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The Journal of Spelean History OFFICIAL PUBLICATION of The AMERICAN SPELEAN HISTORY ASSOCIATION

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Volume 6 No 2 Spring 1973

process is often us ed the editor should be contacted in advance concershyning the current type of manuscript preparation desired Submission of rough drafts for preliminary editing is encouraged Ulustrations require special handling and arrangements must be made with the editor in adshyvance

ABOUT BACK ISSUE S

The last two volumes are available from the Secretary -treasurer middotat $500 per volume About half the other issues are available at $100 per copy

All back issues are available on microfiche tact Company Route 100

ABOUT THE COVER

To accompany Suart Sprague1s lead article on Luray Cavern dredged from the files one of three paintings of in-l876 toMrmiddots Benton P StebbinS late Arthur C Stebbins her son white prints of all three some years ago my book Depths of the earth the third remains to date

ABOUT THE ASSOCIATION

The American Spelean History Association is chartered as a non-profit corporation for the study dissemination and int erpretation of spelean history and related purposes All persons of hi gh ethical and moral character who are interested in these goals are cordially invited to become members Annual membership is $500 family membership $600 Library subscriptions are $400

ABOUT THE QUARTERLY

The Association publishes The Journal of Spelean History on a quarterly basis bull Pertinent articles or reprints are welcomed As a photo-offset

for middotfurther information con- CKrausReprint Millwood N Y 10546

ILLUSTRATION

yr editor

wife of one of its discoverers kindly provided me with black and

One of the others appears in

that cave as it appeared The

unpublished

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TH E JOUR NA L OF SPELEAN HISTORY

Official quarterly publication of the American Spelean History Association

President Secretary -treasurer Editor

Dr John F Bridge PeterM Hauer Dr William R Halliday 206 W 18th Ave 3417 Walnut 1117 36th AvenueltE Columbus Ohio Harrisburg Penna Seattle Wash

Volume 6 No 2 April-June 1973

TABLE OF CONTENTS

30 Luray Caverns in the 18901s by Stuart Seeley Sprague

32 Oregon Caves Oregon by RS Knutson

33 The forgotten father of California spe1eology by Hugh W Blanchard

The encounter of the Long Count Keeper by Barbara MacLeod

C 38 Preliminary abstracts June 1973 N SS Convention History Session gtlt ---

41 Reprint section the Burns and Rose reports onWyandotte and Marengo - Caves Indiana

51 Old postcard views of Wyandotte Cave

53 Colloquy a d memorabilia-exchange

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Daily HelE

AE 2

RETAIL

2 1

575 50

75 100 125 150 175

4 3

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TABLE ONE

HI GH DAYS WEEK OF WEEKTOTAL DAY TOTAL COMMENTS IF ANY Ag 28-S 3 $65615 1 43835 Help with ExcursionLynchburg

13955

Je 26-J 2 36900 29 313 30

Jl 3-9 22700 5 9000 Guides amp Guards Roanoke Excursion $1650 Jl 10-16 19240 16 3365 Guides amp Guards 13th OldTown J1 Ap

17-23 23-29

18615 18045

21 10770 25 14570

J H Morrison extra Guides amp Guards SS

g uide 4 amp 21 $200 Party $800

Ag 21-27 25 5625 o 9-15 12495 10 4260 Guides amp Guards 9 amp 10 $1350 S 4-9 12410 4 3720 o 16-22 10740 2800

TABLE TWO

E xcursion Date Take Extra Difference Baltimore amp Ohio Railroad

Pennsylvania Railroad Ag 1 1 N 3 Mr 4

5

$1640 less than$20

$6645

$ 850 250 350 500

$ 790

370 6295 -130

TABLE THREE

1 8 9 8 - 1 8 9 9 MA Y JUNE AUGUST SE NOVEM JANFEBJULY MAR APRP TEM OCTOB

Dressed 950 1325 625 424 1725 2450 500 1 1 75 375 715 590 1225 400 LOS 290 1270Rough

6 x 8 100 250 5 x 8 00 35

250 1 50 00 150 00 35 00 00 00 35

Stereo-optican 800 1200 1200 1250 UOO 825 475 700 775

Books Rubbers

$ 025

470 460 1290 840 1 460 610 1 920 1480 160 440 480 360 470 260 30 10

2155 3610 5295 3715 5080 3970 5975 2980

1899 E V A N S BOX 1 BOX 2

29 27

MARB L E BOX 3 BOX 4

24 0

C OMP A NY BOX 5 BOX 6

4 24

3915 L50

7285

50

C

42 1 2 42 5 1 4 7 2 1 8 24 25 31 45 78 61 67 64 35 42 21 21 32 25 30 30 7 40 28 o 26

4 5 21 7 16 10 200

BROKEN TOTAL

o 0 3 0

300 151

9 2 2 12

250 175

o 6 3 14

137 233

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LURAY CAVERNS IN THE 1890S A STUDY IN SPELEO-ECONOMICS BY Stuart Seely Sprague A ssociate Professor of History Morehead State University

Morehead Kentucky

The Universi ly of Virginiais Zerkel Family and Luray Caverns Papers (6364) provides the historian with a rare glimpse into the day by day operations of a 19th Century show cave The collection includes a run of account books from December 1891 to 1903 plus a scattering of samshyple tickets Two year s have been s elected for study December 1891shyNovember HJ92 (the first member of the series and May 1898-April 1899 (one of the years for which there is an unusually complete record)

Income for 1891-1892 was summarized monthly (with the exception of July) and broken out into three categories admissions which accounted for seven out of every eight dollars of revenue photographs approximately eight per cent and specimens 3 34 All months were profitable though the coldest months (November-March) brought a net profit of only $198 This total of five months was less than the profi t of any other single month with the exception of October ($140 26) 0 Expenses were less flexshyible than receipts They reached $104 87 in May $13480 in June and remained at or above $150 through the end of the accounting year An October notation commission to Smith on speci mensII indicates that a settling of accounts kept expenses up during the colder months bull

( Daily entries for 1898 -lS99 indicate that at least by this time package tours run by railroads accounted for the profitability of the caverns Extra guides werepaid $100 per day and extra guards half that figure The role of excursions is clearly seen in the figures for the only ten weeks during which income exceeded $100 (See Table-One) The four starred high days account for $100505 Income for the other 361 days of the year totalled $294020 That is to $ay that four days provjded more than one quarter of the yearls income I But not all excll5ionsmiddot -were financial successes bull (See Table -Two)

Not all expenses were middotfor gUides Between NOember 1898 and April 1899 Zerke1 made five magnesium ribbon purchases at $7 S5 each Commission Johnson amp Herter $59 80 is an entry that could relate to tours photos or specimens Publicizing the cave was accomplished by trading flyers with nearby summer resorts and putting them on display A Sptember entry reads postage on pamphlets to summer resorts $1 bO -The pamphlets were probably batched together and postage rates were then low so $1 60 covered a multitude of copies

With todays interest in cave stereo-opticon slides and conservation perhaps the most interesting information relates to photographs and mineral specimens (See T able Three)

The specimens (or at least six boxes of them that arrived in June 1899) did not come from inside Luray Caverns but rat her were shipped by the

( Evans Marble Company of Baltimore The specimens were then sold at prices varying from 25cent to $200

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A late 1899 entry indicates that 42 5 Luray Views were ordered from CH James in multiples of twenty five each Nos 7 59 18 17 25 19 73 47 37 69 61 (twenty five each) and fif ty of those that were selling like hotcakes 29 41 91

Analyzing the statistics for 1898-1899 one sees t he rise of the photoshygraphic book of the cave at the expense of the 5 x 8 or 6 x 8 inch cabshyinet photograph The category books sold included (between October 1898 and April1899j Guidebooks $1580 and Phot o books $7445 In June 1899 Zerkel ordered 300 photo books from J Mo JorElan of Philashydelphia The stereo -opticon slide might have suffered with the growshying popularity of the photo book It would require an analysis of the entire account book series to determine such a trend accurately This article is suggestive not definitive Hopefully financial records of other caverns will be discovered and analyzed Lurays cave business was no longer a one man operation The role of the railroad the reshysort industry and those who provided stereo -opt icon slides books and specimens complicated yet made more profitable the running of a show cave

