The Kennedy & Johnson Years
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Transcript of The Kennedy & Johnson Years
The Kennedy & Johnson Years
Chapter 28
Kennedy – The New Frontier
1960 Presidential Campaign Republican VP Richard E. Nixon
with Henry Cabot Lodge vs. Democrat John F. Kennedy
with Lyndon B. Johnson
Election of 1960 Kennedy had to overcome:
Election of 1960 On his side
money for campaign youthful, energetic appearance ____________ hero
Election of 1960 1960 – ____________________arrested
in Atlanta for sit-down strike Eisenhower and Nixon ignored
the situation JFK championed him in his
campaign _________________talked the judge
into releasing him, pending appeal
Won _______________voters
Election of 1960
Nixon had to overcome:
Appearance in 1960 presidential debate – looked _______________________________
_______________
President and 1st family youthful, energetic, and exposed on TV to the public
Jackie elegant and well spoken. Fluent in _______________________and an asset on foreign trips
Caroline and later John were photographed in the White House and at Hyannis Port with their parents.
CamelotInaugural Address:
“Ask not what your country can do for you…..”
Camelot
Effect on youth was to inspire them. Many future diplomats and politicians became politically active in the early 1960’s, including
Advisors to Kennedy were young; average age 47.
_____________was Attorney General.
Camelot Kennedy’s infirmities
were hidden from the media.
Bad back and __________ disease often left him in pain.
_______________ also kept from media
Cuba ____________________backed by
USA US companies owned over
50% of land and resources US mob ran Havana casinos
– “sin city”
Cuban Revolution Middle class of professionals,
primarily in Havana, supported
Peasants supported
Cuba only _________from Continental United States
Under previous treaties, US had right to intervene if Cuba had domestic problems
Eisenhower authorized a plan for the CIA to train Cuban refugees to invade Cuba
Kennedy had to approve the plan a few months after he took office
Opposed the plan but military advisors advocated approval
Reluctantly gave his consent
April 15-16, 1961 Invasion force was dropped off
as planned Castro’s forces were waiting for
them Kennedy withdrew American air
support and left them to be captured
Out of 1500,
Cuba began getting economic aid from the Soviet Union
Built
Khrushchev demanded that all American troops leave
When Kennedy refused Khrushchev had a wall built to keep
Known as the ____________, it was a symbol of the so-called _____________and Cold War
It remained until 1989.
In 1962, the Soviet Union was behind the USA in missile technology
Soviet Union had mid-range missiles only
USA had long-range missiles capable of hitting the USSR from the USA
USA had mid-range missiles positioned in Europe to hit the USSR
_____ spy planes photographed missile sites in Cuba
Kennedy and his advisors met secretly to discuss their options
If the sites were operational, missiles could reach the USA in and Washington DC in about
USA believed the sites were not yet operational but that the Soviet Union was in the process of sending the nukes to Cuba
October 22, 1962 Kennedy appeared on TV to announce a
Demanded that the Soviets withdraw all nukes from Cuba
They declined
the Soviet ships reached the naval blockade
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy & Khrushchev reach an agreement on October 27, 1962
October 28, 1962 Khrushchev announced that the missiles were withdrawn in return for a promise from the USA
Secretly, the USA also agreed to withdraw missiles from _____________, which was Khrushchev’s objective all along.
Closest the world came to nuclear holocaust
Cuban Missile Crisis Results:
Decrease dependence on nukes and increase capabilities of conventional military
______________Founded by Kennedy in 1961. Volunteers went to foreign
countries to promote peace
Founded by Kennedy in 1961. Volunteers:
Food, loans and Peace Corps volunteers sent to Africa
Alliance For Progress offered billions to Latin American countries if they promised to begin democratic reforms.
Response to Alliance for progress
by Ché Guevara After the failed April 1961 "Bay of
Pigs" invasion of Cuba, U.S. Pres. J.F. Kennedy attempted a "regime change" by other means. He proposed a large aid package to Latin America and called it the Alliance for Progress……(Kennedy’s goal) “to build a hemisphere where all men can hope for a suitable standard of living and all can live out their lives in dignity and in freedom."
………..Nothing could have been further from the truth. The United States was looking for a way to isolate the revolutionary government of Cuba and provide a counterbalance to the example of socialism that Cuba provided.
