The Laurier Years - Alexei
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Lauriers CanadaLauriers Canada
1896 -19111896 -1911
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The End of ConservativePower
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The End of Conservative
Power
Macdonalds health failed soonafter the election of 1891 and hewas followed by four weaksuccessors.
Abbot,Thompson, BowellandTuppereach briey held o!ce.
The "iberals under theleadership of #ilfred "auriertook power in 189$.
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The Election of Wilfred
Laurier 1896
"aurier was %rench &anadian and 'oman&atholic.
The problems he faced were the same as
Macdonalds andhis policies were not dissimilar.
"aurier saw himself as a &anadian andbecause of this he was torn between thenationalism of (uebec and the )mperial
loyalty of *ntario.
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Immigration
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Immigration
&li+ord ifton"auriers Minister ofthe )nterior was the dri-in force
behind a search for new &anadians.%armers willin to endure the di!cult
conditions found on the &anadian
prairies were souht in
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The Last est West!
Each new settler to Canada
was offered sixty-five
hectares of free land.
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Immigrants from the
"nited #tates 189$%19&'
&
1&(&&&
)&(&&&
*&(&&&
+&(&&&
'&(&&&
6&(&&&
189$ 1898 1899 19&& 19&1 19&) 19&* 19&+ 19&'
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Immigration
A powerful campain ad-ertised free landin /the last, best west.0
iftons -ision of a uality immirant was/a stalwart peasant in a sheepskin coat 20
)mmirants ooded into &anada fromBritain, 3ermany, candina-ia, TheBalkans, the 4kraine, 'ussia and the 4A.
Between 189$ and 1911 two millionimmirants entered &anada.
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Immigrants from ritain
189$ % 19&'
&
1&(&&&
)&(&&&
*&(&&&
+&(&&&
'&(&&&
6&(&&&
$&(&&&
189$ 1898 1899 19&& 19&1 19&) 19&* 19&+ 19&'
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,esistance to Immigration
5on67nlish speakin immirants werereeted with hostility and suspicion.
%rench speakin &anadians feared fortheir lanuae and culture.
)n 191 restrictions were introducedaainst ews, Asians, outhern 7uropeans
and Black Americans. )n B.&. the Asiatic 7:clusion "eauesparked uly riots.
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The -omagata .aru
*n May ;omaata Maruanchored in Burrard )nlet.
The ships passeners, consistin of
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The -omagata .aru
/&ontinuous passae0 reuired that immirantsmust come directly to &anada without stoppin
in any other country.
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The Economy
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)n spite of bein free traders the "iberalsleft hih tari+ policies larely intact.
They encouraed preferential tari+areements with countries like Britain.
They ustied tari+s by stressin theneed to raise re-enue.
Tariffs
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Wheat
5ew strains of wheat such asMaruis and 'ed %ifematured rapidly andwheat became &anadas larest e:port.
)mpro-ed farm machinery reduced labourcosts.
3rain ele-ators were built to store the
wheat. hips and railways were constructed to
mo-e the wheat to market.
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,ailwa/s
The &anadian @acic 'ailway could notmo-e all of the wheat produced on&anadas prairies.
The 3rand Trunk 'ailway&ompanyproposed a second transcontinental line in19;.
A third line was started by the &anadian5orthern 'ailway &ompany.
Time was to pro-e that threetranscontinental lines were too many.
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0old
3old was disco-eredin the Cukon in 189$resultin in
a ood of prospectorsinto the reion
there was aninfusion of capitalinto the &anadian
economy.
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The Econom/ of the
.aritimes
The traditional economy wasshipbuildin, sh and lumber.
The de-elopment of coal and otherminerals was dri-en by industriale:pansion in central &anada.
The &ape Breton steel industryde-eloped in response to industrialdemands in *ntario and (uebec.
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,ecirocit/
'eciprocityis a trade areementbetween two countries which allows areduction in tari+s.
&anada had traditionally carried on ane:tensi-e trade with the 4nited tates.
&anadian manufacturin industry wasalways more -ulnerable to Americancompetition than the resource industries.
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,ecirocit/ II
)n 191 farmers demanded a policy of freetrade with the 4nited tates.
"aurier responded to these complaints byestablishin a reciprocity areement withthe Americans.
&anadian raw materials were allowed intothe 4 free of tari+s.
Ta:es on many American items comininto &anada were sinicantly reduced.
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,ecirocit/ III
&anadian businessmen were -eryfrihtened of this policy.
The railway companies were nothappy with the prospect of a north6south trade pattern.
&anadian nationalists were concerned
about the ow of &anadian resourcessouth of the border.
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2o truc3 or trade with the
4an3ees!
American supporters of/manifest destiny0 fannedthe ames of &anadian
opposition to reciprocity.The &onser-ati-es led by
'obert Borden warned&anadians that reciprocity
miht lead to politicaltakeo-er.
Borden won the election of1911 and the idea of freetrade came to an end.
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"r5an 0rowth
obs and technoloical de-elopmentattracted youn &anadians to e:pandincities.
&ities like Montreal, Toronto, #innipe andDancou-er rew rapidly durin the "aurierera.
By 19; &anada was no loner a ruralcountry and nearly half of the populationli-ed in cities.
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Canadian Poulation
0rowth 1891 % 1911
&
1(&&&(&&&
)(&&&(&&&
*(&&&(&&&
+(&&&(&&&
'(&&&(&&&
6(&&&(&&&
$(&&&(&&&
8(&&&(&&&
1891 19&1 1911
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Proserous "r5an
usiness 191&
The movement of the Canadian population into towns and cities
resulted in the establishment of many small businesses.