OREGON CAVES OREGON -- by R S Knutson

Oregon Caves in the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon is historshyically the most important cave in the Northwest and is the largest in the region with 11500 feet of passages surveyed This solution cave is located in a large body of marble at an elevation of 4000 feet on the slopes of Mt Elijah and has a vertical extent of 40Q feet ThemiddotmiddotOregon Caves (the official name for the single cave) was discovered in 1874 and was soon rivalled as the western rival to the great eastern caves such as Mammoth and Luray F ltsM

ment

Intensive exploration especially by Nickerson of Kerby Oregon determined the present limits of

the cave before the turn of the century The comparison with Mammoth and other great caves was an exaggeration but served to stimulate intershy

est and in l909 the cave was set aside as OregonCaves National Monushy

This represented the first serious cave exploration and consershyvation efforts in the Northwest Investigation by organized speleology of this very complex tortuous and difficult cave was initiateCi only as recently as 1959 In 1970 the Oregon Grotto of the National Speleoshylogical SOciety began a remapping and interpretive project which has resulted in the detailed mapping of 11500 feet of passage Many leads which are difficult of access and perhaps passages once known b lost over the years are only now being rediscovered The tour route trashyverses most of the limits of the cave and the only major off-tour area is the extremely rugged South End where an ascent of 250 feet occurs in a short horizontal distance The tour area was much vandalized and soiled by early explorers and visitors The National ParkService has been actively engaged in cleaning the tour speleothems and these are in better shape now than they have been for at least 10 years A number of relatively unspoiled areas exist off the tour route with pristine white dripstone and flowstone Further exploration and excavation are exshy

pected to open new areas in the comparatively near future especially in the South End where difficult climbing is routine

(for references see page 13) 32

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nearby comp1etelyI

descriptions Sgenes Wonder Cur10sitX CaJ1tQrma

survey Sequoia

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THE FORGOTTEN FATHER OF CALIFORNIA SPFLEOLOGY

by Hugh W Blanchard

The beauty of that early June day in 1938 was lost on the young man who viewed with dismay the harsh basalt landscape surrounding him He was literally stranded in the middle of the Modoc Lava Beds at Lava Beds National Monument in extreme Northeastern California For months he had antici ated his usual summer vacation of camping and sightseeing and now this The replacement for the broken axle which had caused this calamity had to be ordered from Oregon compelling a stay of several days in this desolate spot Still one should make the best of it and perhaps looking at a few of those lava tubes might make the time pass faster

Thus the quirk of a broken axle started one of the most remarkable individual achievements in western speleology For E in Walter Bischoff a stra ping (6ft 5in) 23 year old San Francisco State College student was so fascinated by the lava tubes that he explored all be could find and then went OD to the Oregon Caves which he recalls won me over

Upon returning to his home in Oakland he explored the handful of generally known California caves such as Mercers amd Moaning After that he was on his own as far as finding cave looations There was no national society or any oave listing to guide him

Many evenings were subsequently spent in libraries poring over old cave in such mid-nineteenth century tomes as 1 V Hutchings AD4 1a as he tried to puzzle out their location from the long vanished roads and 1allldmarks cOlltained 1 the timewora volumes The oBly California oaviag i existence was 1u1e Walter Frys report OD the caves i National Park- and this repcrt waa so limited aad obscure that Bischoff does not recall kaowi_got its existence

He remembers that speleo10gy ad spelUDkimg were UDknowa

terms in those times - most of friends thought I was a bit queer i interests I did succeed i interesting a bundy ot mine to accompany me OR some ot my trips - but most of them were by myself (oontrary to all good cave satety rules) My vaoations eaoh year consisted of viSiting more or less desolate areas ot Calitornia Nevada Idaho aRd Crego searohing out oaves I remember once wandering through the lava desert of Idaho 1ookil1g tor aa ioe cave Bear St ABthoJlY when a lOBe 8heepherder Doted the California plate on my car Whe I told him what I was looking for he gave me direotioDs but stated iaoredulously You mean you came all the way here from Califshyornia to look at a hole i the groumd He had lived by the oave all his lite and had mever OBce entertained the notio ot elllteriJlg it

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After graduating from oollege in 1940 with a major in English Literature (despite an intense but too late interest ltin geology in his senior year) he learned by a newsnaper item of the existence of the NSS and joined as member number 163 To say that he was an aotive member is an understatement He immediately beoame a prolific correspondent with such Societyluminaries as William Stephenson and Charles F Mohr and sent dozens of cave locations and descrintions to the SooietyBy 1943 he was on the Board of Gove rnors-and ohairman of the Fxploration Committee In this latter post he oommunioated with many nationally known s eleologists suoh as Professor Clyde Malott of Indiana University

NSS Bulletins no4 (1942) through7 (1945) are repletewith his expedition reports and letters An interesting insight into his views is oontained in a 1942 letter contained in Bulletin no 6 oonoerning a proposed glossary of speleologshyical terms In it he states that for speleology to beoome a true soience it had to strive for more exactness in its definshyItioRs and o btain more detailed and soientifio classification of oaves3

This philosophy is apparent in his greatest oaving aohieveshyment - the so-oalled Bisohoff Report offioially titled A list ot oaves ot the Paoifio Coast Area This represents the first attempt to list all Calitornia and other western oaves The idea oame to him when NBS BUlletin 803 (1941) i listing all knewn caves showed none from California The initial listing was cprepared in 1941 was revised to duly 1942 and a tew additions made in 1946 The oompleted report oontai ns70 Calitornia oaves

a separate listing ot 45 oaves in the Modoo Lava Beds list also inoludes 8 oaves trom Nevada 20 trom Oregon aad

10 trom Idaho They were listed tirst by number theA by name oounty looatioa (latitudelongitude township ad seetiogt quadrangle and type (A-arohaeologicai through V-voloanio)

Work on the list oame to a halt when Bisohott entered the Army in 1944 While stationed i Texas and Oklahoma he seat intormatioA OD oaves in those states to the Sooiety and later i Europe he explored the Grotte des Remouohamps in Belgiu m and the Teutelshehle i Germany

Upon returning to California ift 1946 Bischoft resumed oaving but not for long or with his old intensity He was DOW married aDd soon had two soas He writes WMy caving days oame to an end with my marriage and the arrival of two ohildrea This put aa end to my casual wanderings (too busy ohangimg diapers ) Now that my sons are grOWR I have somehow DeTer gottea baok to oaving Caving has now become more sophistioatedaDd more knowledgable people are involved - an old s elunker like me teels sort ot out of it shy

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Caves California

SeQUoia Nature Guide Seryige

SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California

Stanford Grotto Monthlz Report

Although his oaving days were now behind Bischoff has not lacked for other interests A fenoer at oollege he later managed the Oakland Fencing Club Other activities are square and folk dancing adult boy scouting and being a enthusiast who goes on many river trips with the Sierra end American Canoe A sociation In his snare time he does researoh on the Canadian fur trade and decoupage He has resided for Manv vears in Sacramento where he is an official of the State Denartment of Motor Vehicles

Fven while Bischoff was taking his last caving trips in the late 1940s the modern era of western caving had egun with the formation of the Northern California Grotto in 1947 and the Stanford and Southern California Grottoes a year later Although it is only natural to regret Bisohoffs early departure from the caving scene his reports had already established his plaoe in oavingts hagiography They provided the nuoleus for the definitive where Halliday paysspecial aoknowledgment to his groundwork4 The brilliant albeit short-lived Stanford Grotto made him its only honorary member in 1950 with its president George W Moore deolaring him the originator of the systematiC study of caves in Calitornia5 Although Bischoffs name is virtually unknown to the present generation of cavers that assessment is still valid

( - REFFRHNCBS

1 Personal communications with F W Bischoff 1973

2 Fry Walter 1925 - Bullno Caves of Sequoia National Park and Their Discovery (reprinted 5 nol pp11-13)

3 6 (1944) pp 67-68

4 Halliday William R 1962 pp2 and 4

5 VolINo5 p 3 (January 1950)

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The Encounter of the Long Count Keeper by Barbara MacLeod

Old the dust that sifts upon the altar older still A thousand years since man stood here or walked beneath this hill Above the tangled forest wild where once the temples stood But here the tendrils never reach nor falls the rotting wood

Old the bowls where incense burned and older yet the stones They whisper warn to not disturb the endless sleep of bones Deep and black the river calls the Mayas answered then The water spirits beckon still to those who venture in

I chose this cave where spirits dwell to find the finest thread That takes me to the edge of things where wisdom lies ahead For this place I could not prepare by unperceived design I stood before the altar there and waited for a sign

The writing on the mossy stone the ancients did incise It danced and faded and it touched somewhere behind my eyes A bove the glowing coals I raised my trembling f ingers high And there let fall the white copal which calls the spirits nigh

The pungent smoke curled upward casting shadows on the wall My shadow solitary stood--btt I was not alone at all

I could not breathe the air was thick with breath that reeked of slime lIve come II said he land now with me youll cross the edge of Time II

My hardhat and my carbide lamp he made me leave behind With pitch-pine torch I stumbled down to where the stream does wind Chill and black the water stood I shuddered but stepped in From rock to rock I waded as he drew me from within bull

The powdered marble stalagmites before me seemed to grow Behind me silently they moved--but this I did not know The vampires bared their angry teeth and fluttered past my head tlBehold the bat god welcomes you my unseen guide then said

Take head do not be frightened here you know these caverns well Your eyes have marked the way back outj youlll have a tale to-tellI Id told myself these words before I grappled with them now But terror seized the moment and I turned--I know not how

