The The KingdoKingdo

m of m of Italy Italy was was ruled by ruled by NapoleonNapoleon, Naples , Naples by his by his

brother-brother-in-law in-law and and

Rome by Rome by the Popethe Pope

The The Congress Congress of Vienna of Vienna restored restored

the the states states

and old and old monarchimonarchi

es in es in 18151815

Nationalism began to Nationalism began to rise-resorgimento- rise-resorgimento-

resurgenceresurgence

Three Three ideas for ideas for

unificationunification emerged:emerged: Republic, Republic,

Monarchy, Monarchy, The PopeThe Pope

Giuseppe Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini formed formed

the Young the Young Italy Italy

movement movement in 1831 to in 1831 to drive out drive out foreign foreign rule and rule and create a create a Republic Republic of Italyof Italy

King Victor Emmanuel I

The Kingdom of The Kingdom of Sardinia became Sardinia became

the hope of the hope of monarchistsmonarchists

Some favored Some favored unification under the unification under the

PopePope

Vincenzo GiobertiVincenzo Gioberti Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX

1848: Italian Nationalists rose in 1848: Italian Nationalists rose in revolt against state governmentsrevolt against state governments

Mazzini and Garibaldi Mazzini and Garibaldi declared the Republic of declared the Republic of

Italy in Rome, 1848Italy in Rome, 1848

The The RevolutioRevolutio

ns of ns of 1848-49 1848-49 failed: failed:

The The French French

restored restored Pope Pius Pope Pius

IX; IX; Austria Austria

regained regained Lombardy Lombardy

and and VenetiaVenetia

Count Count Camilo di Camilo di Cavour, Cavour, Prime Prime

Minister of Minister of Sardinia, Sardinia,

became the became the leader of leader of

the the pragmatic pragmatic movement movement

to unite to unite ItalyItaly

Cavour’s goal: Unite Italy Cavour’s goal: Unite Italy under the Constitutional under the Constitutional

Monarchy of SardiniaMonarchy of Sardinia

CavourCavour and Sardinia allied with and Sardinia allied with Napoleon IIINapoleon III and France to drive and France to drive

Austria out of ItalyAustria out of Italy

1859: 1859: France France

and and SardiniSardinia drove a drove Austria Austria out of out of

LombarLombardydy

Garibaldi and his Red Garibaldi and his Red Shirts conquered Sicily Shirts conquered Sicily

and Naplesand Naples

Garibaldi Garibaldi met met

Victor Victor EmmanuEmmanu

el II; el II; Naples Naples

was was annexed annexed to Italyto Italy

British British cartoon cartoon

showing the showing the roles of roles of

Garibaldi Garibaldi and King and King

Victor Victor Emmanuel II Emmanuel II

in uniting in uniting ItalyItaly

Right foot in the boot this time.

After After the the

Seven Seven Weeks’ Weeks’

War, War, 1866, 1866, Italy Italy

gained gained Venetia Venetia as the as the ally of ally of

victoriovictorious us

PrussiaPrussia

Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned King

of Italy, March 1861

The French army remained The French army remained in Italy until France in Italy until France

declared war on Prussia, declared war on Prussia, July 1870July 1870

When the When the French French

withdrew, withdrew, the Papal the Papal

States States were were

annexed annexed to the to the

Kingdom Kingdom of Italy, of Italy,

SeptembeSeptember 1870r 1870

Pope Pius Pope Pius IX IX

refused refused to to

recognize recognize the the

annexatiannexation of the on of the

Papal Papal States. States.

He He became became

the the ‘Prisoner ‘Prisoner

of the of the Vatican’.Vatican’.Italia Irredenta:

added after World War

IItalia Irredenta:

“I must surrender the sword, my son, but I keep the keys!”

Italy and the Vatican settled their Italy and the Vatican settled their differences in the Lateran Pact of 1929.differences in the Lateran Pact of 1929.

Cavour: Cavour: “The Head”“The Head”

Garibaldi: Garibaldi: “The Sword”“The Sword”

Mazzini:Mazzini:“The Soul”“The Soul”

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II:II:

“The Sovereign”“The Sovereign”

Summary of Italian UnificationSummary of Italian Unification• Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic

WarsWars• Congress of Vienna re-established separate Congress of Vienna re-established separate

states; Austria became the dominant powerstates; Austria became the dominant power• Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead

Italian unificationItalian unification• Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of

Italian NationalismItalian Nationalism• Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated

creator of the force that created Italycreator of the force that created Italy• Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of

realpolitikrealpolitik who made the practical moves who made the practical moves necessary for unification; Constitutional necessary for unification; Constitutional monarchy was the compromisemonarchy was the compromise

• Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830, Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830, 1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created 1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created the nationthe nation

• Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church reconciledreconciled