The labour market situation of women being on childcare leave in Hungary Special difficulties in...
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Transcript of The labour market situation of women being on childcare leave in Hungary Special difficulties in...
The labour market The labour market situation of women being situation of women being
on childcare on childcare leave in Hungaryleave in Hungary
Special difficulties in access to Special difficulties in access to labour marketlabour market
Joint ECE/ILO/Eurostat Seminar on Quality Joint ECE/ILO/Eurostat Seminar on Quality of Work, 11-13 May 2005, Genevaof Work, 11-13 May 2005, Geneva
ContentContent
Brief history of women’s employment and Brief history of women’s employment and the childcare systemthe childcare system
The labour market exclusion of child-raising The labour market exclusion of child-raising women in the 2000s, women in the 2000s,
Main factors of the disadvantageous Main factors of the disadvantageous position of childposition of child--raising women and steps to raising women and steps to improve theimprove theirir employability employability
ConclusionsConclusions
Brief history of women’s Brief history of women’s employment and the childcare employment and the childcare
systemsystem Labour shortage in the 50Labour shortage in the 50ss - increasing women - increasing women
employment rate, short maternity leave, wide and employment rate, short maternity leave, wide and adaptable network of childcare institutionsadaptable network of childcare institutions
Demographical peak , lack of childcare institutions - the Demographical peak , lack of childcare institutions - the childcare allowance was introduced at the end of 60-ies childcare allowance was introduced at the end of 60-ies (low fix sum for one year)(low fix sum for one year)
In theIn the 70s t 70s the duration of the childcare allowance period he duration of the childcare allowance period waswas extended to 3 yearsextended to 3 years
In 1982 the childcare fee was introduced (wage In 1982 the childcare fee was introduced (wage depending fee for the first period of the childcare leave)depending fee for the first period of the childcare leave)
At the beginning of 90s every 5th workplace At the beginning of 90s every 5th workplace disappeareddisappeared-- women with small children became less women with small children became less employable groupemployable group
In 1993 as part of the „Social law” the child-raising In 1993 as part of the „Social law” the child-raising benefit was introduced (motherhood as a main job)benefit was introduced (motherhood as a main job)
In 1996 allowances became mean-testedIn 1996 allowances became mean-tested ( (tilltill 1998), 1998), but but the employment criterion was cancelledthe employment criterion was cancelled
The main characteristics of the The main characteristics of the existing childcare systemexisting childcare system
Type Duration Remuneration Eligibility criterions
Maternity leave
24 weeks 75% of the former salary
Mother was employed (covered by social security) before childbirth
Child-care fee
Till the child turns 2
75% of the former salary (but maximum twice as much as the minimum wage)
Mother was employed (covered by social security) before childbirth
Child-care allowance
Till the child turns 3
75% of the minimum old age pension
Any parents or grandparents under given circumstances
Child-raising benefit
Till the youngest child turns 8
75% of the minimum old age pension
Parents with at least 3 children between 3-18
The presence of child-raising The presence of child-raising women on the labour market in women on the labour market in
the 2000sthe 2000s Increasing % of young mothers stay atIncreasing % of young mothers stay at
home for the whole childcare period home for the whole childcare period and even afterand even after
Parallel with the increasing number of Parallel with the increasing number of children in the family decreasing children in the family decreasing labour market participation of motherlabour market participation of motherss
Positive exceptionPositive exception:: mothers with higher mothers with higher educationeducation
Main factors of the disadvantageous position Main factors of the disadvantageous position of childof child--raising women and steps to improve raising women and steps to improve
their employabilitytheir employabilityFactors:Factors:
During the long maternity leaveDuring the long maternity leave thethe connection connection with the employer gets loose or even terminateswith the employer gets loose or even terminates
The knowledge becomeThe knowledge becomess outdated outdated Less flexibility in connection with workLess flexibility in connection with work
circumstances (e.g. overtime, shift workcircumstances (e.g. overtime, shift work, , working working at the weekendat the weekendss, long distance), long distance)
Frequent absence from work due to care of sick Frequent absence from work due to care of sick childchild
Low chance to find suitable workplace (part time Low chance to find suitable workplace (part time work, distance work, flexiwork, distance work, flexi--time)time)
Insufficient supplementary effect between value Insufficient supplementary effect between value of housework and the take home payof housework and the take home pay
Steps to improve Steps to improve employabilityemployability
Free education or labour marketFree education or labour market training for parents on childcare leavetraining for parents on childcare leave
Expanding eligibility for work in the Expanding eligibility for work in the childcare leave periodchildcare leave period
Subsidies for employer in case of Subsidies for employer in case of employment after childcare periodemployment after childcare period
A special award for the so called A special award for the so called family friendly workplacefamily friendly workplace
ConclusionConclusionss
Real improvement: labour intensive Real improvement: labour intensive economic growtheconomic growth
Family friendly social climateFamily friendly social climate Small steps are importantSmall steps are important, , tootoo
Proportion of working mothers compared to Proportion of working mothers compared to all women of the same educational level, by all women of the same educational level, by
number of childrennumber of children
Highest level of education
One Two Three Four or more
Total
children Primary school 47,3 42,7 17,0 12,1 38,6 Vocational school, apprentice school
57,5 60,1 25,3 21,5 54,8
Secondary school 64,9 67,5 21,0 19,2 62,3 Vocational secondary school
69,9 70,6 32,4 22,7 67,0
University, college 77,0 78,2 63,4 29,9 75,6 Total 61,6 62,3 27,2 16,0 57,0 ___________________________ Source: LFS-Ad-hoc module “Family in Transition”, 2001.
Distribution of child-care beneficiaries after Distribution of child-care beneficiaries after the entitlement period, by the possibility of the entitlement period, by the possibility of the return to work, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2002the return to work, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2002
The possibility of the return 1993 1995 1999 2002
The employer terminated 8,6 9,2 10,0 12,3 The employer doesn’t wish to employ the respondent
34,3 29,8 32,4 32,5
The employer would employ the respondent, but she/he didn’t want to work there
6,7
8,7
11,2
9,9
The employer would employ the respondent, and she/he wants to return
50,4
52,3
46,4
45,3
Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0