The cave behind looked strange to me as strange as that ahead IIThey look the same exactly my gUide then laughing said The way in is the way back out outside your mind or in Its just another way to go back where we all begin I

Id had enough I started back--it seemed to matter then But every lead I followed only took me deeper in IIAnd so the joke (he laughed aloud) youre here youre where you are For once you Ive let go of the past you cannot go too far

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But come lets hurry on II he called lCyou said you came to learn The torch I carried flickered low it hadnt long to burn On and on-- my mind adrift on seas of fallen stones That broke on shores of oozing mud which hungered for my bones

IIBut what about the sun oerhead the great and mossy trees The moon the wind the stars the rain--why cantt lIlearn from these II You shall meet them allt II he said youll come to know them well But hurry for your torch burns low and with it ends the spell

The shadows rose and with me travelled now the taunting phantom fear The torch became too short to hold he said I leave you here Perhaps youlll find a vaulted room where daylight trickles in The damp green moss and songs of birds could guide your footsteps then II

I watched the scattered embers fade--th dying of the light And now my silent universe was filled with starless night But through my resignation came the challenge of his words Perhaps lId find the sunlit room perhaps lId hear the birds

Now plunged in total darkness on I groped along the ground But suddenly I saw the crack where sunlight filtered down I cried for joy and scrmbled on the rocks below me rolled

The air was thick with mist the sun a flash of cherished gold

Beforemiddotme now a narrow path around the breakdown wound Where tracks of many unshod feet impressed in dust I found And rows of jars in shadow waited catching water clear Collected for the month Muan the fifteenth of the year

I climbed to meet the tangled vines with birdsong overhead Ecstatic as found the trail which through the forest led But when lId reached the ridge beyond my unbelieving eyes Across the emerald valley saw the gleaming-temples rise bull bull bull

i lt to 4 1- f middoti1 i kIl So now atlast tle p ay unfOldi Ilvecrossed the edgegtofime shy

Its counted out by twenties nQw in cycles sung torhymei So many things to ask of them how did the world begin

1 And what do allthese pictures say How will the katun end

For this Id learned their words for wind and stars and rain as well I wonder willthese Mayas old their secrets to me tall Ive journeyed from beneath the earth a stranger strayed afar Perhaps 1111 learn to count the days in pictures as they are

The dusty lamp and hardhat speak a muted myst ery

How came I then to leave them there and where then Can I be Old the dust that sifts upon the altar older still But how long since I stood there or walked beneath this hill

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Photographer

PRELIMINARY ABSTRACT S

Spelean history sessions N SoSo Annual Convention June 1973 Harold Meloy presiding

Part One

FlNGALS CAVE past and present By W illiam R Halliday

Discovered by Sir Joseph Banks in 1772 and celebrated in word music and art for over a century by such giants as W ordsworth Mendelssohn and Turner Fingalls Cave was long one of the most famous points of the British Isles if not the world With changing lif e styles it was less and less visited in the 20th Century but recently figured in a minor intershynational flurry when the National Trust forSotland and this writer sought to buy it to preserve its historic cultural and scenic values from an i11shyconsidered commercialization scheme

PHOTOGRAPHIC ENTREPREN EURS AT MAMMOTH CAVE 1866 preshyliminary report By James F Qlinlan Jr bull

It is generally acknowledged that the Cincinnati photographer Charles W aldack was the first to make photographs in a cave by artificial light shystereoscopic views at Mammoth Cave in 1866 wi th the aid of burning magshynesium it is known that he was hired by J copyrighted the views at Cincinnati that the views were sold locally first with their label later withmiddot Wa 1dack1s label and nationally with the Anthshyony label The views were used for woodcuts in W 5 Forvood IS 1870 guidebook However nothing else has been known about these men and their work at Mammoth Cave

From recently discovered newspaper accounts and advertisements copyshy

right records unpublished letters actual stereographs and divers other sources the following facts are now established

1 Someone before Waldack had attempted photography in Mammoth Cave both with magnesium light and calcium light but the efforts were unsuccessshy

ful

2 The Proctor of Proctor amp OlShaughnessy is actually John R Procter (1844-1903) of Maysville Ky who was temporarily a clerk at Cincinnati He was a nephew of Larkin J Procter Later John became

A Owner o f Diamond Cave Procter Larkin1s brother

B and Bureau of Immigration

C President of the U S reformer of the civil service system

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He published two articles in the Philadelphia and Proctor and J OIShaughnessy who

Cmiddot

then the manager of Mammoth

He sold it back to his father George

State Geologist and Director of the Kentucky Geological Survey

Civil Service CommiSSion and a major cgt

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His popularly-written article about Mammoth Cave (Century Magashyzine March 1898) includes nothing about photography there None of more than a dozen biographic notices mention his association with any caves photography or Cincinnati

3 Procters partner was J ohn H OiS haughnessy a Cincinnati bookshykeeper

4 In 1866 Procter amp OShaughnessy secured 5-year photographic rights to Mammoth Cave Their first photographic expedtion to the cave ended by July 8 During itl on June 24 they submitted seven stereo views for copyright by the Mammoth Cave Photographic conpany Their second expedition began during the last week of July and lasted three months possibly it was deliberately prolonged because of the cholera epidemic then at Cincinnati About 40 addshyitional views were taken

5 The sequence duration and iconographic variations of the different issues) formats re-istiues and copies (both legal and illegal) of the Waldack views by at least 8 publishers are only partly established They were first sold in July in Cincinnati but it was not until December or January that Anthony issued 42 oftte 48 scenes and sold them nationally for more than 6 years

6 Ten Mammoth Cave views that have titles but no other identification are held as copyright deposits by the Library of Congress They have been erroneously catalogued as being by (or probably by) Waldack in 1866 and copies of two have been exhibited as his work However these ten views are part of a group taken in 1876 by Dr Mandeville Thum of Louisville Thums views most of which are technically inshyferior to those by Waldack were published in several formats and sold at the cave for several years

GUANO AND GUANO MINING IN THE SOUTHlIESTERN UNITED-STATES By Tom Meador

The sea ch for large guano deposits has played a Significant role in the exploration of many caves in the southwestern United States Here guano has been mined intermittently from one cave since 1856 and extensive minshying operations were undertaken as early as 1879

The Mexican free-tailed bat is highly colonial and large deposits of guano accumulate beneath its roosts Various methods were used in mining and transporting the guano from cave to market The principal commercial use -of guano was asn an agricultural fertilizer With the development of more economical source profitable guano mining operations ceased in -the United States

PART TWO

HISTORY OF KARST AND CAVERN RESEARCH IN INDIANA 0 By Richard L Powell Abstract not received

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THE RUSSELL To NEVILLE EXPEDrrION IN SALTS CAE KENTUCKY By Stanley D Sides MD

The famous July 1927 expedition in Salts Ccve Kentucky has been

the subject of several articles and was widely publicized by Neville The Cave Man At the time of the expedition no maps of the cave were available Glowing reports of cave passages explored and disshycovered continue to intrigue modern-day explorers of the cave The route the party took in the cave has been a source of much speculation because of difficulty correlating expedition descriptions with known passages of the cave

On-going systematic studies of the hundreds of names throughout the historic passages in Salts Cave shed Some light on the route the party took in the cave They slept twice in the cave Both sleep periods were spent at locations about 2500 feet from the historic entrance Names and dates were left up to one mile from the entrance but none are found near the Pike Chapman entrance The Chapman entrance was located on land leased by the Blue Grass Country Club and was probably open in 1927 Why this entrance wasnt used by the expeshydition remains an unanswered question No records of the expedition have been found in passages leading to other portions of the FlintshyMammoth cave syste m

ALEXANDER CAVERNS By Jack H Speece

This is the complete history of one of the most beautiful caves in Pennshy c sylvania Althought it was commercialized shortly after its digtscovery in 1926 it is presently badly vandalized and the owner forbids anyone to enter The report was prepared with the cooperation of the daughtersgt

It is difficult to

By John F

and former guides of the two managers of the cavern describe in words a cave as magnificent as this one was

THOSE STRANGE CAVES ON LAKE ERIES ISLAND Bridge (no abstract received)

THE LAST GREAT DAYS OF ONONDAGA CAVE By H Dwight Weaver

Onondaga Cave long known as the IIMammoth Cave of Missouri is on the threshold of inundation and annihilation by a US COrps of Engineers dam on the scenic Meramec River Discovered in 1886 and offiaially opened to the public in 1904 during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St Louis3 Onondaga Cave as produced a unique and turbulent historyof human conshyflicts with several interesting parallels to that of Mammoth Cave in Kentucky During the 19301s half of Onondaga Cave was shown to the public as Missouri Caverns Quarrels over the cave IS ownership carried from a 1 897 Ozark feud to the Missouri Supreme Court So far the cave has survived the jeal- _ ousiesl hatreds and schemes of men It may now be experiencing its last C great days W Hi it be damned and dammed 1

