y n t i a n u s . O n A l e x a n d e r
t h e
G r e a t ( C X X X I )
A n d r o n i c i a n u s .
A g a i n s t t h e
E u n o -
m i a n s ( X L V )
A p h t h o n i u s . D e c l a m a t i o n s
( C X X X I I I )
A p o l i n a r i u s o f H i e r a p o l i s . A g a i n s t
t h e
P i e t y a n d
T r u t h ( X I V )
A p o l o g y f o r
O r i g e n
a n d h i s
D o c t r i n e s . A n o n y m o u s ( C X V I I )
A p p i a n . R o m a n H i s t o r y ( L V
I I )
n
P a r t h i c a , B i i h y n i c a ,
D i s c o u r s e s o f E p i c i e t u s ( L V I I I )
I n d i c a ,
C a m p a i g n s o f A l e x
a n d e r
t h e
G r e a t ( X C I ) ; E v e n t s
a f t e r t h e D e a t h o f A l e x a n d e r
( X C I I ) B i t h y n i c a , T h e A c t s o f
D i o n
a n d T i m o l e o n ( X C I I I )
A t h a n a s i u s . L e t t e r s
( X X X I I )
C o m m e n t a r y
o n E c c l e s i a s t e s
a n d
t h e
o f
S o n g s ( C X X X I X )
A g a i n s t A r i u s
( C X L )
B a s i l o f
C i l i c i a .
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
H i s t o r y
( X L I I ) A g a i n s t
J o h n
S c y t h o p o l i t a ( C V I I )
B a s i l
t h e G r e a t .
R e f u t a t i o n
o f
E u n o m i u s ( C X X X V I I I ) A s c e -
t i c a ( C X L I V )
H e x a e m e r o n
( C X L I ) M o r a l D i s c o u r s e s
( C X L I I ) L e t t e r s ( C X L I I I )
B o e t h u s .
L i s t o f P l a t o n i c W o r d s
( C L I V ) ; D o u b t f u l W o r d s i n
P l a t o
( C L V )
C a i u s ( G a i u s ) P r e s b y t e r . O n
t h e
U n i v e r s e ( X L V I I 1 )
C a n d i d u s . H i s t o r i e s
( L X X I X )
C e p h a l i o n . H i s t o r i c a l E p i t o m e
( L X V I I I )
C h a r i n u s ,
L u c i u s .
T r a v e l s o f
t h e
A p o s t l e s ( C X I V )
C h o r i c i u s . D e c l a m a t i o n s
( C L X )
( T i t u s
F l a v i u s
C l e m e n s ) ,
p r e s b y t e r , o f A l e x a n d r i a .
O u t
( C I X ) ;
T h e T u t o r ( C X )
S t r o m a t e i s ( C X I )
C l e m e n t ( C l e m e n s
R o m a n u s ) ,
b i s h o p o f R o m e . A p o s t o l i c
C o n s t i t u t i o n s ,
R e c o g n i t i o n s
( C X 1 I , C X I I I ) ; E p i s t l e s t o
t h e
C o r i n t h i a n s ( C X X V I )
C
o
n
o
n . A g a i n s t P h i l o p o n u s
( X X I I I )
C o s m a s
I n d i c o p l e u s t e s .
C h r i s t i a n
T o p o g r a p h y , E x p o s i t i o n o f
t h e
( X X X V I )
C t e s i a s .
P e r s i c a ( L X X I I )
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v i i »
A L P H A B E T I C A L L I S T O F
A U T H O R S C R I T I C I S E D
C y r i l o f
A l e x a n d r i a .
A g a i n s t
N e s t o r i u s ( X L I X )
T h e s a u r i
( C X X X V I )
D a m a s c i u s .
I n c r e d i b l e
T h i n g s
C X X X )
D e x i p p u s . E v e n t s a f t e r
t h e
D e a t hf A l e x a n d e r , H i s t o r i c a l
E p i
t o m e ( L X X X I I )
D i o d o r u s . L e x i c o n
t o
r a t o r s ( C L )
D i o d o r u s
S i c u l u s . H i s t o r y ( L X X )
D i o d o r u s o f T a r s u s . O n t h e H o l yp i r i t ( C I I )
D i o ( n )
( L X X I )
D i o n y s i u s
o f M a l i c a r n a s s u s . H i s t o r yL X X X I I I , L X X X I V )
D i o n y s i u s o f H a l i c a r n a s s u s ,
A e l i u s .
t t i c
( C L U )
D o r o t h e u s . N e w a n d F o r e i g no r d s i n P l a t o ( C L V I )
E p i p h a n i u s . P a n a r i a ( C X X I I ) ,
A n c o r a t u s ( C X X I I I ) W e i g h t s
a n d M e a s u r e s ( C X X I V )
E u g e n i u s .
A g a i n s t P h i l o p o n u s
( X X I I I )
E u n a p i u s . C h r o n i c l e ( c o n t i n u i n g
D e x i p p u s )
( L X X V I
I )
E u n o m i u s . H e r e t i c a l t r e a t i s e
( C X X X V I I ) ; i t s r e f u t a t i o n b y
B a s i l ( C X X X V I I I )
E u s e b i u s ( s o p h i s t ) . D e c l a m a t i o n s
( C X X X I V )
E u s e b i u s o f C a e s a r e a . V a r i o u s
W r i t i n g s ( I X - X I I 1 ) ; E c c l e s i a s
t i c a l
H i s t o r y
( X X V I I )
A g a i n s t
H i e r o c l e s ( X X X I X )
D e f e n c e o f
O r i g e n ( C X V I I I ) L i f e o f
C o n s t a n l i n e ( C X X V I I )
E u s e b i u s
o f T h e s s a l o n i c a .
A g a i n s t
A n d r e w t h e M o n k ( C L X I I )
E v n g r i u s .
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l H i s t o r y
( X X I X )
G a i u s , s e e C a i u s
G a l e n .
O n M e d i c a l
S c h o o l s
( C L X I V )
G e l a s i u s
o f C y z i c u s . P r o c e e d i n g s
o f t h e F i r s t S y n o d ( X V ) E c c l e
s i a s t i c a l H i s t o r y ( L X X X V I I I )
P r e f a c e t o A d d i t i o n s t o t h e
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
H i s t o r y
o f E u s e
b i u s ( L X X X I X ) ;
A g a i n s t t h e
A n o m o e a n s
( C I I )e o r g e , b i s h o p
o f
A l e x a n d r i a .
L i f e o f J o h n
C h r y s o s t o m
( X C V I )
G r e g o r y o f N y s s a . I n
S u p p o r t
o f
S t .
B a s i l a g a i n s t
E u n o m i u s
( V I ,
V I I )
H e l i o d o r u s . A e t h i o p i c a ( L X X I I I )
H e l l a d i u s .
L e x i c o n ( C X L V )
I l e r a c l i a n , b i s h o p o f C h a l c e d o n .
A g a i n s t
t h e
M a n i c h a e a n s
( L X X X V )
H e r o d i a n . H i s t o r y ( X C I X )
H e r o d o t u s .
H i s t o r y ( L X )
H e s y c h i u s I l l u s t r i u s ( o f M i l e t u s ) .
H i s t o r y ,
A c t s o f J u s t i n t h e
^ V
E l d e r ( L X I X )
H e s y c h i u s ( p r e s b y t e r , o f C o n s t a n t i
n o p l e ) . D i s c o u r s e s o n
t h e
B r a z e n S e r p e n t ( L I )
H i m e r i u s .
D e c l a m a t i o n s
( C L X V )
R o m a n u s .
A g a i n s t
H e r e s i e s ( C X X I )
I a m b l i c h u s .
R h o d a n e s a n d S i n o n i sX C I V )
I r e n a e u s .
A g a i n s t H e r e s i e sC X X )
I s o c r a t e s .
O r a t i o n s ( C L I X )
J o h n
C h r y s o s t o m .
L e t t e r s
t o
a n d
O t h e r s ( L X X X V I )
J o h n
P h i l o p o n u s . O n
t h e
R e s u r
r e c t i o n ( X X I ) O n t h e C r e a t i o n
( X L I I I ) ;
A g a i n s t t h e
F o u r t h
S y n o d ( L V ) A g a i n s t J o h n
S c h o l a s t i c u s ,
p a t r i a r c h
o f
C o n
s t a n t i n o p l e ( L X X V )
J o h n ( p r e s b y t e r , o f A e g a e ) . E c c l e
s i a s t i c a l H i s t o r y ( X L I ) ;
A g a i n s t
t h e
F o u r t h S y n o d
( L V )
J o h n
S c y t h o p o l i t a .
A g a i n s t
t h e
E u t y c h i a n s ( X C V )
J o s e p h u s . O n t h e U n i v e r s e *X L V I I I ) ; O n t h e J e w i s h W a r
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A L P H A B E T I C A L L I S T O F
A U T H O R S C R I T I C I S E D
i x
( X L V I I ) O n t h e A n t i q u i t i e s o f
t h e J e w s ( L X X V I )
J u l i a n . L e x i c o n
t o
( C L )
A f r i c a n u s .
H i s t o r y
( X X X I V )
J u s t i n M a r t y r . A p o l o g y ( C X X V )
J u s t u s o f
T i b e r i a s .
C h r o n i c l e
o f
K i n g s
( X X X I I I )
L e s b o n a x . P o l i t i c a l O r a t i o n s
( L X X I V )
L e x i c a . O f t h e P u r e
S t y l e
( C X L V I ) ;
O f
t h e S e r i o u s S t y l e
( C X L V I I ) ; O f P o l i t i c a l
S t y l e
( C X L V I I I )
O f
( C X L V - C L I X )
L i b a n i u s . O r a t i o n s a n d
L e t t e r s
( X C )
L u c i a n . V a r i o u s
W o r k s . D i a
l o g u e s o f
t h e D e a d a n d O f
C o u r t e s a n s
( C X X V I I I )
L u c i u s o f P a t r a e . M e t a m o r p h o s e s
( C X X I X )
M a l c h u s . H i s t o r y
( L X X V I I I )
M a x i m u s .
D e c l a m a t i o n s
( C X X X V )
M e t r o d o r u s . O n E a s t e r ( C X V )
M o e r i s . T h e A
t t i c i s t C
L V I I
N i c e p h o r u s , p a t r i a r c h o f C o n s t a n t i
n o p l e
H i s t o r i c a l E p i t o m e
( L X V I )i c i a s t h e m o n k A g a i n s t P h i l o -
p o n u s ,
S e v e r u s ,
a n d t h e
H e a t h e n
( L )o n n o s u s . H i s t o r y ( I I I )
O l y m p i o d o r u s . H i s t o r y ( L X X X )n t h e E a s t e r
F e s t i v a l ( A n o n y
m o u s ) ( C X V I )r a t o r s , t h e t e n , L e x i c a t o ( C X L V -
C L I X )
F i r s t
P r i n c i p l e s
( V I I I )
P a l l a d i u s .