Response to Alliance for progress
Ché Guevara
Domestic Policies Kennedy shocked to find out that
over 42 millions Americans Kennedy one of wealthiest
presidents; personal income of ______________, family income many times that.
In May 1961 passed the Area Redevelopment Act to assist distressed regions.
Began working on an anti-poverty program that he planned to introduce in 1964
Domestic Policies Called for cooperation between
industry, labor and government to reduce
Labor agreed to concessions but the steel industry attempted to raise prices.
Kennedy canceled government contracts for steel and was accused of using heavy-handed tactics. Steel industry capitulated and decided not to raise prices after all.
Space Program Eisenhower established
____________ Thought trip to moon was waste
of money _____________- Soviets orbital flight
encircled the earth. Khrushchev “Communist triumph over a decaying capitalistic system."
Space Program
Kennedy, "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth."
Space Program Promised manned flights to the
moon by end of decade Started ____________ program Assassinated before it was
accomplished
Assassination – Nov. 22, 1963
Dallas, Texas in motorcade through city
______________arrested and accused of shooting from book deposit building
______________killed Oswald 2 days after his arrest and before he could stand trial.
Died in prison a few years later of natural causes.
Convened by Johnson to put an end to the conspiracy theories
Found that Oswald had acted alone and so had Ruby
Few people believed them
Johnson – The Great Society
“Kennedy inspired...Johnson delivered.”
Johnson - sworn in on Air Force One
Kept Kennedy’s Addressed Congress on Nov. 27,
where he praised Kennedy and promised to continue his agenda
Congress agreed to support the programs they previously opposed
proposed by Kennedy
War on PovertyState of the Union Address,
1964 Created
__________________________with $1 billion budget to oversee anti-poverty program
_________– job training for youths 16 to 21
___________– preschool for underprivileged children
War on PovertyState of the Union Address,
1964 ________ – Volunteers in
Service to America – Peace Corps at home
Allowed American Indians to support and operate their own anti-poverty programs
Civil Rights Act of _______ Section 703 (a) made it unlawful
for an employer to "fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or privileges or employment, because of such individual's _____________ _________ __________ ______________, or ___________________________.
Election of 1964 Lyndon Johnson and Hubert
Humphrey
Anti-poverty and Civil Rights
Barry Goldwater and William Miller
“extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice”.
Johnson victory with _____of the vote
Great Society – 1965 ________ – health care for people
over 65
__________ – health care for poor people
Elementary and Secondary Education Act – 1.3 billion to schools in poor areas
Great Society – 1965 _________________– Urban renewal
and subsidized housing
___________________________________________________created to oversee Omnibus programs
Great Society – 1965 Money given to National
Endowment of the _____ and National Endowment of the ________________
Created the Corporation for
Environmental Issues Rachel Carson - Wrote Silent
Spring in 1962 about the effects of ____ on wildlife.
Pesticide companies denied culpability and held up progress for years
Johnson passed the Water Quality Act of 1965; the Air Quality Act of 1967; and the Water Pollution Act of 1968 to help clean up the environment
was outlawed
Environmental Issues Johnson created new
(1968)
Immigration Act of 1965 ___________ – 20,000 per country
outside of Western Hemisphere Overall limit of 170,000 Eastern
Hemisphere 120,000
Western Hemisphere**Exempt from Quotas
Warren Court Decisions ______________________________(195
4) Separate but equal is not
constitutional
_______________________(1963) – Lawyers must be provided free of charge if defendants could not afford them
Bill of rights not just for the wealthy
Warren Court Decisions ____________________(1964) –
Right to an attorney during police interrogations
Bill of Rights not just for the educated
_________________– (1966) – Defendants have to be aware of their rights to exercise them.
Same as above
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy -Johnson Johnson committed
to restore order and prevent a communist rebellion.
Withdrew a year later after installing a pro-American government by
Vietnam French colony until 1954 _________________in 1955 divided it
into North and South Vietnam Eisenhower – sent _________,
military advisors and millions of dollars to support S.V.
Kennedy – sent an additional _________ military advisors/troops
By 1964, S.V. was losing and a take over by communist NV seemed imminent
Johnson committed _______________
Foreign Policy and the Great Society
By 1966 America
Opposition to programs mounted – included lack of local control and the desire for more money in Vietnam
Programs slowed but remained strong until Reagan Era. Many still exist in some form.