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Reprint spoundtion NARRATIVE REPORT OF WYANDOTTE AND MARENGO CAVES

INDIANA

by Robert L Burns Superintendent Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial

July 20 1965

On the morning of July 8 1965 the Research Geologist Mr Robert H Rose of the Washington office and I met in Corydon Indiana to inshy

spect Wyandotte Little Wyandotte and Marengo caves We reached Wyandotte via State Route 62 The approach was heavily forested with mixed hardwood trees of great attractiveness as was the area around the entrances to Wyandotte and Little Wyandotte caves

To enter Wyandotte and Little Wyandotte caves it is necessary to purshy

chase a ticket in an attractives wen operated lodge building which would make a first class concession operation This lodge in place and the thousand acres of mixed hardwood covered karst surface terrain was an immediate attraction The vegetation ranges from the primitive mosses and ferns to sections of a mature hardwood forest and would thus be valshy

uable as a naturalist study area such as we may not have in any other of our (Natural Park) Service units

Before proceding with the inspection of the caves themselves we met with Mr Lewis Lamon Sr During our discussion with him Mr Lamon mentioned that he understood the price asked by Mr Rothrock for Wyanshy

dotte Cave had come down from $900 000 to $600 000 Whether this is true we cannot say as no further investigation was made of the matter

While we are on the subject of sales and prices it may be well to menshy

tion that we also talked to Mrs Floyd Denton t he owner of Marengo Cave concerning the availability of Marengo She indicated that she had

thought of selling it but later she had decided to keep the cave and develop it along with the other stockholders her son and daughter However near the end of the conversation she indicated she would be willing to ell to the Government if her price was met No clues as t o this price _were disclosed

The first day the two hour trip through Wyandotte Cave was taken during the afternoon Before entering the cave it was agreed that Mr Rose would inspect the cave from a scientific viewpoi n and that I would concenshy

trate on three other factors as follows

lEacute Enjoyment by putting myself in the place of an average visitor who paid the fee to inspect the cave

2 Safety and trailimprovement 3 Lighting - with attention to the difficul ties involved in lighting

and stringing cables

I must say that this was a most delightful trip because of the ease of passage the lack of the necessity to stoop and dodge rocks the secure footing and the fact that the first hour and a quarter showed a continual variety of attentionshy

holding formations and peculiarities in the cave The temperature was a conshy

stant 54deg and the air was dry A little further along in the trip was a section of peculiar helictite formation which was protected by s creenwire This too was most interesting 41

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To Walk this two hour trip really should not take more than thirty minshyutes but one is not aware of any difficulty in walking or of distance while making this tour (I am here trying to compare my feelings with my feelings on the four hour and thirty minute trip at Mammoth Cave )

The most impressive display was the lighting by flares of the formation on top of a tremendous mountain of fallen rock This lighting could be done with floods and possibly be even more impressive than the way it was presented by the burning of magnesium strips Mr Rose and I were continually remarking how well the sections and formations could be displayed with good lighting (the trip through Wyandotte is made with the use of gasoline lamps and flashlights as there is no electric circuit in the cave)

The five and one half hour trip was made the fol lowing day through a long series of chambers and valleys to a tremendous formation which is aptly named the Pillar of the Constitution This trip was negodated by the Manager Mr Lowell Archibald Mr Rose and myself in two hours and fifteen minutes including the time we spent at the formation which amounted to about twenty minutes This was a difficult trip in that duck walking) crawling and climbing over rubble was (sic) necessary This trail could be greatly improved by maintenance work and made much moremiddot pleasureable However the point t hat I wo uld like to make here is that even with the conditions we encount ered it was a very rewarding trip be cause the Pillar of the Constit ution is so impressive This was lighted by flares being set off in different locations The thought again was that use of electricity or vari ed lighting would make this a highlight of a trip to Wyandotte or even t he highlight of a trip to this part of the country

B ased on the two trips through Wyandotte and the study of a map which showed other passages which we had not visited I feel that Wyandotte itself is unique enough and rewarding enough to deserve National Monushyment status This of course is a statement from the layman viewshypoint as I am no authority on caves but I do have a knOWledge of the problems of saiety trail improvement and lighting to somemiddotextent The variety of Wyandotte Gave is such that it would be useful for visitors of advanced age and at the same time there are sections which are ideal for the spelunker Realizing the often difficult negociation invo ved in obshytaining a property I still feel st rongly that this cave should be acquired even though this may take years

During the remainder of our time we Wyandotte These two caves would add greatly to the interest of a visit to this part of Indiana Both are filled through a majority of their chambers with very fine colorful formations Marengo is very easily

visited Marengo Gave and Little

navigated as it has tremendously wide flat clay floors and is an ideal cave to take handicapped persons through Little Wyandotte also would be adaptable for this purpose

Prior to our inspection of the caves Mr Rose and I had studied some material which was at hand and we felt that the caves might not be acceptshyalie because of vandalism My considered opini on is that vandalism is negligable in all of these caves There are names and dates on the ceilings

42

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past two days company

and the rocks Inade with candles and SOIne are scratched on the walls but Inany of these could be reInoved if necessary In the past it has been a tradition to leave ones naIne in a cave Inuch the saIne as leavshy

- ing a piece of paper with one I s naIne on the top of a mountain I do not feel that this detracted in any way froIn the enjoyment of the caves

While the caves are essentially dry and donlt drip on the visitorJ they are still alive enough in Inost places to heal any broken forInations There is no extensive damage to the forInations such as we expected before we entered the caves and I aIn sure there is as much in the way of broken formations in both Carlsbad and Mammoth caves and pershyhaps 1 in other of our Natbnal Park Service caves which I have not seen

One type of decoration by visitors is the process of making little plates rectangular in shape of wet clay and smoking the surface with a candle or torch marking the initials and placing this slab alongside the trail on a ledge This is a very gentle type of vandal ism and is an attractive curiosity to see and these are easily reInoved In another location the visitors pitch coins to the ceiling about twelve feet overhead and the coins stick in the wet clay The guides informed us that in the last two operations of reInoving the coins they collected about $35000 which was turned over to charitable organizations

My feeling after two days of visiting the caves is one of pleasure interest and hope for the acquisition of these caves by the Natbnal Park Service It was a rewarding well spent two days and I was surprised that the beauty of these caves had not been brotght to my attention by local resishyments I feel that the status of these caves as a National Park unit would

rmiddot focus attention on the unique character of the caves and the p1easure therein available to the visiting public I realize there may be some

and

-c

members of the National Park Service Staff who may possibly disagree with some of my findings However I should li ke to entertain motions only from those who

had made all of the trips whichl have made in the in the of Mr Rose

References forSteveKnutsons Oregon Cave article

Davidson Eo J 1922 History of the discovery of the Marble Halls of Oregon Oregon Hist Soc Quarterly Vol 23 pp 274-276

Halliday William R 1969 Oregon Caves Klamath Mountains Oregon Nat Spe1eol Soc Bulletin Vol 31 part 2 pp 23-31 Aprmiddotil

Halliday William R and WalSh FrankK 1971 Discovery and explorshyation of Oregon Caves Te-cum-tom Enterprises GrantsPassmiddotOre28 p

Knutson RS 1972 Longest cave Northwest Caving Vol 3 no 1 Spring p 8

Michelson Charles 1891 Another western marvel San Francisco Exshyaminer July 11

Millard FoBo 1894 Down in the underland S F Examiner June 3 Monte Cristos treasurers 4 ne 10

1+1

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GEOLOGIC EVALUATION OF WYANDOTTE AND MARENGO CAVES by Robert H Rose

Research geologist National Park Service July 20 1965

lntroduction

On July 8 I met Superintendent Robert Burns of Lincoln Boyhood Natshyional MenappaL in Corydon Indiana Together we devoted three days to a field study of Wyandotte and Marengo Caves to determine their suitability and worthiness as a unit or unitsraquo of the National Park System

These caves are located 40 miles west of Louisville Kentucky MarshyengoCave is about 20 miles almost due north of Wyandotte Wyanshydotte is approximately 10 miles west of historic Corydon Capital of Indiana Territory until 1816 $ and the State Capital thereafter until 1825

Wyandotte Cave is accessible over a good hard-surfaced road leading northward from the Wyandotte Post Office on Indiana Highway 62 From the road junction it is a half mile to the Wya ndotte Lodge near the varshyious cave entrances Marengo Cave is reached by a gravel spur road about a quarter of a mile in length leading from I ndiana Highway 64 at the junction within the eastern town limits of Marengo In describing Wyandotte Cave it is sometimes convenient to refer to two cave systems The smaller of the two systems is but a few hundred yards in length and is known as Little Wyandotte Cave The other vastly greater in length and more varied in nature is referred to as Big ndotte Cave