D e c l a m a t i o n s
( C X X X I I )
P a m p h i l u s . A p o l o g y
f o r O r i g e n
( C X V I I I )
P a u s a n i a s . L e x i c o n ( C L I I I )
P h i l i p
o f S i d e . C h r i s t i a n . H i s t o r y
( X X X V )
P h i l o J u d a e u s . A l l e g o r i e s o f
t h e
S a c r e d L a w s a n d O n P o l i t i c a l
L i f e ( C I I I )
O n
a n d
T h e r a p e u t a e
( C I V ) H i s
C e n s u r e
o f
t h e E m p e r o r G a i u s
a n d
F l a c c u s ( C V )
P h i l o s t o r g i u s . E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
H i s
t o r y ( X L )
P h i l o s t r a t u s o f T y r e . L i f e o f A p o l -
l o n i u s o f T y a n a ( X L I V )
P h l e g o n o f T r a l l e s .
L i s t
O l y m
p i c V i c t o r s a n d C h r o n i c l e
( X C V I I )
P h r y n i c h u s
t h e A r a b i a n . O r a t o r i c a l
E q u i p m e n t ( C L V I I I )
P e
r
u
s
P r e s b y t e r . V a r i o u s
W r i t i n g s ( C X I X )
P o l l i o . L e x i c o n ( C X L I X )
P o l y c a r p . L e t t e r t o t h e P h i l i p -
p i a n s
( C X X V I )
P r a x a g o r a s .
L i f e
o f
C o n s t a n t i n e
t h e
( L X I I )
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e b i s h o p s o f t h e
W e s t
a g a i n s t t h e
N e s t o r i a n s
a n d
P e l a g i a n s ( L I V )
P r o c o p i u s o f
C a e s a r e a .
H i s t o r i e s
( L X I I I )
P r o c o p i u s o f
G a z a .
O r a t i o n s ;
T r a n s l a t i o n s o f H o m e r ( C L X )
S e r g i u s C o n f e s s o r . H i s t o r y
( L X V I I )
S o c r a t e s . E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
H i s t o r y
( X X V I I I )
S o p a t e r .
E x c e r p t s
( C L X
S o p h r o n i u s .
I n
E u n o m i u s
( V )
S o z o m e n .
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l H i s t o r y
( X X X )
S y n e s i u s . W r i t i n g s ( X X V I )
S y n o d o f   T h e O a k ( L I X )
S y n o d o f S i d e ( L I I )
S y n o d s , t h i r d ,
f o u r t h , f i f t h ,
s i x t h
n d
( X V I - X X )
T h e m i s t i u s .
C o m m e n t a r i e s
o n
A r i s t o t l e
a n d P l a t o ; P o l i t i c a l
O r a t i o n s ( L X X I V ) A p o l o g y
f o r
T h e o p h o b i u s ( C V I I I )
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x A L P H A B E T I C A L L I S T
O F A U T H O R S
C R I T I C I S E D
I .
T h e o d o r e o f A l e x a n d r i a , m o n k . T h e o d o s i u s , m o n k . A g a i n s t J o h n
A g a i n s t
T h e m i s t i u s
( C V I I I )
P h i l o p o n u s ( X X I I )
T h e o d o r e
o f A n t i o c h . I n D e f e n c e T h e o g n o s t u s o f A l e x a n d r i a .
O t t t -
o f B a s i l a g a i n s t
E u n o m i u s l i n e s
( C V I )
C o m m e n t a r y
o n
T h e o p h a n e s
o f
( L X I V )
( X X X V I I I )
O n P e r s i a n M a g i c T h e o p h y l a c t S i m o c a l t a
( L X V )
T i m a e u s .
P l a t o n i c
L e x i c o n ( C L I )
T h e o d o r e t . E c c l e s i a s t i c a l H i s t o r y . . . r T , . ^ .
i v w t i \ T t \ £ • » „ „ . - < . y „ \ . V i c t o n n u s , s o n o f
L a m p a d m s .
C o n
X L V l i   • s u l a r O r a t i o n s ( C I )
T h e o d o r u s P r e s b y t e r . O n t h e ^ X L ^ l Y m ^  
W r i t i n g s
o f
t h e
H u s b a n d r y ( C L X I I I )
A r e o p a g i t e ( I ) Z o s i m u s , C o u n t . H i s t o r y ( X C W l l l )
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C H R O N O L O G I C A L T A B L E S
( D o w n t o t h e t i m e o f P h o t i u s )
R O M A N
E M P E R O R S
A u g u s t u s
2 7 B . C .
2 4 4
a . d . 1 4
2 4 9
3 7
2 5 1
. 4 1
A e m i l i a n u s
2 5 3
5 4
G a l l i e n u s /
2 6 0
O t h o \
6 8 - 6 9 C l a u d i u s 2 6 8
i t e l l i u s J
Q u i n t i l l u s l
A u r e l i a n / 2 7 0e s p a s i a n
6 9
7 9
2 7 5
2 7 6
9 6
2 8 2
C a r i n u s
a n d N u m e r i a n
2 8 3
1 1 7
D i o c l e t i a n 2 8 4
A n t o n i n u s
P i u s
2 8 6
M a r c u s A u r e l i u s 1 6 1
C o n s t a n t i u s a n d G a l e r i u
s 3 ° S
1 8 0
L i c i n i u s
a n d C o n s t a n t i n e l 3 1 1
P e r t i n a x C o n s t a n t i n e I
3 2 4
D i d i u s J u l i a n u s
V . 1 9 3
C o n s t a n t i n e
I I I
S e p t i m i u s S e v e r u s
1
C o n s t a n t i u s I I
3 3 7
2 1 1
J
M a c r i n u s
2 1 7 C o n s t a n t i u s I I
3 5 °
E l a g a b a l u s
2 1 8 J u l i a n
3 6 1
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S e v e r u s 2 2 2 J o v i a n
3 6 3
2 3 S
T h e
t w o G o r d i a n s
1
P u p i e n u s a n d B a l b i n u s y 2 3 8
G o r d i a n I I I
J
I V I S I O N O F T H E
E M P I R E
W e s ta l e n t i n i a n
I
3 6 4
G r a t i a n a n d V a l e n t i n i a n I I 3 7 5
V a l e n t i n i a n
I I
T h e o d o s i u s
I
V a l e n s
T h e o d o s i u s I
3 6 4
3 7 9
3 9 2
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X I I
C H R O N O L O G I C A L T A B L E S
W e s t
H o n o r i u s
V a l e n t i n i a n I I I
M a x i m u s
A v i t u s
M a j o r i a n
S e v e r u s
A n t h e m i u s
O l y b r i u s
G l y c e r i u s
J u l i u s
N e p o s
R o m u l u s A u g u s t u l u s
[ E n d o f t h e W e s t e r n E m p i r e ]
E a s t
3 9 5
4 2 3
T h e o d o s i u s I I
4 0 8
4 5 5
4 5 0
4 5 5
4 5 7
4 7 4
4 7 5
4 7 6
A n a s t a s i u s
I
I
J u s t i n i a n I
5 2 7
I I
T i b e r i u s I I
5 7 8
5 8 2
6 0 2
6 1 0
C o n s t a n t i n e I I I
6 4 1
H e r a c l e o n a s
6 4 1
I I
6 4 2
C o n s t a n t i n e I V
6 6 8u s t i n i a n I I
6 8 5
6 9 5
T i b e r i u s I I I 6 9 8u s t i n i a n I I ( r e s t o r
e d t o t h r o n e ) 7 0 5
P h i l i p p i c u s
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e s - 7 1 1
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7 1 3
T h e o d o s i u s
I I I 7 1 6e o I I I 7 1 7
o n s t a n t i n e V
7 4 1
L e o
7 7 5
C o n s t a n t i n e V I
7 8 0
7 9 7
N i c e p h o r u s I 8 0 2i c h a e l I R h a n g a t
e . 8 1 1
S t a u r a c i u s
8 1 1
L e o
8 2 0
8 2 9
8 4 2
8 6 7
L e o
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C H R O N O L O G I C A L
T A B L E S
x i u
P A T R I A R C H S O F C O N S T A N T I N O P L E
M e t r o p h a n e sl e x a n d e ra u l Iu s e b i u s
P a u l
I ( r e - e l e c t e d )a c e d o n i u s Ia u l I
( r e - e l e c t e d )
a c e d o n i u s I ( r e - e l e c t e d )u d o x i u se m o p h i l u s
v a g r i u s
r e g o r y Ia x i m u se c t a r i u s
J o h n I C h r y s o s t o mr s a c i u st t i c u s
i s i n n i u s
I
e s t o r i u s
a x i m i a nr o c l u sl a v i a nn a t o l i u se n n a d i u s
Ic a c i u s
r a v i t t a ( F l a v i t t a )u p h e m i u s
a c e d o n i u s
I Ii m o t h e u s
Io h n
I I
o f
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I
e n a su t y c h i u s
J o h n
A n t i o c h
( F r o m 3 1 5 ' )
3 1 5 - 3 2 7 E u t y c h i u s ( r e - e l e c t e d )
3 2 7 - 3 4 0 J o h n I V
t h e
F a s t e r
3 4 0 - 3 4 1 C y r i a c u s .
