THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: 1300-1450
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Transcript of THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: 1300-1450
THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: 1300-14501300-1450
Unit 1.1
Learning Objective:
Students will understand the evolution of European society from antiquity through the Later Middle Ages and analyze the ways in which religious, economic, and social upheaval affected late-Medieval society.
Major Periods in Major Periods in European HistoryEuropean History
I. Ancient Greece/Rome (c. 500 BCE-500 CE) II. Middle Ages- 5th Century CE to approx.
1450 A. Early Middle Ages (476 CE to 900 CE) B. High Middle Ages (1050- 1300) C. Later Middle Ages (1300- 1450) III. Modern Era (1450 to the present) 1. Renaissance: 1450- 1600 (1300-1527
in Italy) 2. 17th – 21st centuries
Unit 1.1
I. Black Death (1347) A. Causes
1. Bubonic plague was carried by fleas on Asian black rats and brought to Europe on ships returning from
Asia 2. Overcrowding in cities
and homes facilitated the spread of the disease
3. Poor sanitation in cities 4. Widespread malnutrition
5. Poor hygiene
B. Results: Loss of 1/3 of Europe’s population
Map of the Black Death
Time-lapse Map of Black Death
1. Some cities, such as Florence, saw death rates reach above 50%
The Toggenburg Bible (1411) contains an illustration of the
Black Death
2. Economy in towns suffered significantly
Plague doctors often wore attire, such as seen above, with the beak stuffed with spices or herbs to protect the doctor from the disease.
3. In some areas, workers enjoyed higher wages
4. Impact on the peasantry a. Serfdom ended in many
areas of western Europe b. Major peasant revolts in
England and France5. First enclosure of fields in
England6. Best of the clergy died helping
the sick7. Jews were often blamed for the
plague
8. Literature and art reflected pessimism
a. Danse of Death (Danse Macabre)
b. Northern Europe developed a fascination with death that was later reflected in the art of the Northern RenaissanceDancing
skeletons were a
common motif in the Danse
of Death
II. Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)A. Cause: the English crown lay claim to the duchy of Aquitaine inside of France
Duchy of Aquitaine (in pink) seen inside modern French borders.
B. Joan Of Arc (1412-1431) 1. Peasant girl claimed she heard voices from saints and
persuaded the king to allow her to accompany the troops 2. In 1429, led the French army to victory at Orléans -- The French heir to the throne was crowned
3. She was later burned at the stake by her English captors
Time-lapse Map of the Hundred Years’ War
C. Results of 100 Years’ War
1. France permanently removed England from France (except Calais)
2. Modernization of state building in England and France
Battle of Crécy, 1346
3. Peasant Revolts
a. Causes: taxation from the 100 Years’ War, desire for higher wages, hostility toward the nobles, higher expectations among the peasantry.
b. English Peasant Revolt (1381): largest revolt, over 100,000
involved c. Jacquerie in France
was less successful d. End of serfdom in England
Richard II meeting with
peasant rebels, 1381
III. Crisis in the Catholic ChurchA. Background
1. Western and central Europe was dominated by the Catholic church since the fall of the Roman Empire 2. The Middle Ages were characterized by religious unity under the Catholic church
B. Early critics of the church 1. Marsiglio de Padua (1270-
1342): Defensor Paxis (Defender of Peace)
a. Claimed the church should be subordinate to the state
b. Believed the church should be governed by a council of laity and priests who would be superior to the pope
2. John Wyclif (1320-1384) a. Believed the church
should only follow Scripture -- This view foreshadowed
Martin Luther’s in the early-16th century
b. Translated the Bible into English c. His later followers were known as Lollards
3. John Hus (1369-1415): Ideas similar to Wyclif a. Led a nationalist movement in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic)
• Burned at the stake for his heretical views
b. Hussites: followers of Hus who staged
large rebellions in the 14th century
C. Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) 1. 1305, a struggle between the pope and the French king led to the election of a French pope who set up his leadership in Avignon, France 2. Seven successive popes ruled from Avignon3. Damaged papal prestige, especially in Germany and England
The papal
palace at Avignon
D. The Great Schism (c. 1377-1417)
1. Further conflict occurred in 1377 when two popes were elected—one in Rome, one in France—neither of whom recognized the other 2. Further damaged the prestige of the church
The Great
Schism
E. Conciliar Movement (1409-1418): ended the Great Schism 1. Sought to reform the church by creating a council of cardinals that would be more powerful than the pope
2. Failed as a movement; newly- elected Pope Martin V ensured papal power remained supreme
IV. Fall of the Byzantine Empire A. The Byzantine Empire had been the dominant power in southeastern
Europe for a thousand years 1. Began as the Eastern Roman Empire 2. Eastern Orthodox Church was
dominant
The empire under
Justinian in the 6th century
B. 1453, the Ottoman Empire took Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire and its last remaining stronghold
1453: Ottoman Turks took Constantinople
C. Ottoman Empire spread into Europe, threatening Hungary and Austria
V. Nationalist literature of the later Middle Ages A. Rise in the use of the vernacular (national language) B. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), The Divine Comedy C. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400): Canterbury Tales portrayed English life D. Francois Villon (1431-1463): Grand Testament
VI. Life in the Later Middle AgesA. Marriage 1. Average age for men: mid-20s; for women: 16-18 years of age
2. Economic reasons were most important
3. Divorce was non-existent4. Prostitution existed in
cities
B. Work
1. Agricultural cycles and church ritual were closely linked
2. Guilds: protected artisans in towns
3. Serfdom was reduced in many areas
C. Recreation
1. Aristocracy: jousting tournaments
2. Common people: archery, wrestling, bull-baiting, bear baiting, alcohol consumption
D. Laity increasingly managed church lands
V. Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
A. Became the cornerstone of late- medieval philosophy
B. Aquinas sought to reconcile faith and reason by using logic to support
Christian doctrine --Reconciled philosophy of
Aristotle with the Bible C. Dominated Catholic
philosophy for centuries