( Evaluation Procedures and Principles

Mr Burns and I agreed that I would evaluate the caves from a scientific viewpoint emphasizing their worth as natural geologic exhibits while he would consider visitor reactionJ safety and possiblemiddot trail improvement and the difficulties which would be encountered in the installation of a suitable and adequate lighting system While some duplication might result we agreed to submit separate reports rather than a single joint evaluation

The evaluation of Wyandotte and Marengo caves focusses on several facshytors which make it important that terminology be clarified from the beshyginning In this report the terms IIresourcesll and values are not used interchangeably as though they were synonymous Each of the terms has a different and reasonably precise meaning which if understood will keep the evaluation on true course and not lead into a wilderness of obshyscure and confused semantics

Resources are real and tangible things whether they are considered in area evaluations or in the field of economics Resources are the raw materials available for human utilization With respect to area evaluation these raw materials include such things as scenery natural scientific historic and prehistoriC objects and features and the faciliti es and services which must be provided for proper and appropriate human enjoyment and use

L44

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development

vadose

country phase

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L1-

on the other hand are a measure of the worth of these resources or raw materials in terms of their desirability esteem in which they are held appealt and their capacity to motivate people Basic resources reshymain quite constant and are clearly identifiable while values may vary This is quite understandible since resources are component parts of envirshy0nment while values are in essence human elements conditioned by human attitudes human experiences and human appraisals Values may therefore be difficult to define and measure beca use often the full impact of basic resources on people cannot be fully determined until adequate fadlities and services for their human enjoyment and use are provided

Geologic Features and Processes

Character of terrain

Wyandotte and Marengo caves lie within a large area of karst topography which extends from Kentucky across southern Indiana andnlinois into

Missouri Karst is a term originally applied to a large limestone plateau known as the Karst located along the eastern shores of the Adriatic Karst topography or simply karst is characterized by sink holes disshyappearing or lost rivers upwelling springs and high ridges and valleys usually delineated by abrupt cliffs or bluffs Cd-yes formed in karst terrain have been subjected to essentially the same maj or phases in their geologic origin and development Moreover within caves in karst areas features attributable to each of these phases may be identified

Origin and

Major phases in the origin and development of Wyandotte and Marengo caves are identified as follows Phase 1 the country rock formation phase Phase 2 the solution or phreatic phase and Phase 3 the depOSitional or

phase The subdivision into phases oversimplifies the problem but is a ullieful device provided the processes and events during intervals between phases - particularly thosmiddote betweenmiddotPhase 1 and Phase 2 -are given adequate emphasis

Phase 1 - the rock formation

PhaseI embraces the period during which the li mestone beds containing these caves were formed as sediments deposited in the seaway of Upper

MiSSissippian time some 300000 000 millionmiddot (sic) years or mote ago This sea in North America extended from the Arcticmiddot Ocean to Central Amshyerica covering the area of the Rocky Mountains of Canada and the United States with embayments thrusting northeastward to the Great Lakes and southward to the Gulf of Mexico The karst of east -central United States lies well within the confines of this ancient sea

WithinWyandotte and Marengo caves the country rock of UpperMississi pian age consists mostly of massive light-yellowish to gray limestone In Big Wyandotte Cave where the greatest thicknesses of these beds appear some of the limestone has oolitic composition and texture Conglomerate and sandstone strata also occur in close association with the more massive limestone beds indicating considerable variation occurred with respect to the depth of the sea and other conditions of deposition of the sediments

45

0

phreatic

The conglomerate and sandstone strata contain irregularly shaped siliceous masses together with cobbles pebbles and gravel identifishyable as flint and chert sometimes grading into varieties of chalcedony These are features of interest and beauty when viewed under adequate and proper lighting The bedding planes and porous layers within these strata are important because they exerted consi derable influence on the presence and movement of underground water in the subsequent sculpturing and depositional processes

The beds of conglomerate sandstone and oolitic lim estone are quite extensive in Big Wyandotte Cave Here and there in the larger passshyageways and caverns the explosed surfaces of these beds are awesome and eerie in their beauty It is a surprise and a revelation to discover that features other than stalactites stalagmites pound1owstone and related decorative features can stimulate so much curiosity and interest These are Significant features of Wyandotte cave clearly attributable to Phase 1 the country rock formation phase of development

Marengo Cave lacks noteworthy features of Phase 1 because it lies within a single level of massive limestone of uniform color and texture What Marengo lacks in features of this type however is made up for in the variety and extent of its natural decorative depositionsl exhibits

For purposes of comparison it is enlightening to note that Mammoth Cave is also sculptured in country rock of Upper MIssissippian age that Timshypanogos Jewel and Wind caves occur in somewhat older limestones of Lower to Middle Mississippian age and that Lehman Cave is enclosed in

ism into marble vastly older limestone subsequently subjected to folding and metamorphshy

of Cambrian age A chart showing these relationships appears on the following page (omitted here - ed )

The processes and events affecting the Wyandotte-Marengo locality durshying the interval between Phase 1 and Phase 2 also deserve consideration It was then that the Upper Miss-issippian at levels in which these strata caves occur were gently uplifted and slightly tilted and warped It appears that the disturbances occurred while these parti cular strata were still

As the Upper -MiSSiSSippian strata now enclOSing the caves continued to lie below the ground water table within the phreatic zone of saturation the slow-moving and slightly acid and calcium-laden waters took full advanshy

tage of bedding planes porous beds and the fracture and joint systems filling every nook and cranny within the country rock Little by little the -- openings were enlarged in places at varying rates depending on a number iC of factors not the least of which was the relative vulnerability of the rocks to the solution processes fu some places the passageways were small

46

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within the phreatic zone of saturation below the general level of the ground water table The disturbances produced much of the fracturing and jointing which played such a prominent role in the subsequent processes of sculpturshying by solution The bedding planes and the porous strata attributable to Phase 1 also exerted considerable influence on t hese processes as--previousshyly mentioned All of these features e visible with textbook clarity within Big Wyandotte Cave and serve to illustrate a number of the fundamental conshycepts of geologic science

Phase 2- the solution phase

(

(

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1

but elsewhere the caverns and domepits attained gigantic proportions Harder layers remainedto form partitions both horizontally and vershytically Grooves and flutings appear extensively in the walls and ceilshyings as further evidence of differential sculpturing by the solution proshycess

As the strata gradually emerged from the phreatic zone of saturation under considerable hydrographic pressure they carne within the vadose zone above the ground water table This was a zone of aeration in which the water was free to wander downward along devious paths unshyder the influence of gravity The network of underground voids in the rock formerly occupied by water under hydrostatiC pressure was transshyformed into a series of subterranean streams and pools of varying sizes and depths The rate of movement of the water was increased at varying rates as these streams and JPools found outlets 10 lower levels and to the ever more deeply incised drainage system of streams and their tributaries on the outside In Wyandotte Cave in due time marly all of the underground passageways and chambers were compleshytely drained The small pools and wet areas which remain are largely the result of vadose water entering the cave by percolation from the sides and roofs of the underground caverns syst ern

Geologists recognize that erosion and deposition by underground streams became a factor to reckon with as the underground caverns systems eshymerged from the phreatic zone to become pools and free-flowing streams Differences in opinion prevail however as to whether the flutings and grooves in walls and deposits of fine sediments on floors which are quite thick in places p were wholly the result of stream action The late Clyde A Mallott Professor of Geology at Indiana University was inshyclined to champion the stream action theory in t his case but there are others who ire reluctant to subscribe to this view As one who has obshyserved and given a little study to Echo River in MammothCave I see some merit in Dr middotMalotts ideas at least witArespect to the deposits of fine sediments on the cave floors which are so widespread

The emergence of the country rock Ii Wyandotte Cave from the phreatic zone might well have been more the result of the continued deepening of the exterior drainage rather than general uplift of the earth IS crust The Blue River and its tributaries have dissected the upland terrain to a reshylief of more than 400 feet Blue River is situated about 390 feet above sea level near Wyandotte Cave while the nearby sandstone-capped-ridges exceed 800 feet in altitude

There were several cycles of marine deposition followed by uplift and erosion after Upper Mississippian times However stream erosion and weathering have removed much of this later overburden during the long interval of geologic time which has elapsed since the last rise of the land above the level of ancient seas

Vast caverns and huge domepits formed during Phase 2 appear repeatshyedly during the course of the longer trips through Big Wyandotte Cave Some of them have alrmst vertical walls and barrel-vaulted ceilings and domes which are quite graceful in form and symmetry The ceilings domed upward by the spalling off of successively smaller oval and circushylar rock layers resemble architectural masterpieces Some look as if

47

rt V

classic quality throughout its length Pillared Palace and Cemetery

skilled artisans had finished their 1ask to make ready for the artists and painters to begin their work Vertical dimensions of one to two hundred feet and widths of several scores of feet are not uncommon