3 4 1 - 3 4 2 T h o m a s I
3 4 2 - 3 4 4 S e r g i u s
4 2 - 3 4 8 P y r r h u s I4 8 - 3 5 0 P a u l
I I
5 0 - 3 6 0 P y r r h u s I ( r e - e l e c t e d )6 0 - 3 6 9 P e t e r6 9 - 3 7 9 T h o m a s
I I
J o h n
V7 9 - 3 8 1 C o n s t a n t i n e I
3 8 1 T h e o d o r e
I
3 8 1 - 3 9 7 G e o r g e I
3 9 8 - 4 0 4 T h e o d o r e I ( r e - e l e c t e d )
4 0 4 - 4 0 5 P a u l I I I
4 0 5 - 4 2 5 C a l l i n i c u s I2 6 - 4 2 7
C y r u s
2 8 - 4 3 1 J o h n V I3 I _ 4 3 4 G e r m a n u s I3 4 - 4 4 7 A n a s t a s i u s4 7 - 4 4 9 C o n s t a n t i n e I I4 9 - 4 5 8
N i c e t a s
I5 8 - 4 7 1 P a u l I V7 1 - 4 8 9 T a r a s i u s
4 8 9 - 4 9 0 N i c e p h o r u s
4 9 0 - 4 9 6
T h e o d o t u s
9 6 - 5 1 1 A n t o n i u s I1 1 - 5 1 8
J o h n V I I
1 8 - 5 2 0 M e t h o d i u s
I2 0 - 5 3 6
I g n a t i u s ( N i c e t a s )
5 3 6
P h o t i u s
5 3 6 - 5 5 2 I g n a t i u s
( r e - e l e c t e d )
5 5 2 - 5 6 5 P h o t i u s ( r e - e l e c t e d )
5 6 5 - 5 7 7
5 7 7 - 5 8 2
5 8 2 - 5 9 5
5 9 5 - 6 0 6
6 0 7 - 6 1 0
6 1 0 - 6 3 8
6 3 8 - 6 4 1
6 4 1 - 6 5 4
6 5 5
M a r c e l l u s
E u s e b i u s
M i l t i a d e s
S i l v e s t e r
M a r c u s
P O P E S
O F
3 0 9
3 3 6
L i b e r i u s
F e l i x I I
D a m a s u s
S i r i c i u s
3 3 7 - 3 5 2
3 5 2 - 3 6 6
3 5 5 - 3 5 8
3 6 6 - 3 8 4
3 8 4 - 3 9 8
1
i s a
c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s c r e p a n c y
a s t o
d a t e s
i n d i f f e r e n t
a u t h o r i t i e s . T h e
d a t e s
4 h e r e g i v e n a n d t h o s e o f t h e
P o p e s
a r e
f r o m
K r u m b a c h e r , G t s c h i c h t e d e r b y z a n t i n i s c k e n
L i U r a t u r ( 1 8 9 7 ) .
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X I V
C H R O N O L O G I C A L T A B L E S
A n a s t a s i u s
I
V i t a l i a n u s
6 5 7 - 6 7 2
I n n o c e n t I
4 0 2 - 4 1 7 D e o d a t u s I I 6 7 2 - 6 7 6
Z o s i m u s
4 1 7 - 4 1 8
D o m n u s I
6 7 6 - 6 7 8
B o n i f a c e I
4 1 8 - 4 2 2 A g a t h o n
6 7 8 - 6 8 1
C o e l e s t i n e
I
L e o
S i x t u s I I I
4 3 2 - 4 4 0
B e n e d i c t
I I
L e o
t h e G r e a t
4 4 0 - 4 6 1 J o h n V 6 8 5 - 6 8 6
H i l a r i u s
4 6 1 - 4 6 8 C o n o n
6 8 6 - 6 8 7
S i m p l i c i u s
4 6 8 - 4 8 3
S e r g i u s
I
F e l i x
I I I
4 8 3 - 4 9 2 J o h n
V I
G e l a s i u s
I
J o h n V I I
7 0 5 - 7 0 7
7 0 8
n a s t a s i u s I I
4 9 6 - 4 9 8
S i s i n n i u s
S y m m a c h u s
4 9 8 - 5 1 4
C o n s t a n t i n e I 7 0 8 - 7 1 5
H o r m i s d a s
5 H - 5 2 3
G r e g o r y I I 7 1 5 - 7 3 1
J o h n
I
5 2 3 - 5 2 6 G r e g o r y
I I I
F e l i x
I V
Z a c h a r i a s
7 4 1 - 7 5 2
B o n i f a c e I I
5 3 0 - 5 3 2
S t e p h e n I I 7 5 2
J o h n I I
5 3 2 - 5 3 5
S t e p h e n I I ( I I I ) 7 5 2 - 7 5 7
A g a p e t u s
I
P a u l
S i l v e r i u s
5 3 6 - 5 3 8
C o n s t a n t i n e
I I
V i g i l i u s
5 3 7 - 5 5 5
S t e p h e n I I I ( I V ) 7 6 8 - 7 7 2
P e l a g i u s
5 5 5 - 5 6 o
H a d r i a n
I
J o h n
B e n e d i c t I
5 7 4 - 5 7 8
S t e p h e n
I V
P e l a g i u s
I I
P a s c h a l I
8 1 7 - 8 2 4
G r e g o r y
I
5 9 0 - 6 0 4
E u g e n i u s
I I
S a b i n i a n u s
6 0 4 - 6 0 6
V a l e n t i n u s
8 2 7
B o n i f a c e I I I
6 0 7
G r e g o r y I V 8 2 7 - 8 4 4
B o n i f a c e
I V
S e r g i u s
I I 8 4 4 - 8 4 7
D e o d a t u s I
6 1 5 - 6 1 8
L e o
B o n i f a c e V
6 1 9 - 6 2 5
B e n e d i c t I I I 8 5 5 - 8 5 8
H o n o r i u s I 6 2 5 - 6 3 8 N i c h o l a s
I
S e v e r i n u s I
6 4 0
H a d r i a n I I 8 6 7 - 8 7 2
J o h n I V . 6 4 0 - 6 4 2 J o h n V I I I
8 7 2 - 8 8 2
T h e o d o r e I
6 4 2 - 6 4 9
M a r t i n
I I
I
H a d r i a n
I I I
E u g e n i u s
I
6 5 4 - 6 5 7 S t e p h e n
V
O E C I
J M E N I C A L C O U N C I L S
I . N i c a e a
3 2 5
5 . C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
5 5 3
2 . C o n s t a n t i n o p l e 3 8 1 6 . C o n s t a n t i n o p l e 6 8 0
3 .
E p h e s u s 4 3 1 7 . N i c a e a 7 8 7
4 . C h a l c e d o n 4 5 1
8 . C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
8 6 9
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P H O T I U S
B I B L I O T H E C A O R M Y R I O B I B L O N 1
R e g i s t e r
a n d
e n u m e r a t i o n
o f t h e
b o o k s r e a d
b y
u s ,
o f
w h i c h o u r b e l o v e d b r o t h e r T a r a s i u s d e s i r e d t o
h a v e
P h o t i u s ,
t o
b e l o v e d
b r o t h e r
T a r a s i u s , i n t h e n a m e o f t h e
L o r d ,
g r e e t i n g .
M y d e a r e s t B r o t h e r
T a r a s i u s ,
A f t e r o u r a p p o i n t m e n t a s a m b a s s a d o r t o A s s y r i a
3
h a d
b e e n c o n f i r m e d
b y t h e a s s e n t
o f
4
b y
y o u
t o
b e
f u r n i s h e d w i t h
s u m m a r i e s
o f
t h o s e
w o r k s w h i c h h a d b e e n r e a d a n d d i s c u s s e d d u r i n g
y o u r
a b s e n c e .
Y o u r i d e a w a s t o h a v e s o m e t h i n g t o c o n s o l e y o u f o r o u r p a i n
f u l s e p a r a t i o n , a n d a t
t h e
s a m e t i m e t o a c q u i r e s o m e k n o w l e d g e ,
e v e n i f v a g u e a n d i m p e r f e c t , o f t h e w o r k s w h i c h y o u h a d n o t
y e t
r e a d i n o u r c o m p a n y . W e b e l i e v e t h a t
t h e i r
n u m b e r i s
e x a c t l y
2 7 9 . A c c o r d i n g l y ,
r e g a r d i n g
t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f y o u r
r e q u e s t
a s
a
s a c r e d o b l i g a t i o n , w e
e n g a g e d a
s e c r e t a r y , a n d s e t
d o w n a l l t h e s u m m a r i e s
w e
c o u l d
r e c o l l e c t . N o
d o u b t w e h a v e
n o t
b e e n
e x p e d i t i o u s
e n o u g h
t o s a t i s f y
y o u r
e a g e r n e s s
a n d v e h e m e n t
d e s i r e ,
b u t s t i l l w e h a v e b e e n q u i c k e r t h a n m i g h t
h a v e b e e n
e x p e c t e d . T h e
s u m m a r i e s
w i l l
i n
w h i c h
o u r m e m o r y r e c a l l s
t h e m . C e r t a i n l y ,
i t w o u l d
1 F o r t h e l i f e
a n d
o f
P h o t i u s
s e e I n t r o d u c t i o n
t o
v o l .
v i .T h e g e n u i n e n e s s o f
t h i s t i t l e
*
o f
B a g d a d a c c o r d i n g t o o t h e r s , t o P e r s i a , o r o n e o f t h e
E a s t e r n e m i r s ( B u r y ) .
' w p e c r p e l a c a n n o t m e a n   s e n a t e , a s S c h o t t
r e n d e r s
i t
b u t i s
p r o b a b l y
  t h e
b o d y
c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e e m b a s s y , a
n u m b e r
o f
n o m i
f o r
t h e m i s s i o n , t o
w h o m P h o t i u s w a s
p e r s o n a g r a t a ,
a n d
w h o
w i s h
t h a t , h e s h o u l d a c c o m p a n y t h e m .
T h i s
e x p l a n a t i o n
i s
d u e
t o t h e k i n d n e s s
o f
P r o f e s s o r J . B .
B u r y .
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1 6 T H E O D O R E T H E P R E S B Y T E R
n o t b e d i f f i c u l t , i f o n e p r e f e r r e d i t , t o d e s c r i b e h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s
a n d
t h o s e
d e a l i n g w i t h
d i f f e r e n t
s u b j e c t s u n d e r s e p a r a t e h e a d
i n g s .
B u t ,
c o n s i d e r i n g
t h a t
w o u l d
b e
b y
h a v e s e t
t h e m d o w n i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y
a s t h e y o c c u r r e d t o
u s . 1
d u r i n g
y o u r s t u d y o f t h e s e v o l u m e s , a n y
o f t h e
s u m m a r i e s s h o u l d
a p p e a r
t o b e d e f e c t i v e o r i n a c c u r a t e , y o u
m u s t n o t
b e
I t
i s n o e a s y m a t t e r t o u n d e r t a k e t o
r e a d e a c h i n d i v i d u a l w o r k ,
t o
g r a s p
t h e a r g u m e n t ,
t o r e m e m b e r
a n d r e c o r d i t
b u t
w h e n
t h e n u m b e r o f
w o r k s i s l a r g e , a n d
a
c o n s i d e r a b l e
t i m e h a s
e l a p s e d s i n c e t h e i r
p e r u s a l ,
i t i s e x t r e m e l y
d i f f i c u l t
t o
r e m e m b e r t h e m w i t h a c c u r a c y . A s
t o
p l a c e s
m e t
o f
s o
t h a t
t h e y
h a v e
e s c a p e d y o u r n o t i c e ,
w e
h a v e d e v o t e d
l e s s
t o
t h e m , a n d h a v e p u r p o s e l y r e f r a i n e d f r o m
e x a m i n i n g
t h e m
c a r e f u l l y . Y o u w i l l b e b e t t e r
a b l e
t h a n
o u r
s e l v e s t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e s e s u m m a r i e s w i l l d o m o r e t h a n
f u l f i l y o u r o r i g i n a l e x p e c t a t i o n s a s t o t h e i r u s e f u l n e s s . C e r t a i n l y ,
s u c h r e c o r d s w i l l
a s s i s t y o u
t o r e f r e s h t h e m e m o r y o f w h a t
y o u
h a v e r e a d
b y y o u r s e l f , t o f i n d m o r e r e a d i l y w h a t
y o u
t o
m o r e
t h e
o f
h a s n o t
a s y e t b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f i n t e l l i g e n t r e a d i n g o n y o u r p a r t .