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Life in Lauriers Canada
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Entertainment
The stae was -ery popular and a reatmany stock companies reularly toured5orth America.
Actors and, particularly, actresses wereconsidered immoral but this did notdiscourae attendance.
%our churches 6 &atholic, Methodist,@resbyterian and Anlican e:ercised astron control o-er the culture of &anada.
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Literature
The best sellin no-el of the era wasThe Man From Glengarryby 'alph&onnor.
7rnest Thompson eton had establishedan oriinal &anadian literary enre withhis realistic stories about animals.
)n 191 tephen "eacock publishedLiterary Lapsesa book of humorousshort stories.
Ernest Thompson Seton
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Eatons Catalogue
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7uthors
Three of the literary ures of "auriersera ha-e stood the test of time.
5ot all of their books are still read but
most &anadians will reconiEe either acharacter or a story from the -aststorehouse of their writins.
They are, 'obert #. er-ice, "ucy Maud
Montomery and tephen "eacock.
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,o5ert W #ervice
18$+ % 19'8
'obert #. er-ice followedthe old rush to the Cukon in19=.
Fere he wrote -olumes of-erse and establishedhimself as the -oice of the>londike.
Songs of a SourdoughandThe Spell of the Yukonmadehim a literary hero in hisown lifetime.
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The Cremation of #am .c0ee
5/ ,o5ert W #ervice
/Ganerous Gan Mc3rew0 and /amMc3ee0 remain familiar characters
to many &anadians.There are strange things done in the midnight sun
By the men who moil for gold;
The arctic trails have their secret tales
That would make your blood run cold; The Northern Lights have seen queer sights,
But the queerest they ever did see
Was that night on the marge of Lake Lebarge
I cremated am !c"ee#
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Luc/ .aud .ontgomer/
18$+ % 19+) "ucy Maude Montomerywrote o-er ; no-els but hermost famous book waspublished in 198.
Anne of Green Gablesis stillone of &anadas best knownliterary heroines.
Thousands ock annuallyfrom around the world to-isit her imainary home in@rince 7dward )sland.
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#tehen Leacoc3
186& % 19++
"eacock was born in 7nland andimmirated with his family to &anada in
18$9.
Fe was trained as an economist and spenthis career in the 7conomics Gepartment of
Mc3ill 4ni-ersity.Fis most protable book was a te:t called
TheElements of Political Sciencebut he isbest remembered for his humorous stories.
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Literar/ La1ses 5/
#tehen Leacoc3
#hen ) o into a bank ) et rattled.The clerks rattle meH the wickets
rattle meH the siht of money rattlesmeH e-erythin rattles me.
The moment ) cross the threshhold ofa bank and attempt to transact
business there, ) become anirresponsible idiot.
My Financial areer
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Canadian 7rt
Artists such as
Fomer #atson,Foratio #alker and*Eias "educ paintedthe rural scenes of
(uebec and *ntario.
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Canadian 7rt
ames #ilsonMorrice ainedpopularity outside of
&anada, particularlyin the 4nited tates.
Maurice &ullenintroduced the
impressionist styleto &anadianlandscape art.
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omer Watson
18'' % 19*6
#atson was aninternationallyreconiEed landscape
painter oncedescribed as the&anadian/&onstable.0
Fis paintins weremostly scenes of hisnati-e southern*ntario.
Forest Landscape with Cattle Grazing
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.aurice 0al5raith Cullen
1866 %19*+
&ullen was a landscape painter whocopied the style of the %renchimpressionist school.
Fis scenes of old Montreal and (uebecare reconiEed amon the best in all&anadian paintin.
@aintins by &ullen included MillStream! Moretand "ld #ousesMontreal$
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:amil/ Entertainment
7ntertainment for many &anadiansfocused on the family and an e-eninathered around the piano. Technoloicalde-elopments such as the ramophoneand the radio were still in their infancy.
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The Dar Side of Economic
!rowth
The ;ar3 #ide of Economic
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The ;ar3 #ide of Economic
0rowth
"aurier boasted that /the twentiethcentury belons to &anada0 but not all&anadians shared in the prosperity.
4nsanitary slum areas blihted therowin cities.
)nfant mortality amon the poor was
hih.#orkin conditions and pay were often
poor, particularly, for new immirants.
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#ocial ,eform
3o-ernment did not belie-e in takinaction to impro-e conditions for the poor.
@ri-ate charities and church oraniEationslike the CM&A and the #&T4 were the onlysource of help.
The /social ospel0 preached by men like
.. #oodsworth ured reforms to impro-ewaes, eliminate child labour as well as tocontrol alcohol and prostitution.
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#ummar/
Gurin the early years of "iberalpower &anada was transformed from
a rural aricultural country to anindustrialiEed and urban nation.
@rosperity and immiration had,
howe-er, brouht po-erty and racialstrife.
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The "lasa #oundary Dispute
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Canadian 7utonom/ and
The 7las3a oundar/ ;isute
The >londike old rush of 189$ made thee:act location of the border between B.&.and Alaska a pressin issue.
This boundary and the ownership ofterritory alon the coast had been unclearsince the 4nited tates Alaska purchase,from 'ussia, in 18$?.
@ossession of the land at the head of deepinlets would ha-e allowed &anada accessto B.&. across the Alaska panhandle.
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The 7las3a oundar/
;isute II
&anadians belie-ed that theboundary followed the summit of themountain ranes near the coast.
The Americans claimed a line whichfollowed the conuration of thecoast but included the heads of theinlets.
By mo-in troops to the reion theAmerican president, Teddy 'oose-elt,forced the issue to a resolution.
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The 7las3a oundar/
;isute III
)n 19
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The 7las3a oundar/
;isute I