Some of the enormous domepits contain great pyramidal or cone-shaped heaps of rock rul)le One such feature is Monument Mountain which is reported to be 175 feet high A mass of pound1owst-one and several prominent stalagmites crown its summit It is some 30 feet from the apea of the rubble to the ceiling A fringe of stalactites hangs from the edge of a slightly lower ledge

Another of the noteworthy domepits of phreatic origin is the one in which the Pillar of the Constitution is situated Much of it is occupied by what appears to be a mixture of poundlowstone and rock rubble The Pillar of the Constitution is a stalagmitic column 3S feet in height and 75 feet in diashymeter rising from the apex of the fill material Stalacties of considershyable length hang from 1he cei ling and a number of smaller stalagmites

While some stream erosion and deposition doubtless occurred during the earlier stages of this phase the depositional or vadose phase is most important because it covers the period during which the elaborate decoshyrative feat ures such as stalactites stalagmites dripstone flow stone and helicttes were formed This is characterized as a depositional phase in cave development because it is a period in which the caves are actually being refilled after their excavation during the previous cycle The process by which percolating water emerges from the sides and ceilings of cavern systems to form the decorative depositional features of delicate beauty and great variety are too well known to require furshyther eXplanation here

It was during the vadose phase that the decorative features of Wyandotte and Marengo caves were formed The Pillar of the Constitution is one of the remarkable features of its kind in America The Crater Room and the extensive helictite display in the New Discovery section both in Big Wyandotte Cave also rank high among natural exhibits of their kind Litshytle Wyandotte Cave is adorned with a wide variety of decorative features of

In Marengo Cave the Crystal Palace are among the better exhibits illustrating

the decorative depositional phase

General observations

Big Wyandotte Cave proves that passageways caverns and domepits of Phase 2 and the country rock of Phase 1 in which they are formed can

fringe the base of the column

Phase - the depositional poundr vadose phase

capfllre and maintain visitor interest and curiosity These enormous caverns and domepits are particularly impressi ve while the burnished masses of oolitic limestone and conglomerate containing ebony-like siliceous masses are fascinating In this cave I clearly realized for the first time that resources of this type and variety can be highly Significant and that cave trips can be highly satisfying inspirational esthetic and interpretive experiences even when they do not include the decorative

48

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(-

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deposifunal features so commonly emphasized at the exclusion of other resources

Dr Malott cites the extensive evidence of early Indian entry into Wyshyandotte Cave Hammerstones have been found about the base of the Pillar of the C onstitution and considerable quantities of the pound1owstone have been quarried away Also within a gallery some 70 feet below the Pillar of the Constitution Indian spelunkers have removed a great deal of flint from the ex posed conglomerate country rock A thorough and intensive study might well reveal that Wyandotte Cave contains archeological resources of considerable importance

Neither Wyandotte nor Marengo Cave has been i ntensively studied during the past quarter of a century from the standpoint of its geoloshygic and biologic resources Much of the information obtained along these lines is therefore obsolete in light of progress that has been made during recent decades in the earth and life sCiences

The character and variety of the resources of Wyandotte and Marengo Caves may best be understood and appreciated by presenting them in tabular form (retabulated below - ed

)

Big Wyandotte

Stalagmite columns I like Pillar of the Constitution unique in size and positions atop huge rubble mountainsllbull Highly middot ornate Crater Room and superior natural exhibit of helictites in New Discovery section

Endless succession of passageways caverns and domepits some of enormous size and superlative scenic quality r Rubble Umountains ashymong largest known Striking exhibits of fractures joints and circushylar and oval cei ling sculpture Flutings and grooves as relicts of diffshyerential solution Floors covered with varying thicknesses of fine sedshyiments Several network levels

Yellowish to gray massive limestone Some are oolitic Conglomerate beds containing ebony-like chert flint and chalcedony Associated porous strata and bedding plan es

middotLittle Wyandotte

Classic decorative features Stalactites stalagmites and flowstone noteworthy in abundance and variety observable from single viewpoints

Characteristic passageways caverns and pits of avelage dimensions Country rock of walls ceilings and floors nearl y totally obscured by decorative deposi tional features

Country rock in one level of strata with lithology obscured but probably consisting chiefly of massive limestone

Marengo Cave

Exquisitely beautiful and varied decorative features ranking among finshy

est of kind in one arm of nY-shaped cave 49

17

(

Entrance des cending in stern and branching into large rather plain cavern to right and very intensively decorative and ornamental arm to left Formed in approximately the same level of country rock

r

Country rock at essentially one level and probably sonsisting of mas s ive limestone of uniform lithology

REFERENCES

l Addington Arch R 1927 A preliminary report upon the surshyvey of Indiana caves with special reference to Marengo Cave Ind Dept of Conserv bull 8th Ann Rept pp 21-31 Indianapolis

2 Collett John 1878 Geological report on Harrison and Crawshy

ford Counties Indiana Ind Geo Surv Ann Rept 8 -10 156 -1878 Indianapolis 1879

3 Gale Bennett T 1957 Geologic development of the Carlsbad Caverns Text on back of Geo Map of the Carlsbad Ea st Quadrangle New Mexico

4 Jackson George F 1953 Wyandotte Cave Livingston Pub1 Co Narbeth Penna 66 pp

5 Livesay Ann 1953 revised by McGrain P reston1962 Geology of the Mammoth Cave National Park area Sp1 Pub t7 Univ of Kentucky Lexington 40 pp

6 Jackson George F 1954 Caves of Indiana Nat Spe1eo1 Soc o Bulletin no 16 pp 55-64 Dec

7 Malott Clyde A 1951 Wyandotte Cavern Nat Speleol Soc Bulletin no 13 pp 30-35 Dec

8 Pinney Roy 1962 The Complete book of cave exploration Coward-McCann New York 256 pp

9 Moore George W amp Nicho1as G 1964 Spe1eology - the study of caves Heath amp Co bull bull New York 120 pp

10 Rose Robert H 1964 Preservation of primary values Typewrshyitten script for 26th Gen Admin (Executive) Training Course National Park Service April

11 Wyandotte Cave map 1941 Map of Wyandotte Cave in Crawford County Indiana showing explored regions Sales item (60 ) at Wyandotte Lodge

12 Wyandotte Cave Leavenworth (1950) and Milltown- (1962) 75 Minute Topographic Mpas U S Geological Survey

50

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bull nd eqj JO gtU1rq eqj j V

o

Largest underground mountai1 in the world wyandotte Cave

o Fossil Avenue Wyandotte Cave Indiana

52

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COLLOQUY AND EXCHANGE

The two once-confidential governmental reports on Wyandotte Cave in this issue like other similar reports published in JSH in the past have become available to the public as a result of new policies being impleshymented by the present administration in Washington DCo - and quite appropriately so in this day of accountability

Yr editor has on ha nd also the Holley report on Carlsbad Ca vern which led directly to the creation of Carlsbad Cavern National Monument and it will appear eventually in thes e pages Other such reports undoubtedly exist and would be welcomed here before trey are lost for all time as is believed to have been the fate of one on lICa1ifornia Cavernsll - Harringtonis Cave Kern County Calif

All such items of ctlurse should be considered in their historical context yet sometimes they relate surprisingly to current matters As an example Rose1s inclusion of breakdown or apall domes with dome pits 1pound there is a generally accepted term for these f1at-to d domes seen especially in horizshyontal limestones but occasionally elsewhere yr editor isnt aware of it and I think we need one

The old photographic postcards of Wyandotte Cave pictured in this issue are from the George Jackson collection None have indications of who the photoshy

grapher was None have postmak dates or other specifiCS but they are clearly of several series judging by the printing on the reverse The stamp C square frames are composed of the letters NOKO or AZO which should serve as clues to post card buffs Some of them look iike they might be Neville photos to yr editor but Im no expert

Spelean history continues to appear sporadically in grotto and regional newsshyletters The middotMarch 1973 CIGmiddot Newslettermiddot Central Indiana GrQtto) contains abstracts of several items in the Cox reports (Indiana Geological Survey) of the 1870f5 Kentuck er roun V 2 1 1 73 has a nice report on Great Salt etremiddot The middotFeb 1973 Spe eonews ( ashv nooga Gro os quotes from McCallums A brief sketch of the settlement and early history of Giles County Tennessee - an important saltp-etre reference that had eluded yr editor The Spring-Summer 197ZWisconsin Speleologist includes the history of Crystal Cave Pierce County Wise

Undoubtedly others that should be mentioned too

Still available for $1250 from Middle American Research Institute Tulane University New Orleans La Andrews W Wyllys Balankanche throne of the Tiger Priest Archeological discoveries in a Yucatan cave with transcription and translation of modern Maya ritual celebrated therein Small 33 13 rpm record included 1970 Cloth 196 pp 60 figs bull bull 2 color plates (Editoris note I was overwhelmed by t he impact of this and other Mayan caves on a recent Yucatan-British Honduras trip This book is one of the great classics of our times )