R e a d
t r e a t i s e o f
T h e o d o r e t h e P r e s b y t e r , 3 i n w h i c h
h e
u n d e r t a k e s t o p r o v e t h e g e n u i n e n e s s o f t h e w o r k s
o f
i u s . T h e
f o l l o w i n g
a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t
i t a r e r e f u t e d : ( 1 ) I .
t h e y a r e g e n u i n e , h o w i s
i t
t h a t n o n e o f t h e l a t e r F a t h e r s c i t e s
t h e m
a n y
f r o m
t h e m
t h a t
E u s e b i u s P a m p h i l i , 4 i n h i s l i s t
o f
t h e w r i t i n g s o f t h e H o l y
F a t h e r s , d o e s n o t
m e n t i o n
t h e m ?
t h a t t h e s e
t r e a t i s e s d e s c r i b e
i n
r i t e s
a n d c u s t o m s
w h i c h
o n l y
b e c a m e
1 T h e t e x t i s c o r r u p t .
* T h e s e s e c t i o n s a r e
u s u a l l y a l l u d e d
t o
a s C o d i c e s ( m a n u s c r i p t s ) .
C o d i c e s
w e r e o r i g i n a l l y
w o o d e n t a b l e t s
( c a u d e x ,
c o d e x ,
a
o r s l a b
o f
w i t h
a n d d i v i d e d
i n t o
  l e a v e s ,
w h i c h , w h e n w o o d w a s
s u p e r
s e d e d b y p a r c h m e n t o r o t h e r w r i t i n g m a t e r i a l s , d e v e l o p e d i n t o t h e b o o k ,
a s c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h e r o l l - f o r m ( v o l u m e n ) o f M S S .
3
i s
o f
4 T h e f a m o u s
e c c l e s i a s t i c a l h i s t o r i a n ,
E u s e b i u s
b i s h o p
o f C a e s a r e a
( c . 2 6 0 - 3 4 0 ) , w h o a s s u m e d a s h i s s u r n a m e t h e n a m e o f h i s i n t i m a t e f r i e n d ,
l i t e r a r y
a d v i s e r a n d
a s s i s t a n t , P a m p h i l u s ,
p r e s b y t e r
o f
C a e s a r e a , a n d
m a r t y r
( 3 ° 9 ) -
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N O N N O S U S 1 7
e s t a b l i s h e d
i n t h e
C h u r c h g r a d u a l l y a n d a f t e r
a
? T h e
g r e a t D i o n y s i u s , a s i s c l e a r f r o m t h e A c t s , 1 w a s c o n t e m p o r a r y
w i t h t h e A p o s t l e s [ w h e r e a s m o s t o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s d e s c r i b e d
o n l y
b e c a m e
e s t a b l i s h e d
g r a d u a l l y
a n d
i t i s
t h e r e f o r e
i m p r o b a b l e ( s a y s
t h e
o b j e c t o r ) , o r
r a t h e r a c l u m s y
f i c t i o n ,
t o
a s s e r t
t h a t D i o n y s i u s
c o u l d
h a v e
u n d e r t a k e n t o
d e s c r i b e i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h w e r e n o t f u l l y d e v e l o p e d t i l l l o n g
a f t e r h i s d e a t h . ( 4 )
H o w i s i t t h a t a
l e t t e r o f
t h e d i v i n e l y -
i n s p i r e d I g n a t i u s 2 i s r e f e r r e d t o ?
f o r
D i o n y s i u s f l o u r i s h e d i n
t h e t i m e o f t h e
A p o s t l e s , w h e r e a s
I g n a t i u s s u f f e r e d
m a r t y r d o m
d u r i n g
t h e r e i g n o f T r a j a n , a n d w r o t e t h e l e t t e r r e f e r r e d t o
s h o r t l y
b e f o r e
h i s
T h e o d o r e
e n d e a v o u r s
t o
s o l v e
t h e s e
d i f f i c u l t i e s
a n d d o e s h i s
b e s t
p r o v e
t h e g e n u i n e n e s s
o f
t r e a t i s e s . 3
I I
R e a d A d r i a n ' s ( H a d r i a n ' s )
I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e S c r i p t u r e s ? a
u s e f u l b o o k f o r c a t e c h u m e n s .
I l l
R e a d t h e H i s t o r y o f N o n n o s u s , 5 c o n t a i n i n g a
d e s c r i p t i o n
o f
h i s e m b a s s y
t o t h e A e t h i o p i a n s ,
A m e r i t e s , 6 a n d
S a r a c e n s ,
t h e n
a m o s t p o w e r f u l
n a t i o n ,
a s w e l l a s t o
o t h e r E a s t e r n p e o p l e s .
A t
t h i s t i m e
J u s t i n i a n w a s e m p e r o r
o f t h e R o m a n s ,
a n d C a i s u s
c h i e f o f t h e S a r a c e n s . T h i s C a i s u s w a s t h e g r a n d s o n o f
1
x v i i .
2 B i s h o p o f A n t i o c h ( c . 7 0 - 1 0 7 ) .
3
T h e s e m y s t i c a l t r e a t i s e s ,
 
D i o n y s i u s t h e
A r e o p a g i t e ,
w e r e
t o
b e
i n
w a s
s u b s e q u e n t l y i d e n t i f i e d b y
s o m e
w i t h S t . D e n i s , t h e
f i r s t
b i s h o p o f P a r i s
a n d
t h e p a t r o n s a i n t o f F r a n c e
B u t
i t i s n o w g e n e r a l l y
a g r e e d t h a t
t h e y
w e r e w r i t t e n
a b o u t t h e
e n d
o f t h e f i f t h c e n t u r y , w h e n t h e
w r i t i n g s o f t h e
n e o - P l a t o n i s t
P r o c l u s
e x e r c i s e d
g r e a t i n f l u e n c e ,
a n d t h a t
t h e
n a m e
i s a n a s s u m e d o n e .
4 T h i s t r e a t i s e , p r o b a b l y
w r i t t e n
b y a G r e e k - s p e a k i n g S y r i a n m o n k , w h o
f l o u r i s h e d a b o u t 4 2 5 ,
i s
a n
i n t r o d u c t i o n
t o
t h e s t u d y o f t h e S c r i p t u r e s
i n t h e
m o d e r n
s e n s e . I t i s r a t h e r a n a i d t o t h e
c o r r e c t
u n d e r s t a n d i n g
o f
l a n g u a g e o f
t h e B i b l e , d e a l i n g w i t h q u e s t i o n s o f m e a n i n g , s t y l e , c o m
p o s i t i o n
a n d
a n d
c o n c l u d i n g
w i t h
s o m e
o f
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
( s e e
e d i t i o n ,
w i t h t r a n s l a t i o n
a n d
c o m m e n t a r y , b y F . G o e s s l i n g , B e r l i n ,
1 8 8 7 ) .
f u r t h e r
i s k n o w n o f h i m .
6 T h e H o m e r i t e s ( H i m y a r i t e s ) o f t h e Y e m e n .
V O L . I . B
8/20/2019 The Library of Photius v.1
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i 8 N O N N O S U S
A r e t h a s ,
h i m s e l f
a
c h i e f , t o
w h o m N o n n o s u s ' s
g r a n d f a t h e r
w a s
s e n t
a s a m b a s s a d o r ,
d u r i n g
t h e r e i g n o f
A n a s t a s i u s ,
t o c o n c l u d e
a t r e a t y o f p e a c e . N o n n o s u s ' s
f a t h e r
A b r a m e s 1
h a d
b e e n
s e n t
t o
A l a m u n d a r u s , 2
c h i e f
o f
S a r a c e n s ,
d u r i n g t h e r e i g n o f J u s t i n ,
a n d
w a s s u c c e s s f u l
i n
p r o c u r i n g t h e r e l e a s e o f T i m o s t r a t u s a n d
J o h n ,
t w o R o m a n
g e n e r a l s w h o w e r e p r i s o n e r s o f w a r . C a i s u s , t o w h o m
N o n n o s u s w a s s e n t , w a s c h i e f o f t w o o f t h e m o s t i l l u s t r i o u s
S a r a c e n t r i b e s , t h e
C h i n d e n i
a n d M a a d e n i . B e f o r e N o n n o s u s
w a s a p p o i n t e d a m b a s s a d o r , h i s f a t h e r h a d b e e n s e n t t o t h i s
s a m e C a i s u s
b y
J u s t i n i a n , a n d h a d
c o n c l u d e d
a t r e a t y o f
p e a c e , o n
c o n d i t i o n
t h a t
C a i ' s u s ' s s o n
M a v i a s s h o u l d
b e
a s
t o
A f t e r
t h i s ,
w a s
w i t h a
t h r e e f o l d m i s s i o n
t o
t o i n d u c e
h i m , i f
p o s s i b l e , t o
v i s i t
t h e e m p e r o r , t o
E l e s b a a s ,
k i n g o f t h e
A x u m i t e s ,
a n d
t o t h e A m e r i t e s .
A x u m i s 3
i s a v e r y l a r g e
c i t y ,
a n d
m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t h e c a p i t a l
o f
A e t h i o p i a i t l i e s m o r e
S .
a n d
E . t h a n t h e R o m a n e m p i r e .
