The Koran To Muslims, it is the sacred word of God Written in Arabic Muslims believe it can only be...
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![Page 1: The Koran To Muslims, it is the sacred word of God Written in Arabic Muslims believe it can only be read in Arabic.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649e675503460f94b62f38/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Koran• To Muslims, it is the sacred word
of God• Written in Arabic
• Muslims believe it can only be read in Arabic
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The Sunna
• A set of rules used with the Koran
• Developed from the legal codes of tribes
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Expansion of Islam
When Mohammed died, no successor had been named. Muslims chose caliphs-Islamic
leaders, descendents of Mohammed
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The First Four Caliphs
632-661
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Abu Bakr Karem Abdul-Kaaba
• 632-634• Put down rebellion (Defeats Romans/Persians)• Brought all of Arabia under Islamic control• Collection of Koran• 63 Yrs Old (one of a kind)
master of the hook shot
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Omar(Farooq)
• 634-644• Defeated Byzantines• Captured JerusalemArabia, Egypt, Iraq, Palistine, Iran
• Master of Weapons, Wrestling, Speaking
• Stabbed w/ dagger
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Othman
• 644-656• Tried to make caliph more powerful• Murdered in 656• Completed Text of Koran
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Ali• 656-661• Cousin of Mohammed, married
Mohammed’s daughter (Fatima)• Assassinated in 661
w/ poison sword
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Omayyad Dynasty
661-750 AD
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Muawiya• Made Arabic the official language
• Minted new coins, set up postal
system
• Made many improvements in
building and transportation
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Conquests
• Islamic armies moved west, conquered
North Africa and Spain
• Made Islam the dominant power in Central
Asia (present-day Pakistan)
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The Muslims broke into 2 groups:
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1. Shiites
• Loyal partisans of Ali (Mohammed’s cousin)• The believed the caliph should be descended
from Mohammed’s family• They insisted the Koran was the only source of
guidance for Islam
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2. Sunnites
• Followers of Muawiya and the Omayyad Dynasty
• They believed any spiritually qualified man could be
elected caliph
• They accepted both the Koran and Sunna
• More numerous than Shiites
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Reasons for Islam’s Early Success:
1. Islamic armies led by outstanding military
leaders
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Reasons for Islam’s Early Success:
1. Islamic armies led by outstanding military
leaders
2. People not satisfied with Byzantine rule
3. Weakened Persian and Byzantine Empires
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The Abbasid Dynasty
750-1057 AD (1253)
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Background
• Established by Abu’l Abbas
• Abbas led non-Arab Moslems against the Omayyads – WHY?
• Preferential treatment for Arabs (i.e. non-Arabs paid higher taxes)
• Rebels overthrew Omayyad caliph and murdered 90 members of his family
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Government
• Moved capital to Baghdad
• Strong centralized gov’t. similar to Byzantine Empire
• Moslems paid only small tax to support Islam
• Non-Moslems paid heavy taxes
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Accomplishments
• Baghdad becomes a center of learning that attracts scholars from Middle East/India
• Great advances made in mathematics, science, literature, and the arts
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Decline of the Empire
• Territory becomes fragmented by rival kingdoms; conquered by Seljuk Turks
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Islamic Civilization
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Commerce & Industry
• Muslims controlled trade routes
• Musical instruments introduced to Europe– Lute, tambourine, guitar
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MedicineAl-Razi (Rhazes)
– Worked with sutures/casts– Difference between smallpox & measles
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)– Persian wrote Canon of Medicine (medical
encyclopedia)– Diagnosed tuberculosis as being contagious– Cancer surgery
Other Achievements
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Mathematics
Advances– Al-Jabr invented form of Algebra– Borrowed numbers 1-9 and added concept of
zero
Al Khwarizmi
Omar Khayyam
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Astronomy & Geography
• Important for religious reasons
• Borrowed from Hindus & Greeks
• Greek astrolabe
• Improved Ptolemy’s calculations for earth’s circumference within ½ mile of present value
• Al-Idrisi created maps on spheres to represent earth’s shape
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Physics & Chemistry
Al Hasan– Father of Optics– Convex and concave mirrors and light
refraction
Jabir– Moslem alchemist, studied oxidation,
crystallization, filtration
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History
Ibn Khaldun– Wrote 7 volume Universal History– Included history, politics and econ, climate
and culture
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Art
• Islamic art consists of geometric designs, flowers, leaves, and stars
• No human or animal likenesses on most work