53

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discoverywas

The cave in whih Collins died 19l7-(maybe but there1s After Collins eeath the was not mentioned

Cave Jones made his objection heard but the Cave Research-Foundation (CEF) to cave research the connection are CRF states that it ed) Handy said he was led to believe Collins

( _ r

The confusion about the article in the University of Kentucky student newspaper is now moderately straigJtened out - I think That article was as follows

MAN DISPUTES DISCOVERY OF NEW CAVE PASSAGEWAY by Ron Mitchell and Frank Yarborough

The recent discovery of a missing passage connecting the Flint Ridge cave system and the Mammoth Cave system has been discounted by a retired cave guide

The discovery which took place Nov 9 was di sputed by E1lis Jones of Cave City He said the passage was originally discovered by Floyd Collins over 50 years ago (Ed note see below)

Collins was a guide at Mammoth Cave until he died trapped under a rock during an exploration trip in 1917 (192 5 - ed)

When the first made there was not any publicity Jones said and only ten people knew about it Of these ten six are dead two could not be located and one man W C Handy (former ASHA member whom we hope to have rejoin - ed) still resides in Cave

City The tenth person was Jones

Contacted at a friends house by phone Thursday Handy said it is true many of the avenues had been previously explored but stopped short oLsaying the connection route had been di scovered by Collins middotmiddot

C i was the same cave he discovered in a whale of a connection to be made yet - ed)

cave was sold to- Cave City and the discovery Jones said

When the -official announcement wasrnade last Thursday at Mammoth

members of CRF bull

was cut off by officials of non-profit organization devoted

The members of the exploliDry team which discovered (Stanley Sides MD president of

by Jim Howard of the NPS not anyone from CRF who is vice president of the Peoples Bank in Cave City

was the person who found the

was shy

a

connecshy

tion because he made mention of IIseveral 18 hour trips which is the length of the more recent discovery

A spokesman for CRF said Jones just wanted some publicity at the official press conference and all Jones had doneWls suggest that we research the avenues where the connection was found II

-- The Kentucky Kernel V 44 69 Dec 8 1972

Stan Sides writes that he had the impression Ell is wanted CRF to announce that he had shown Unknown Cave to the two who made the initial breakthroughs there but a nice letter from Ellis makes it clear that he was trying to clarify something quite different he let the cat out of the bag to Bill Austin and C Jack Lehrberger about a hole Floyd Co1lins and the others had stopped up shy

54

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to

leading to Floyd1s Lost Passage andor Bogardus WaterfalPt Because of bad feelings between the Collins l and the Thomas I who operated Floyd Collins Crystal Cave until they sold it to the National Park Service he adds $ all previous searches for the legendary hole had been so unsuccshyessful that most had come to doubt that it existed He further adds Of course the Cave Research Foundation is the first to go from Flint Ridge to Mammoth Caveo II

Since key details of the great Unknown Cave breakthrough still cannot be toldthat part of the story of Mammoth Cave inevitably will remain controshyversial for some years yet In the long haul however there will be plenty of credit for all involved at every key point - like this one

Ellis Jones address incidentally is Box 206 Cave City Ky 42127

Somebody paid for both volumes of a 2 -volume set of Bayard Taylor1s At home and abroad at the 1972 NSS convention at White Salmon Wash but went home with only Vol 1 If the buyer wants the other I have it and will send for lScent postage

IINew Jersey Caves in brief is available for $1 from the Bureau of Geology PO Box 1889 Trenton NoJ 0 08625 A much more extensive Caves of New Jersey is underway Caves of Montana i s currently overdue The situation on Caves of Wyoming II is unclear HCaves of Colorado is due very soon and there are rumors that a Caves of Oregon is underway r---

A certain instant hero to the contrary I donlt know of anyone working on a Caves of Arizona

Larry Matthews (Apt 122 206 W 38th Austin Texas Vol 11 no 3 and Vol 2 jnf JSlf lso Adventure is Underground and

and caving for the When Dave

-

78705) neees

Caves of California

At last report Harper still listed American caves tentative title for my own next book due in Autumn 1973 McClurg announced the title of his book$ they considered changing it but so far the decision has been to keep it

The American Antiquarian SOCiety (Worcester Mass) needs Volume 1 no 3 and Vol 2 13 of JSH

Bob Wainscott sent a handsome paperback repri nt by Marco Development Company dated November 1963 of the Hundred Domes Cave section of Bailey1s famous Great Caverns of Kentucky He points out that the map of this cave was printed backwards because at that time it was illegal to print materials showing the location of moonshine stills III Out of print now

More next issue Good caving 55

J)

process is often us ed the editor should be contacted in advance concershyning the current type of manuscript preparation desired Submission of rough drafts for preliminary editing is encouraged Ulustrations require special handling and arrangements must be made with the editor in adshyvance

ABOUT BACK ISSUE S

The last two volumes are available from the Secretary -treasurer middotat $500 per volume About half the other issues are available at $100 per copy

All back issues are available on microfiche tact Company Route 100

ABOUT THE COVER

To accompany Suart Sprague1s lead article on Luray Cavern dredged from the files one of three paintings of in-l876 toMrmiddots Benton P StebbinS late Arthur C Stebbins her son white prints of all three some years ago my book Depths of the earth the third remains to date

ABOUT THE ASSOCIATION

The American Spelean History Association is chartered as a non-profit corporation for the study dissemination and int erpretation of spelean history and related purposes All persons of hi gh ethical and moral character who are interested in these goals are cordially invited to become members Annual membership is $500 family membership $600 Library subscriptions are $400

ABOUT THE QUARTERLY

The Association publishes The Journal of Spelean History on a quarterly basis bull Pertinent articles or reprints are welcomed As a photo-offset

for middotfurther information con- CKrausReprint Millwood N Y 10546

ILLUSTRATION

yr editor

wife of one of its discoverers kindly provided me with black and

One of the others appears in

that cave as it appeared The

unpublished

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36






TABLE OF CONTENTS









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Daily HelE

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RETAIL

2 1

575 50

75 100 125 150 175

4 3

44

TABLE ONE


13955

Je 26-J 2 36900 29 313 30


17-23 23-29

18615 18045

21 10770 25 14570




TABLE TWO



5

$1640 less than$20

$6645

$ 850 250 350 500

$ 790

370 6295 -130

TABLE THREE



6 x 8 100 250 5 x 8 00 35

250 1 50 00 150 00 35 00 00 00 35


Books Rubbers

$ 025

470 460 1290 840 1 460 610 1 920 1480 160 440 480 360 470 260 30 10

2155 3610 5295 3715 5080 3970 5975 2980


29 27


24 0


4 24

3915 L50

7285

50

C

42 1 2 42 5 1 4 7 2 1 8 24 25 31 45 78 61 67 64 35 42 21 21 32 25 30 30 7 40 28 o 26

4 5 21 7 16 10 200

BROKEN TOTAL

o 0 3 0

300 151

9 2 2 12

250 175

o 6 3 14

137 233

30

lC

1--l-

-


Morehead Kentucky








31

J

ItA V





ment







1-(

c

( bull

laquo

nearby comp1etelyI


survey Sequoia

-

gt

1l1


by Hugh W Blanchard







33

lus The

c








34

1-(

canoeing Club

Caves California


SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California




( - REFFRHNCBS



3 6 (1944) pp 67-68



35

lot

bull bull













() 36

11(

C

C gt

(

lJ-

--















37

lt

Photographer



Part One








ful





38


Cmiddot





2--

rc l

t gt

-









PART TWO


39

1-1







It is difficult to

By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

Clt









42

1

(

I








and

-c










1+1

-1



lntroduction








L44

tV

(

C middot

Vlues

development

vadose

country phase

lt-

cmiddot

L1-






Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

i



(

(

I -

1







47

rt V














48

v

c

(-

- )

(-

C





)

Big Wyandotte








Marengo Cave



17

(


r


REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

t -

ve

-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



( _ r












members of CRF bull





was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

36






TABLE OF CONTENTS









29

C

tl)

Daily HelE

AE 2

RETAIL

2 1

575 50

75 100 125 150 175

4 3

44

TABLE ONE


13955

Je 26-J 2 36900 29 313 30


17-23 23-29

18615 18045

21 10770 25 14570




TABLE TWO



5

$1640 less than$20

$6645

$ 850 250 350 500

$ 790

370 6295 -130

TABLE THREE



6 x 8 100 250 5 x 8 00 35

250 1 50 00 150 00 35 00 00 00 35


Books Rubbers

$ 025

470 460 1290 840 1 460 610 1 920 1480 160 440 480 360 470 260 30 10

2155 3610 5295 3715 5080 3970 5975 2980


29 27


24 0


4 24

3915 L50

7285

50

C

42 1 2 42 5 1 4 7 2 1 8 24 25 31 45 78 61 67 64 35 42 21 21 32 25 30 30 7 40 28 o 26