N o n n o s u s ,
i n
s p i t e
o f t h e
t r e a c h e r o u s
a t t a c k s
o f
t r i b e s m e n , p e r i l s f r o m w i l d b e a s t s , a n d
m a n y
d i f f i c u l t i e s
a n d d a n g e r s o n t h e j o u r n e y , s u c c e s s f u l l y
a c c o m p l i s h e d h i s m i s s i o n , a n d
r e t u r n e d
i n
h i s n a t i v e
l a n d . 4
H e r e l a t e s t h a t C a i s u s , a f t e r A b r a m e s
h a d
b e e n s e n t t o h i m
a s e c o n d
t i m e , s e t
o u t
f o r
h a v i n g
p r e v i o u s l y
d i v i d e d
h i s
c h i e f t a i n c y b e t w e e n
h i s
b r o t h e r s A m b r u s
a n d
Y e z i d . H e b r o u g h t a l a r g e n u m b e r o f h i s s u b j e c t s w i t h h i m ,
a n d w a s a p p o i n t e d a d m i n i s t r a t o r o f P a l e s t i n e b y t h e e m p e r o r .
H e t e l l s u s t h a t t h e a n c i e n t n a m e
f o r
w h a t a r e n o w c a l l e d
a - a v B d X i a ( s a n d a l s ) w a s a p p v X a i ,
a n d
( t u r b a n )
w a s
< j > a . < r u ) \ i s . 5
H e t e l l s u s
t h a t
m o s t o f t h e S a r a c e n s ,
t h o s e
w h o l i v e i n
1 T h e
n a m e
t o
t h e
f a m i l y b e i n g
o f S e m i t i c o r i g i n , a l t h o u g h h e
w a s
p r o b a b l y a c o n v e r t t o C h r i s t i a n i t y .
2 A l - M u n d i r , c h i e f
o f t h e S a r a c e n s
o f H i r a .
3
A x u m ,
n o w
t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e A b y s s i n i a n p r o v i n c e o f
T i g r e .
I t
c o n t a i n s n u m e r o u s a n t i q u i t i e s a n d
i n s c r i p t i o n s , a n d
i s s t i l l
r e g a r d e d a s a h o l y c i t y .
C h r i s t i a n i t y
w a s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o A e t h i o p i a
a s e a r l y a s t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y ( s e e J . T . B e n t , T h e S a c r e d C i t y o f t h e
E t h i o p i a n s ,
1 8 9 3 ) .
* F u r t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s o f t h e m i s s i o n a r e g i v e n i n t h e C h r o n i c l e o f
J o h n
M a l a l a s , a n d i n G i b b o n , c h . x l i .
T h e
f o r m o f
t h e w o r d i s d o u b t f u l .
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N O N N O S U S 1 9
P h o e n i c o n
a s
i t
a n d t h e T a u r e n i a n m o u n t a i n s , 1
h a v e
a s a c r e d m e e t i n g - p l a c e c o n s e c r a t e d t o o n e o f t h e
g o d s ,
w h e r e t h e y a s s e m b l e t w i c e
a
O n e
o f t h e s e m e e t i n g s
l a s t s
a
a l m o s t
t o
o f
w h e n
t h e
s u n e n t e r s T a u r u s ; t h e o t h e r l a s t s t w o m o n t h s ,
a n d i s h e l d
a f t e r
t h e s u m m e r
s o l s t i c e .
D u r i n g
t h e s e
m e e t i n g s
c o m p l e t e
p e a c e
p r e v a i l s , n o t
o n l y
a m o n g s t t h e m s e l v e s , b u t a l s o
w i t h
;
a r e
w i t h
t h e m
s e l v e s a n d
w i t h h u m a n b e i n g s .
O t h e r
s t r a n g e , m o r e
o r
f a b u l o u s
i n f o r m a t i o n i s
a l s o g i v e n .
H e t e l l s u s
t h a t
A d u l i s 2 i s f i f t e e n
d a y s '
j o u r n e y f r o m A x u m i s .
O n
h e
c o m p a n i o n s
s a w
r e m a r k a b l e
s i g h t i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f
A u e
( A v e ) , m i d w a y b e t w e e n
A x u m i s
a n d
;
n u m b e r
o f e l e p h a n t s ,
n e a r l y
5 0 0 0 . T h e y
w e r e
f e e d i n g i n a
l a r g e
p l a i n ,
a n d
t h e
i n h a b i t a n t s
f o u n d
i t
t o
t h e m
t h e m
f r o m
t h e i r
p a s t u r e . T h i s
w a s
w h a t t h e y s a w
o n
t h e i r j o u r n e y .
W e m u s t a l s o s a y s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e c l i m a t i c c o n t r a r i e t i e s
o f s u m m e r a n d w i n t e r b e t w e e n A v e
a n d
A x u m i s . W h e n t h e
s u n e n t e r s C a n c e r , L e o , a n d V i r g o ,
i t
a s
a t m o s p h e r e
i s
d r y
A v e
t o A x u m i s a n d
t h e
r e s t
o f A e t h i o p i a , i t
i s s e v e r e
w i n t e r ,
n o t
t h r o u g h o u t t h e
d a y ,
b u t
b e g i n n i n g f r o m m i d d a y ,
t h e s k y b e i n g
c o v e r e d w i t h c l o u d s a n d
t h e
c o u n t r y
f l o o d e d
w i t h v i o l e n t
r a i n s .
A t
a l s o t h e
N i l e , s p r e a d i n g o v e r
E g y p t ,
o v e r f l o w s a n d i r r i g a t e s
t h e l a n d .
B u t w h e n
t h e
s u n
e n t e r s
C a p r i c o r n u s , A q u a r i u s , a n d P i s c e s , t h e a t m o s p h e r e , c o n
v e r s e l y , f l o o d s t h e c o u n t r y o f t h e A d u l i t e s
a s
A v e ,
w h i l e i t i s s u m m e r f r o m
A v e
t o A x u m i s a n d t h e r e s t o f
A e t h i o p i a ,
a n d
t h e
o f
r i p e .
D u r i n g
h i s v o y a g e f r o m P h a r s a n , 3 N o n n o s u s , o n r e a c h i n g
t h e l a s t o f t h e i s l a n d s , h a d a
r e m a r k a b l e
e x p e r i e n c e . H e
t h e r e s a w c e r t a i n c r e a t u r e s 4 o f h u m a n s h a p e a n d f o r m ,
v e r y
s h o r t , b l a c k - s k i n n e d , t h e i r
b o d i e s e n t i r e l y c o v e r e d w i t h
h a i r .
T h e m e n
w e r e a c c o m p a n i e d b y
w o m e n o f t h e
s a m e a p p e a r a n c e ,
a n d
s h o r t e r . A l l
w e r e n a k e d ,
w o m e n a s
w e l l a s
m e n ,
a s h o r t
a p r o n
o f
s k i n r o u n d t h e i r
l o i n s .
T h e r e
1 M o u n t a i n o u s d i s t r i c t s i n A n t e r i o r A s i a
a n d
o f
t h e S a r a c e n s .
* A s e a p o r t
t o w n ,
g e n e r a l l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h m o d e r n T h u l l a o r Z u l a i n
A n n e s l e y
B a y
o n t h e W . s h o r e o f t h e R e d S e a .T o w n i n A e t h i o p i a . • T h e P y g m i e s .
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O F N Y S S A
w a s n o t h i n g
w i l d
o r s a v a g e a b o u t
t h e m . T h e i r s p e e c h
w a s
h u m a n , b u t t h e i r
l a n g u a g e w a s
u n i n t e l l i g i b l e
e v e n
n e i g h b o u r s ,
a n d s t i l l
m o r e s o t o N o n n o s u s
a n d h i s c o m p a n i o n s .
T h e y
l i v e
a n d
A c c o r d
i n g t o N o n n o s u s , t h e y w e r e v e r y t i m i d , a n d w h e n t h e y s a w
h i m a n d h i s c o m p a n i o n s , t h e y s h r a n k f r o m t h e m a s w e d o f r o m
m o n s t r o u s w i l d b e a s t s .
I V
R e a d t h e t w e n t y - f i v e b o o k s
o f T h e o d o r e
o f
a g a i n s t
E u n o m i u s 2
i n
d e f e n c e
o f S t . B a s i l . 3 H i s s t y l e i s s o m e w h a t
o b s c u r e , b u t t h e
w o r k
i s f u l l o f
i d e a s a n d s o u n d r e a s o n i n g , a n d
c o n t a i n s
a
o f
t a k e n
f r o m
S c r i p t u r e s .
H e
r e f u t e s
t h e a r g u m e n t s o f E u n o m i u s a l m o s t w o r d f o r w o r d , a n d
a m p l y p r o v e s
t h a t
h e
i s
v e r y i g n o r a n t o f
o u t s i d e
k n o w l e d g e
a n d s t i l l m o r e s o o f o u r r e l i g i o n . I b e l i e v e h e i s t h e T h e o d o r e
w h o w a s b i s h o p o f M o p s u e s t i a .
R e a d
a t t a c k
o f
S o p h r o n i u s 4 o n E u n o m i u s
i n
o f
S t .
H i s
i s
a n d
t h a n
t h a t
o f T h e o d o r e . H e
d o e s
t r a v e r s e
a l l t h e a r g u m e n t s
o f E u n o m i u s , b u t c h i e f l y a t t a c k s a n d r e f u t e s t h o s e w h i c h
a p p e a r t o c o n t a i n t h e m o s t e s s e n t i a l p o i n t s o f
h i s h e r e s y .
T h e
s t y l e i s a p h o r i s t i c , t h e
l a n g u a g e i n g e n e r a l f r e e a n d s i m p l e 5 a n d
n o t
d i s a g r e e a b l e , a l t h o u g h
e m b e l l i s h e d
w i t h
o v e r - l a b o u r e d
a r g u m e n t s .
V I
o f
o f
6
i n
1 T h e o d o r e ( c . 3 5 0 - 4 2 8 ) , b i s h o p o f M o p s u e s t i a ( 3 9 4 ) i n C i l i c i a ,
b o r n
A n t i o c h , t h e
g r e a t e s t
e x e g e t e o f t h e A n t i o c h e a n s c h o o l . H e
a l s o
w r o t e
p o l e m i c a l , d o g m a t i c , a n d
l i t u r g i c a l
t r e a t i s e s .
2 E u n o m i u s ( d . 3 9 3 ) o f C a p p a d o c i a , b i s h o p o f C y z i c u s , d e p r i v e d o f h i s
»
S t .
B a s i l t h e G r e a t ( 3 3 0 - 3 7 9 ) , b i s h o p o f C a e s a r e a i n C a p p a d o c i a ( 3 7 0 ) .
H e
i s m o s t i m p o r t a n t a s
t h e
u p h o l d e r
o f o r t h o d o x y a n d
a s t h e
i n t r o d u c e r o f d e f i n i t e
r u l e s
a n d
f o r m s
o f e c c l e s i a s t i c a l l i f e , w h i c h h a v e
m a i n t a i n e d t h e m s e l v e s
t o t h e p r e s e n t d a y .
