The journey of breast cancer discovery and research - October 2015 awareness month
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Transcript of The journey of breast cancer discovery and research - October 2015 awareness month
The journey of breast cancer discovery and research
QBRI Cancer Team
Journey of Breast Cancer Discovery
Breast cancer stats
most common cancer among women in the world: 1/5 womenHereditary cancer: 5-10% of cases, 40-70% riskMiddle East: rise in incidence of 50-70% by 2020
age at diagnosis = 10 years younger than Western worldQatar: 150 new cases in 2011, 30% Qatari
male breast cancervery rare form of cancer: 1/1000 menrisk factors: high estrogen levels, hereditary genetic mutation in BRCA1/2Middle East: ~ 10%
Journey of Breast Cancer Discovery
1600BC Imhotep –
breast disease
160BCC. Galen –
tumors are not all alike
1700sJ. Hunter –
coagulation of lymph
1838J. Müller –
cancer = abnormal cells
1896T. Beatson –
hormone dependency
1967Elwood Jenson –
estrogen receptor
1994Mark Skolnick -
BRCA1/2
1900sC. Haagensen –
CCC staging
1963S. Saphiro/P. Strax – mammography trial
460BC Hippocrates –
Karkinos, humoral
Journey of Breast Cancer Discovery
2000s miRNAs
2005-omics era
2011genome editing
2015adoptive cell
therapy
2004CTCs
Journey of Breast Cancer Treatment
548BC Aëtius of Amida-
mastectomy
1700sHenri Le Dran –
surgery early stage
1880sWilliam Halsted -
radical mastectomy
1908George Chicotot - radiation therapy
1949Louis
Goodman- chemotherapy
1990sTargeted therapy
Prophylactic surgery
2010sImmunotherapy
1970sCT scan
Lumpectomy
1980shormonal therapy
160BC Claudius Galen-
surgery & bleeding
Role of Breast Cancer ResearchMajor Aspects
Understanding the biology of breast cancer
Finding new and/or improving existing treatments
Improving diagnosis
Genetic/Epigenetic alterationsOncogenes/Tumor suppressors
miRNAs
Cell cycle/ApoptosisEnergy metabolismDifferentiationCommunication (microenvironment, cell-cell adhesion, cell-ECM adhesion)
Proliferation/survival Invasion Neo-angiogenesis Metastasis
Role of Breast Cancer ResearchMajor Aspects
Understanding the biology of breast cancer
Finding new and/or improving existing treatments
Improving diagnosis
Causes:
Cellular abnormalities/Mechanism of development
and progress:
DNA:cell cycle arrest/cell death
Oncogenes/Tumor suppressors:inhibition of proliferation, migration, invasion, neo-
angiogenesis, ...
Pharmacological molecules: chemicals, monoclonal antibodies,
DNA/RNA
Cell-based therapy:T cells, NK cells
Sensitivity/ResistancePredictive markers
Target identification: Therapeutic tools:
Treatment response:
Role of Breast Cancer ResearchMajor Aspects
Understanding the biology of breast cancer
Finding new and/or improving existing treatments
Improving diagnosis
Role of Breast Cancer ResearchMajor Aspects
Improving screening techniques: Circulating Tumor Cells:
Nucleated EpCAM-positive
Cytoplasmic cytokeratin-positiveLacking the common leukocyte
antigen CD45
Increasing sensitivity of imaging tests:
mammography, ultrasound,
MRI, PET,
…
Body fluid tumor markers:
Not yet identified
Understanding the biology of breast cancer
Finding new and/or improving existing treatments
Improving diagnosis
Major Research Tools
Omics (genome, transcriptome, proteome, epigenome, … analyses)
Gene overexpression (plasmids/cDNA)Gene depletion (siRNA)
Protein inhibition (neutralizing antibodies, inhibitory small molecules)
Cellular and animal models / Tumor tissue and blood samples
Proliferation, migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth, tumorgenicity, … assays
Natural products/ChemistryMonoclonal antibodies
BiophysicsBiochemistry
Bioinformatics
Understanding the biology of breast cancer
Finding new and/or improving existing treatments
Improving diagnosis
Surgery
• Docetaxel• Paclitaxel• Platinum agents (cisplatin,
carboplatin)• Vinorelbine (Navelbine®)• Capecitabine (Xeloda®)• Liposomal doxorubicin
(Doxil®)• Gemcitabine (Gemzar®)• Mitoxantrone• Ixabepilone (Ixempra®)• Albumin-bound paclitaxel
(nab-paclitaxel or Abraxane®)
• Eribulin (Halaven®)
External beam radiation
Chemotherapy Hormonetherapy
Radiationtherapy
Internal radiation (Brachytherapy)
Lumpectomy Partial mastectomy
Current Pillars of Breast Cancer Treatment
Mastectomy
Targeted Therapy Immunotherapy
Personalized Medicine
How can you contribute to advance breast cancer research?
THANK YOU