4 5 21 7 16 10 200

BROKEN TOTAL

o 0 3 0

300 151

9 2 2 12

250 175

o 6 3 14

137 233

30

lC

1--l-

-


Morehead Kentucky








31

J

ItA V





ment







1-(

c

( bull

laquo

nearby comp1etelyI


survey Sequoia

-

gt

1l1


by Hugh W Blanchard







33

lus The

c








34

1-(

canoeing Club

Caves California


SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California




( - REFFRHNCBS



3 6 (1944) pp 67-68



35

lot

bull bull













() 36

11(

C

C gt

(

lJ-

--















37

lt

Photographer



Part One








ful





38


Cmiddot





2--

rc l

t gt

-









PART TWO


39

1-1







It is difficult to

By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

Clt









42

1

(

I








and

-c










1+1

-1



lntroduction








L44

tV

(

C middot

Vlues

development

vadose

country phase

lt-

cmiddot

L1-






Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

i



(

(

I -

1







47

rt V














48

v

c

(-

- )

(-

C





)

Big Wyandotte








Marengo Cave



17

(


r


REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

t -

ve

-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



( _ r












members of CRF bull





was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

Daily HelE

AE 2

RETAIL

2 1

575 50

75 100 125 150 175

4 3

44

TABLE ONE


13955

Je 26-J 2 36900 29 313 30


17-23 23-29

18615 18045

21 10770 25 14570




TABLE TWO



5

$1640 less than$20

$6645

$ 850 250 350 500

$ 790

370 6295 -130

TABLE THREE



6 x 8 100 250 5 x 8 00 35

250 1 50 00 150 00 35 00 00 00 35


Books Rubbers

$ 025

470 460 1290 840 1 460 610 1 920 1480 160 440 480 360 470 260 30 10

2155 3610 5295 3715 5080 3970 5975 2980


29 27


24 0


4 24

3915 L50

7285

50

C

42 1 2 42 5 1 4 7 2 1 8 24 25 31 45 78 61 67 64 35 42 21 21 32 25 30 30 7 40 28 o 26

4 5 21 7 16 10 200

BROKEN TOTAL

o 0 3 0

300 151

9 2 2 12

250 175

o 6 3 14

137 233

30

lC

1--l-

-


Morehead Kentucky








31

J

ItA V





ment







1-(

c

( bull

laquo

nearby comp1etelyI


survey Sequoia

-

gt

1l1


by Hugh W Blanchard







33

lus The

c








34

1-(

canoeing Club

Caves California


SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California




( - REFFRHNCBS



3 6 (1944) pp 67-68



35

lot

bull bull













() 36

11(

C

C gt

(

lJ-

--















37

lt

Photographer



Part One








ful





38


Cmiddot





2--

rc l

t gt

-









PART TWO


39

1-1







It is difficult to

By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

Clt









42

1

(

I








and

-c










1+1

-1



lntroduction








L44

tV

(

C middot

Vlues

development

vadose

country phase

lt-

cmiddot

L1-






Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

i



(

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I -

1







47

rt V














48

v

c

(-

- )

(-

C





)

Big Wyandotte








Marengo Cave



17

(


r


REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

t -

ve

-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



( _ r












members of CRF bull





was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

-


Morehead Kentucky








31

J

ItA V





ment







1-(

c

( bull

laquo

nearby comp1etelyI


survey Sequoia

-

gt

1l1


by Hugh W Blanchard







33

lus The

c








34

1-(

canoeing Club

Caves California


SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California




( - REFFRHNCBS



3 6 (1944) pp 67-68



35

lot

bull bull













() 36

11(

C

C gt

(

lJ-

--















37

lt

Photographer



Part One








ful





38


Cmiddot





2--

rc l

t gt

-









PART TWO


39

1-1







It is difficult to

By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

Clt









42

1

(

I








and

-c










1+1

-1



lntroduction








L44

tV

(

C middot

Vlues

development

vadose

country phase

lt-

cmiddot

L1-






Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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(

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I -

1







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48

v

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17

(


r


REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

t -

ve

-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



( _ r












members of CRF bull





was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

ItA V





ment







1-(

c

( bull

laquo

nearby comp1etelyI


survey Sequoia

-

gt

1l1


by Hugh W Blanchard







33

lus The

c








34

1-(

canoeing Club

Caves California


SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California




( - REFFRHNCBS



3 6 (1944) pp 67-68



35

lot

bull bull













() 36

11(

C

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(

lJ-

--















37

lt

Photographer



Part One








ful





38


Cmiddot





2--

rc l

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PART TWO


39

1-1







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By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

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42

1

(

I








and

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1+1

-1



lntroduction








L44

tV

(

C middot

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development

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country phase

lt-

cmiddot

L1-






Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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(

(

I -

1







47

rt V














48

v

c

(-

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(-

C





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Big Wyandotte








Marengo Cave



17

(


r


REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

t -

ve

-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



( _ r












members of CRF bull





was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

( bull

laquo

nearby comp1etelyI


survey Sequoia

-

gt

1l1


by Hugh W Blanchard







33

lus The

c








34

1-(

canoeing Club

Caves California


SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California




( - REFFRHNCBS



3 6 (1944) pp 67-68



35

lot

bull bull













() 36

11(

C

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37

lt

Photographer



Part One








ful





38


Cmiddot





2--

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PART TWO


39

1-1







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By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

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42

1

(

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1+1

-1



lntroduction








L44

tV

(

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development

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country phase

lt-

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L1-






Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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48

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17

(


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REFERENCES














50

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o



52

)17

c

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-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



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was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

lus The

c








34

1-(

canoeing Club

Caves California


SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California




( - REFFRHNCBS



3 6 (1944) pp 67-68



35

lot

bull bull













() 36

11(

C

C gt

(

lJ-

--















37

lt

Photographer



Part One








ful





38


Cmiddot





2--

rc l

t gt

-









PART TWO


39

1-1







It is difficult to

By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

Clt









42

1

(

I








and

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1+1

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lntroduction








L44

tV

(

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development

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country phase

lt-

cmiddot

L1-






Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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(

(

I -

1







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rt V














48

v

c

(-

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(-

C





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Big Wyandotte








Marengo Cave



17

(


r


REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

t -

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-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



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members of CRF bull





was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

canoeing Club

Caves California


SpeloaD HlstoryVol

Nat Speleo Bult

Caves California




( - REFFRHNCBS



3 6 (1944) pp 67-68



35

lot

bull bull













() 36

11(

C

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37

lt

Photographer



Part One








ful





38


Cmiddot





2--

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PART TWO


39

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By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

Clt









42

1

(

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1+1

-1



lntroduction








L44

tV

(

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development

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Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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47

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48

v

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C





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Big Wyandotte








Marengo Cave



17

(


r


REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

t -

ve

-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



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was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

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() 36

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Photographer



Part One








ful





38


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2--

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39

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40

middot

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INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

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42

1

(

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1+1

-1



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L44

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(

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Origin and







45

0

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46

1-11J

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48

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Marengo Cave



17

(


r


REFERENCES














50

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52

)17

c

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-

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53

l-1

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a

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54

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78705) neees

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38


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39

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40

middot

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INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

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42

1

(

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-1



lntroduction








L44

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(

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development

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lt-

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Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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48

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Marengo Cave



17

(


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REFERENCES














50

o

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52

)17

c

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-

a










53

l-1

discoverywas



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members of CRF bull





was shy

a

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54

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-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

Photographer



Part One








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38


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2--

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PART TWO


39

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By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

Clt









42

1

(

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1+1

-1



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L44

tV

(

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development

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L1-






Origin and







45

0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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(

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48

v

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Marengo Cave



17

(


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REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

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53

l-1

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54

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Caves of California





J)

rc l

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PART TWO


39

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By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

r

Clt









42

1

(

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and

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1+1

-1



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L44

tV

(

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Origin and







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0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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48

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17

(


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REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


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52

)17

c

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a










53

l-1

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a

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54

V t4

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Caves of California





J)







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By John F





40

middot

)--



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















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r

Clt









42

1

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L44

tV

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Origin and







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0

phreatic










46

1-11J

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48

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17

(


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REFERENCES














50

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1) -


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52

)17

c

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53

l-1

discoverywas



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members of CRF bull





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54

V t4

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Caves of California





J)



INDIANA


July 20 1965



















)11

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42

1

(

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L44

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(

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Origin and







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0

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46

1-11J

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48

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Marengo Cave



17

(


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REFERENCES














50

o

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52

)17

c

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53

l-1

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was shy

a

connecshy





54

V t4

to









-

78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

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42

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L44

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Origin and







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46

1-11J

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48

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Marengo Cave



17

(


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REFERENCES














50

o

1) -


o



52

)17

c

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53

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54

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78705) neees

Caves of California





J)

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L44

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Origin and







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46

1-11J

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