4
t h e
o f
S t .
a n d
t r a n s l a t o r
o f

A a v v S e r o s ,
l i t . ,   w i t h o u t c o n j u n c t i o n s .
• ( 3 3 2 - 3 9 6 ) . B i s h o p o f N y s s a
i n
C a p p a d o c i a ( 3 7 2 ) ,
y o u n g e r b r o t h e r
o f
B a s i l
t h e G r e a t , c a l l e d F a t h e r
o f
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d e f e n c e o f
S t .
B a s i l . H i s s t y l e i s a s
b r i l l i a n t
a s t h a t o f
a n y
r h e t o r i c i a n , a n d a g r e e a b l e t o l i s t e n t o . H e d o e s n o t r e f u t e
E u n o m i u s i n d e t a i l , a n d i s c o n s e q u e n t l y b r i e f e r t h a n T h e o d o r e ,
b u t
t h a n
S o p h r o n i u s .
H e
i s
m e m e s J
a n d
a r g u m e n t s f r o m e x a m p l e .
B u t
I c a n s a y
w i t h o u t
p a r t i a l i t y t h a t t h e
c o p i o u s n e s s
a n d
o f h i s
a r g u m e n t s
a r e a s c o n v i n c i n g a
p r o o f
o f h i s s u p e r i o r i t y t o T h e o d o r e a s t h e
c h a r m , b r i l l i a n c y , a n d p l e a s a n t n e s s o f h i s s t y l e .
V I I
R e a d a n o t h e r t r e a t i s e
b y
t h e s a m e G r e g o r y o f N y s s a o n t h e
s a m e
I n
w i t h
b y
m o r e
r e a s o n e d a r g u m e n t s
a n d
s t o r m s t h e t o t t e r i n g r a m p a r t s o f
h i s
i m p i e t y . T h e b e a u t y o f h i s
s t y l e ,
i t s
m i n g l e d
b r i l l i a n c y a n d
c h a r m , a r e e q u a l l y
c o n s p i c u o u s
i n t h i s
w o r k .
V I I I
R e a d O r i g e n ' s 2
f o u r
b o o k s O n F i r s t P r i n c i p l e s . T h e f i r s t
d e a l s w i t h t h e
F a t h e r ,
t h e S o n a n d t h e H o l y G h o s t . I n t h i s
h i s
s t a t e m e n t s
a r e o f t e n
;
h e
a s s e r t s t h a t
t h e
S o n
w a s c r e a t e d b y t h e F a t h e r , t h e H o l y
G h o s t
b y t h e
S o n ;
F a t h e r
p e r v a d e s a l l
e x i s t i n g t h i n g s ,
t h e
S o n
o n l y t h o s e t h a t a r e e n d o w e d w i t h r e a s o n , t h e H o l y G h o s t o n l y
t h o s e t h a t a r e s a v e d . H e a l s o m a k e s o t h e r s t r a n g e a n d
i m p i o u s s t a t e m e n t s ,
i n d u l g i n g
i n f r i v o l o u s
t a l k a b o u t t h e
m i g r a t i o n
o f
s o u l s , t h e s t a r s
b e i n g
a l i v e ,
a n d
t h e
l i k e . T h i s
f i r s t b o o k i s f u l l o f
f a b l e s a b o u t
t h e
C h r i s t ( a s
h e
c a l l s
t h e S o n ) , t h e H o l y G h o s t , a n d c r e a t u r e s e n d o w e d w i t h r e a s o n .
I n
b o o k
o f t h e
w o r l d
a n d
t h i n g s .
H e
a s s e r t s t h a t t h e G o d o f t h e L a w
a n d
t h e p r o p h e t s , o f t h e
O l d a n d t h e N e w
T e s t a m e n t , i s o n e
a n d t h e
s a m e ; t h a t t h e r e
w a s
t h e
s a m e
H o l y S p i r i t i n M o s e s , t h e r e s t o f t h e p r o p h e t s , a n d
1 T h e s p e c i a l m e a n i n g o f a n   e n t h y m e m e   i s a r h e t o r i c a l o r i m p e r f e c t
s y l l o g i s m , d r a w n
f r o m
p r o b a b l e
p r e m i s e s . B u t
h e r e
a n d
e l s e w h e r e i n
P h o t i u s i t
s e e m s
t o
  a r g u m e n t s .
* S u r n a m e d
A d a m a n t i u s ( 1 8 4 - 2 5 3 ) , b o r n a t
A l e x a n d r i a ,
d i e d a t
T y r e .
T h i s
t h e
a r g u m e n t s
f o r
t h e
o f h e r e s y
t h a t
w a s b r o u g h t a g a i n s t h i m .
H e
w a s a l s o
c a l l e d C h a l c e n t e r u s ( b r a z e n -
b o w e l l e d
  ) f r o m h i s
p a s s i o n
f o r
w o r k . H i s n u m e r o u s
w o r k s c o m p r i s e
H o m i l i e s , a n d
t h e
t r e a t i s e
A g a i n s t
C e l s u s .
F r a g m e n t s
o f h i s
H e x a p l a
( a r e c e n s i o n
o f t h e
O l d T e s t a m e n t ) h a v e
b e e n p r e s e r v e d .
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2 2 E U S E B I U S
t h e H o l y
A p o s t l e s .
H e f u r t h e r d i s c u s s e s t h e I n c a r n a t i o n o f
t h e S a v i o u r , t h e s o u l , r e s u r r e c t i o n , p u n i s h m e n t , a n d p r o m i s e s .
T h e t h i r d b o o k
d e a l s w i t h f r e e
w i l l
d e v i l
a n d
p o w e r s ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
S c r i p t u r e s ,
w a g e
;
t h a t t h e w o r l d w a s c r e a t e d a n d i s p e r i s h a b l e , h a v i n g h a d a
b e g i n n i n g i n t i m e . T h e f o u r t h b o o k t r e a t s o f t h e f i n a l e n d ,
t h e
d i v i n e i n s p i r a t i o n
o f t h e S c r i p t u r e s , a n d t h e
p r o p e r m a n n e r
o f r e a d i n g a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g
t h e m .
I X
R e a d f i f t e e n
b o o k s o f t h e
P r a e p a r a t i o
E v a n g e l i c a o f
E u s e b i u s ,
i n
h e
t h e
d o c t r i n e s
o f t h e
g e n t i l e s ,
a n d
t h e y w e r e
a l w a y s c o n t r a d i c t o r y .
A t
b e g i n n i n g
a n d e n d o f t h e f i f t e e n t h
b o o k
m e n t i o n s
a n o t h e r t r e a t i s e ,
t h e
D e m o n s t r a i i o E v a n g e l i c a ,
w h i c h f o l l o w s
t h e P r a e p a r a t i o .
H i s o b j e c t
i n
t h e s e
^
r r o r s o f t h e
g e n t i l e s ,
a n d
c o n f i r m t h e
p r e a c h i n g
o f t h e
G o s p e l .
X
b o o k s
o f E u s e b i u s ' s
* '
X I
R e a d
E u s e b i u s ' s P r a e p a r a t i o
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l i n .
b o o k s
i n w h i c h t h e r e a r e e x t r a c t s . .
X I I
E u s e b i u s ' s
D e m o n s t r a t i o
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
i n b o o k s .I I I
R e a d t w o b o o k s o f E u s e b i u s ' s R e f u t a t i o n a n d D e f e n c e , a n d
a s e c o n d e d i t i o n o f t h e
s a m e , w h i c h ,
w h i l e d i f f e r i n g i n c e r t a i n
p a s s a g e s , a g r e e s i n o t h e r r e s p e c t s i n b o t h s t y l e a n d s e n t i m e n t s
w i t h t h e f i r s t . H e m e n t i o n s
c e r t a i n
d i f f i c u l t i e s b r o u g h t f o r w a r d
b y t h e h e a t h e n a g a i n s t o u r
b l a m e l e s s
r e l i g i o n , a n d s o l v e s t h e m
s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ,
t h o u g h
n o t e n t i r e l y .
H i s
s t y l e i s n e i t h e r a g r e e
a b l e
;
h e
i s
l e a r n i n g ,
a l t h o u g h w a n t i n g i n t h e s h r e w d n e s s a n d f i r m n e s s o f c h a r a c t e r
1 O n l y t e n a r e e x t a n t . * B o t h t h e s e w o r k s a r e l o s t .
i
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A P O L I N A R I U S 2 3
s o n e c e s s a r y
f o r
t h e a c c u r a t e d i s c u s s i o n o f q u e s t i o n s o f d o g m a .
I n
m a n y p a s s a g e s
h e
u t t e r s b l a s p h e m i e s a g a i n s t t h e S o n , c a l l i n g
h i m s e c o n d c a u s e , c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f ,
a n d o t h e r e x c r e s c e n c e s
o f
A r i a n m a d n e s s .
I t
i s
t h a t
f l o u r i s h e d
d u r i n g
t h e
r e i g n o f C o n s t a n t i n e
t h e
G r e a t . H e w a s a n
a r d e n t a d m i r e r o f
t h e
v i r t u o u s s a i n t
a n d m a r t y r
P a m p h i l u s ,
f r o m
w h o m
h i s s u r n a m e .
X I V
R e a d A p o l i n a r i u s ' s
1
A g a i n s t
t h e H e a t h e n , O n
P i e t y ,
a n d
O n
T r u t h . T h e w r i t e r w a s b i s h o p
o f
H i e r a p o l i s
i n
f l o u r i s h e d
d u r i n g
t h e r e i g n
o f
M a r c u s A n t o n i n u s V e r u s . 8
H e
m e n t i o n
a n d
h i s
i s
O t h e r
w r i t i n g s
o f
h i s a r e s a i d t o
b e
w o r t h y
o f r e c o r d ,
b u t
t h e y h a v e n o t
c o m e i n t o m y h a n d s .
X V
A c t s o f
t h e f i r s t c o u n c i l 4 i n
t h r e e
v o l u m e s . I t
b e a r s
t h e
n a m e o f G e l a s i u s , 5 b u t i s r a t h e r a
h i s t o r y
t h a n a n
A c t s . T h e a u t h o r ' s s t y l e i s p o o r a n d m e a n , b u t
h e
d e t a i l e d
a c c o u n t
o f
t h e
p r o c e e d i n g s
o f
X V I
R e a d t h e A c t s o f t h e t h i r d c o u n c i l , 6 c o n s i s t i n g a l m o s t
e n t i r e l y o f t h e l e t t e r s o f S t . C y r i l 7 t o N e s t o r i u s 8 a n d t h a t
i m p i o u s m a n ' s r e p l i e s .
X V I I
R e a d
c o u n c i l 9
i n
b o o k s ,
1
A p o l i n a r i s ,
A p o l l i n a r i s , o r A p o l l i n a r i u s ,
f l o u r i s h e d
a b o u t
1 7 5 . H i s g e n t i l e n a m e w a s C l a u d i u s .
* I n L e s s e r P h r y g i a .
* T h e w e l l - k n o w n a u t h o r o f t h e M e d i t a t i o n s ,
c o m m o n l y
k n o w n a s
*
( 3 2 5 ) .
5 O f C y z i c u s , f l o u r i s h e d a b o u t 4 7 5 . N o t h i n g m o r e i s k n o w n o f h i m t h a n
w h a t h e
s t a t e s i n t h e w o r k i t s e l f , w h i c h i s s t i l l e x t a n t .
• O f E p h e s u s
( 4 3 1 ) .
A r c h b i s h o p
o f
A l e x a n d r i a
( 4 1 2 - 4 4 4 ) .
• P a t r i a r c h o f
C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
( 4 2 8 - 4 3 1 ) , d e p r i v e d o f h i s
o f f i c e
b y t h e
c o u n c i l
o f
E p h e s u s o n a c c o u n t o f h i s
h e r e s y .

O f C h a l c e d o n ( 4 S 1 ) .
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2 4 S Y N O D S
T h e r e w e r e f i f t e e n s e s s i o n s , a t
w h i c h D i o s c o r u s
* a n d E u t y c h e s
2 '
w e r e c o n d e m n e d , a n d
N e s t o r i u s
e x c o m m u n i c a t e d . S t . F l a v i a n 3
w a s
d e c l a r e d i n n o c e n t a f t e r h i s d e a t h , t o g e t h e r w i t h E u s e b i u s
o f
D o r y l a e u m , 4
T h e o d o r e t
6
s p e c i a l
m a t t e r s
w e r e d i s c u s s e d ,
a n d
t h e s p i r i t o f p i e t y w a s s t r e n g t h e n e d .
X V I I I
R e a d t h e A c t s o f t h e f i f t h c o u n c i l , 7 a t w h i c h t h e t h r e e s o -
c a l l e d   c h a p t e r s 8 w e r e d e a l t w i t h , a n d O r i g e n
a n d h i s
w r i t i n g s
e x c o m m u n i c a t e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h
D i o d o r u s o f T a r s u s , 9
a n d T h e o d o r e
o f M o p s u e s t i a .
T h e o d o r e t ' s
a n s w e r
t o t h e
t w e l v e
a n a t h e m a t i s m s o f C y r i l w a s a l s o e x c o m m u n i c a t e d .
P r e v i o u s t o t h i s , t h e c a s e s o f
Z o o r a s
1 0
A n t h i m u s , 1 1
w h o
h i s
w a y i n t o t h e
p a t r i a r c h a t e
o f C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , a n d
c e r t a i n o t h e r m a t t e r s w e r e d i s c u s s e d .
X I X
R e a d
t h e A c t s o f t h e s i x t h
c o u n c i l , 1 2
a t t h e s e s s i o n s o f
w h i c h
S e r g i u s , 1 3 C y r u s , 1 4 a n d P y r r h u s 1 5 o f
C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
w e r e e x
c o m m u n i c a t e d ,
t o g e t h e r w i t h
H o n o r i u s 1 6 o f R o m e , P o l y -
c h r o n i u s , 1 7
a n d
w h o
h a d
t h a t
1
B i s h o p
o f A l e x a n d r i a ( 4 4 4 - 4 5 1 ) .
2 F o u n d e r o f t h e s e c t o f t h e M o n o p h y s i t e s ( 3 8 0 - 4 5 6 ) .
8
B i s h o p
o f C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
( 4 4 7 - 4 4 9 ) .
* B i s h o p o f D o r y l a e u m
( m o d . E s k i
S h e h r ) i n
P h r y g i a
( 4 0 0 - 4 5 1 ) .
6 B i s h o p o f C y r r h u s ( C y r u s ) n e a r t h e E u p h r a t e s , t w o d a y s ' j o u r n e y f r o m
A n t i o c h , t h e o l o g i a n
a n d
e c c l e s i a s t i c a l h i s t o r i a n ( c . 3 9 3 - 4 5 8 ) .
6 B i s h o p
o f
( c .
7 O f
C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
( 5 5 3 ) .
w r i t i n g s o f
T h e o d o r e
o f
M o p s u e s t i a
o f
i n
o f
N e s t o r i u s t h e l e t t e r o f I b a s t o t h e P e r s i a n M a r i s .
* F o u n d e r o f t h e e x e g e t i c a l s c h o o l o f A n t i o c h , b i s h o p o f T a r s u s
( 3 7 8 - 3 9 4 ) -
1 0
A M o n o p h y s i t e S y r i a n m o n k .
1 1
p a t r i a r c h
o f C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ( 5 3 5 ,
d e p o s e d
5 3 6 ) , t r a n s l a t e d
f r o m
t h e e p i s c o p a t e
o f
t h r o u g h
t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e e m p r e s s
T h e o d o r a .
1 2 O f C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ( 6 8 0 ) .
1 3 P a t r i a r c h o f C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ( 6 1 0 - 6 3 8 ) .
1 4
B i s h o p o f P h a s i s ,
a f t e r w a r d s
p a t r i a r c h o f
A l e x a n d r i a
( 6 3 0 - 6 4
1 ) .
a n d
o f
a s
o f
C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
( 6 3 8 - 6 4 1 ) .
1 6 P o p e ( 6 2 5 - 6 3 8 ) .
1 '
M o n o t h e l i t e
p r e s b y t e r
a n d
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J O H N
P H I L O P O N U S 2 5
w a s o n l y o n e w i l l a n d o n e e n e r g y i n C h r i s t . T h e d o g m a o f
t r u t h w a s
c o n f i r m e d .
X X
t h e
s e v e n t h c o u n c i l , 1
a t t h e
s e s s i o n s
o f
t h e
i c o n o c l a s t s w e r e d e f e a t e d a n d t h e o r t h o d o x f a i t h
s h o n e
w i t h
i n c r e a s e d b r i g h t n e s s .
X X I
o f
J o h n P h i l o p o n u s
2
O n t h e
R e s u r r e c t i o n
i n
t h i s w o r k ,
r e j e c t i n g t h e
d o c t r i n e
o f t h e
R e s u r r e c t i o n
o f
i s
i l l - c o n s i d e r e d .
H e
a l s o r i d i c u l e s o u r b l e s s e d a n d h o l y F a t h e r s .
X X I I
R e a d t h e
e l a b o r a t e R e f u t a t i o n
b y T h e o d o s i u s t h e M o n k 3
o f t h e
p a s s a g e s c i t e d
b y J o h n P h i l o p o n u s a s a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t
t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g q u o t a t i o n s f r o m H o l y S c r i p t u r e
a n d t h e F a t h e r s , i n r e f u t a t i o n o f J o h n ' s v a i n e f f o r t s .
X X I I I
R e a d t h e i n v e c t i v e s
o f
C o n o n , 4 E u g e n i u s , 5
a n d
T h e m i s t i u s , 6
a g a i n s t t h e t r e a t i s e o f J o h n P h i l o p o n u s ,
i n
w h i c h
t h e y p i l l o r y
h i s
v a i n
e f f o r t s . T h e y
a l s o
a t t a c k
h i m p e r s o n a l l y , a s
a m a n e n t i r e l y e s t r a n g e d
f r o m
C h r i s t i a n
f a i t h . H o w e v e r ,
t h e y
a g r e e
w i t h h i m i n r e f u s i n g
t o a c c e p t t h e
d e c i s i o n s
o f t h e
c o u n c i l o f
C h a l c e d o n .
1
T h e
*
A l e x a n d r i a ,
t h e o l o g i a n ,
g r a m m a r i a n ,
a n d
p h i l o s o p h e r ,
f l o u r i s h e d
i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e s i x t h c e n t u r y . H i s c h i e f w o r k ( o f w h i c h c o n s i d e r a b l e
f r a g m e n t s r e m a i n ) , c a l l e d
T h e A r b i t r a t o r ,
w a s a n a t t e m p t t o
r e c o n c i l e
M o n o p h y s i t i s m a n d T r i t h e i s m . P h o t i u s ( C o d .
L V ,
t w o
o t h e r t h e o l o g i c a l
t r e a t i s e s . O n t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n i s l o s t . S o m e f r a g m e n t s o f
n o t e s o n A r i s t o t l e
a r e p r e s e r v e d .
H e w a s
c a l l e d P h i l o p o n u s f r o m
h i s
g r e a t i n d u s t r y h i s o p p o n e n t s c h a n g e d t h i s i n t o M a t a i o p o n u s ( v a i n l y
i n d u s t r i o u s ) .
1
A f i f t h - c e n t u r y
m o n k ,
n o t h i n g
i s k n o w n .
4 B i s h o p o f
T a r s u s
( c . 6 0 0 ) .
b i s h o p
i n
h a l f
c e n t u r y .
* D e a c o n o f
A l e x a n d r i a
( s i x t h
c e n t u r y ) ,
l e a d e r o f
t h e
A g n o e t a e ( a M o n o -
p h y s i t i c s e c t ) , w h o h e l d t h a t t h e h u m a n s o u l o f C h r i s t r e s e m b l e d t h a t o f
m a n i n
a l l t h i n g s ,
e v e n i n
 
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2 6 S Y N E S I U S
X X I V
R e a d
v o l u m e
c o n t a i n i n g t h e
A c t s
o f a d i s p u t a t i o n
h e l d
b e f o r e
J o h n , 1 b i s h o p o f t h e
q u e e n c i t y ,
d u r i n g t h e r e i g n o f
J u s t i n , 2
i n
a n d
t h e
T r i t h e i t e s
t o o k
p a r t
o n t h e o n e s i d e , a n d P a u l 3 a n d S t e p h e n , 4 t h e H e s i t a t o r s , 5
o n t h e
o t h e r .
C o n o n
a n d
h a v e
w i t h
;
a n d
S t e p h e n d e m a n d e d t h a t
t h e y
s h o u l d
a n a t h e m a t i z e P h i l o p o n u s ,
t h e y w e r e
u n w i l l i n g
t o
O n t h e o t h e r
h a n d ,
t h e y b r o u g h t f o r t h a r g u m e n t s t o p r o v e t h a t
h i s v i e w s w e r e i n h a r m o n y w i t h t h o s e o f S e v e r u s 6 a n d T h e o -
d o s i u s , t h e i r o w n t e a c h e r s . T h e y i n d e e d i n m a n y r e s p e c t s u p
h o l d
t h e o r t h o d o x
v i e w s
— t h a t - t h e
T r i n i t y
i s
c o n s u b s t a n t i a l
a n d
n a t u r e , t h a t
G o d
i s
g u i l t y o f
b l a s p h e m y
i n
a s s e r t i n g t h a t t h e F a t h e r
a n d t h e S o n a n d t h e H o l y G h o s t a r e p a r t i a l
s u b s t a n c e s ,
a n d
h a v e s p e c i a l d i v i n i t i e s a n d n a t u r e s , t h u s b e i n g
a t
v a r i a n c e w i t h
t h e m s e l v e s
a n d
t h e t r u t h . M a n y
o t h e r
o p i n i o n s o f
t h e i r s a r e
e q u a l l y
f o o l i s h a n d n o n s e n s i c a l .
X X V
C h r y s o s t o m
7
N o t e s
o n
D e a t h ,
t w e n t y - t w o s h o r t h o m i l i e s . I n t h e s a m e v o l u m e t h e r e a r e a l s o
t w e n t y - t w o h o m i l i e s o n t h e A s c e n s i o n o f t h e L o r d a n d s e v e n t e e n
o n P e n t e c o s t .
X X V I
R e a d
t h e o r a t i o n s o f S y n e s i u s , 8 b i s h o p o f C y r e n e , O n
P r o v i d e n c e , 9 O n t h e K i n g d o m ,
a n d
s o m e o t h e r s u b j e c t s . H i s
1 J o h n I I I S c h o l a s t i c u s ( t h e l a w y e r ) , b i s h o p o f C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
( 5 6 5 - 5 7 7 ) .
H e
o f
a
o f
l a w .
* J u s t i n I I ( e m p e r o r 5 6 5 - 5 7 8 ) .
*
b i s h o p
o f
  T h e y
a c c e p t e d ,
a n d p a r t l y
r e j e c t e d , t h e
d e c i s i o n s
o f t h e
c o u n c i l
o f
C h a l c e d o n .
* M o n o p h y s i t e p a t r i a r c h o f A n t i o c h ( 5 1 2 - 5 1 9 ) .
7
J o h n
t h e G o l d e n - m o u t h e d ( 3 4 7 - 4 0 7 ) , b i s h o p o f C o n s t a n t i n o p l e .
8 N e o - P l a t o n i s t a n d b i s h o p o f P t o l e m a i s i n C y r e n a i c a ( 3 7 8 - 4 3 1 ) . T h e
s p e e c h O n t h e K i n g d o m w a s d e l i v e r e d a t C o n s t a n t i n o p l e b e f o r e t h e
e m p e r o r
A r c a d i u s .
9
E g y p t i a n
D i s c o u r s e s ,
a
h i s t o r i c a l
r o m a n c e ,
i n
t h e r e a r e
a l l u s i o n s t o
t h e
t h e
t i m e ,
d i s g u i s e d a s t h e m y t h i c a l
s t o r i e s o f
O s i r i s a n d
T y p h o n .
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2 7
s t y l e i s l o f t y a n d d i g n i f i e d , 1 b u t s o m e w h a t i n c l i n e d t o b e o v e r -
p o e t i c a l .
A l s o r e a d v a r i o u s l e t t e r s o f h i s , d i s t i l l i n g g r a c e a n d c h a r m ,
a t
a n d
f u l l
o f c l o s e l y - p a c k e d
2
H e
o r i g i n a l l y b e l o n g e d t o
a h e a t h e n
s c h o o l o f
p h i l o s o p h y ,
b u t w a s f a v o u r a b l y d i s p o s e d t o t h e i n s p i r e d t r u t h s o f
C h r i s t i
a n i t y a n d r e a d y t o a c c e p t a l l i t s
d o c t r i n e s
e x c e p t
t h a t o f t h e
R e s u r r e c t i o n . A l t h o u g h t h i s w a s h i s a t t i t u d e , h e w a s a d m i t t e d
i n t o o u r C h u r c h a n d
e v e n r a i s e d t o
t h e
e p i s c o p a t e ,
b y r e a s o n
o f h i s g o o d n e s s a n d
p u r i t y
a n d i n t h e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t a m a n
o f s u c h h o l i n e s s o f
l i f e
c o u l d n o t
f a i l t o b e i l l u m i n a t e d b y
t h e
l i g h t o f t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n . N o r
w e r e t h e s e
h o p e s d i s a p p o i n t e d .
F o r
h e
a s s e n t e d
t o
d o c t r i n e .
S y n e s i u s w a s a n o r n a m e n t
t o
a t
t h e t i m e
w h e n T h e o p h i l u s w a s p a t r i a r c h
o f
A l e x a n d r i a . 3
X X V I I
R e a d t h e t e n b o o k s
o f
E u s e b i u s ' s
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
H i s t o r y .
B e g i n n i n g f r o m t h e b i r t h o f C h r i s t , o u r t r u e
G o d , i t
c a r e f u l l y
d e s c r i b e s t h e
p e r i o d
o f t h e t y r a n t s ,
a n d e n d s w i t h
t h e
o f
C o n s t a n t i n e
t h e
A
a c c o u n t
i s
o f
t h e
C h u r c h i n s t i t u t i o n s
e s t a b l i s h e d
b y h i m d u r i n g h i s r e i g n .
X X V I I I
R e a d S o c r a t e s ' s 4 E c c l e s i a s t i c a l H i s t o r y , a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f
t h a t
o f E u s e b i u s . B e g i n n i n g
w i t h
o f
C o n s t a n t i n e , i t
g o e s
d o w n t o t h e t i m e o f
T h e o d o s i u s
t h e Y o u n g e r . 5
T h e w r i t e r , w h o h a d a t t e n d e d t h e l e c t u r e s o f A m m o n i u s
a n d
t h e
A l e x a n d r i n e
g r a m m a r i a n s , 6 e v e n
w h e n
b o y
h a d b e e n i n s t r u c t e d i n   g r a m m a r   b y h e a t h e n t u t o r s , w h o h a d
b e e n b a n i s h e d
f r o m
t h e i r n a t i v e
c o u n t r y
f o r s e d i t i o n
a n d
p r o f e s s i o n
a t C o n s t a n t i n o p l e . T h e
w o r k
c o n
t a i n s t h e e v e n t s o f 1 4 0
y e a r s , a n d
t h e e n t i r e h i s t o r y i s
i n c l u d e d
1 P e r h a p s   m a s s i v e m i g h t
e x p r e s s
t h e i d e a o f
S y K o s .
* O r
  s h r e w d . » 3 8 5 - 4 1 2 .
* S o c r a t e s o f C o n s t a n t i n o p l e
( c . 3 8 0 - 4 3 9 ) ,
o r i g i n a l l y a l a w y e r .
*
y p a p i M r i ^ s
i s
e q u i v a l e n t
t o
m a n
w i t h
r e f e r e n c e
t o
t h e s t u d y o f p o e t r y . T h e s a m e i d e a a p p e a r s i n
y p a p f u t r i i c I ) ( g r a m m a r ) . A m m o n i u s a n d H e l l a d i u s h a d
f l e d f o r
r e f u g e t o
C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ,
w h e r e
t h e y t a u g h t S o c r a t e s .
8/20/2019 The Library of Photius v.1
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2 8
T H E O D O R E T
i n s e v e n b o o k s . T h e r e i s
n o t h i n g r e m a r k a b l e
i n t h e a u t h o r ' s
s t y l e , a n d h e
i s n o t v e r y a c c u r a t e i n
m a t t e r s o f
d o c t r i n e .
X X I X
R e a d t h e
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l H i s t o r y
o f
E v a g r i u s 1 S c h o l a s t i c u s ,
a n e x - p r a e f e c t , b o r n a t E p i p h a n i a
i n
C o e l e - S y r i a ,
i n
T h e
b e g i n s
w h e r e t h o s e o f
S o c r a t e s
a n d T h e o d o r e t
e n d ,
d o w n t o t h e
t w e l f t h
y e a r o f t h e r e i g n
o f
e m p e r o r
M a u r i c e . 2 T h e s t y l e i s n o t w i t h o u t c h a r m , a l t h o u g h s o m e w h a t
d i f f u s e ; i n
m a t t e r s
o f
d o c t r i n e h e
i s
c e r t a i n l y m o r e t r u s t w o r t h y
t h a n o t h e r h i s t o r i a n s . T h e w o r k a l s o c o n t a i n s s o m e p a s s a g e s
a b o u t i m a g e s .
X X X
t h e
E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
H i s t o r y o f
S a l a m a n u s H e r m e i a s
S o z o m e n , 3 i n n i n e
b o o k s . D e d i c a t e d t o t h e
e m p e r o r T h e o -
d o s i u s
t h e
Y o u n g e r , i t b e g i n s
w i t h t h e c o n s u l s h i p
o f C r i s p u s
a n d h i s f a t h e r
C o n s t a n t i n e ,
a n d g o e s
d o w n
o f
T h e o d o s i u s
t h e
Y o u n g e r . 4 S o z o m e n w a s a t o n e t i m e a n
a d v o c a t e i n C o n s t a n t i n o p l e . H i s s t y l e i s b e t t e r t h a n t h a t o f
S o c r a t e s ,
f r o m
w h o m
i n
c e r t a i n
p a r t i c u l a r s .
X X X I
R e a d t h e E c c l e s i a s t i c a l
H i s t o r y
o f T h e o d o r e t . 5 O f a l l t h e
w r i t e r s
m e n t i o n e d h i s
s t y l e
i s
b e s t s u i t e d
f o r
h i s t o r y . I t i s
g e n e r a l l y c l e a r ,
d i g n i f i e d , a n d f r e e
f r o m r e d u n d a n c i e s ,
a l t h o u g h
h e s o m e t i m e s
e m p l o y s
m e t a p h o r s
t h a t a r e t o o
b o l d , a l m o s t
i n s i p i d .
H e g i v e s
a f u l l e r
a c c o u n t
o f t h e p r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e
s e c o n d
c o u n c i l
6
h i s t o r i a n s ,
w h o
a
c u r s o r y
n o t i c e u p o n t h e m ,
a s i f t h e y w e r e
u n w i l l i n g t o s a y
m u c h
a b o u t
i t . H o w e v e r , e v e n h e d o e s
n o t g i v e a l l t h e
d e t a i l s . H e b e g i n s
h i s
w i t h
t h e h e r e s y o f
A r i