The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies

OUT OF THE SHADOWS:OUT OF THE SHADOWS:Putting Civil Society on thePutting Civil Society on theEconomic Map of the WorldEconomic Map of the World

Lester M. SalamonLester M. Salamon

OECD Forum on Statistics, OECD Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and PolicyKnowledge and PolicyIstanbul, June 29, 2007Istanbul, June 29, 2007

GovernmentSector

For-profitSector

Civil Society Sector


THE GLOBAL ASSOCIATIONAL THE GLOBAL ASSOCIATIONAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

TREATMENT OF NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONSTREATMENT OF NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONSIN THE SNAIN THE SNA

HHouseholds

GGovernment Units


NPISH

Sector

S.15

Households

Sector

S.14

General GovernmentSector

S.13

Nonfinancial Corporations

Sector

S.11

Sectors of the SNA SystemType of

Institutional Unit

Financial Corporations Sector

S.12

C1Corporations C2

N4N3N2N1Nonprofit Institutions

N5

Distinctive Features of NPIsDistinctive Features of NPIsDifferent production functionPublic-goods productionGovernanceRevenue structureStaffingTax treatmentLegal treatment


NPI Roles and Functions NPI Roles and Functions

The Service Role The Advocacy RoleThe Expressive RoleThe Community Building RoleThe Value Guardian Role


How Can Better Data on Civil How Can Better Data on Civil Society Help?Society Help?


Visibility/Legitimacy

Spot trends/problems

Improve policy-making Increase transparency/accountability

Improve National Accounts

Chart NPO contribution

C

N

P


PROJECT COUNTRIESPROJECT COUNTRIES

Venezuela Colombia

Brazil

Argentina

Mexico

Peru

Slovakia

Czech Republic

Hungary

RomaniaPoland


South Africa

Morocco Egypt

UgandaTanzania

Kenya

South Korea

The Philippines

ThailandIndia

Pakistan

Lebanon

Japan

United States

Australia

Israel

Ireland

TheNetherlands

Austria

Spain

Germany

Finland

BelgiumFrance

Norway

ItalySweden

United Kingdom

The Scale of Nonprofit Activity, 40 Countries

4.6% of economically active population

48.4 million full time equivalent jobs

$1.9 trillion in operating expenditures


If the civil society sector were a If the civil society sector were a country...country...

Country GDP (trillion $)United States $11.7Japan 4.6Germany 2.7

China 1.7

United Kingdom 2.1

France 1.9

Italy 1.2

Civil Society Land Expenditures (40 Countries)

1.9*

Canada 1.0Spain 1.0Brazil 0.6Russia 0.6

* In 2004 U.S. Dollars Source of GDP Figures: World Bank


Civil Society Organization Civil Society Organization Workforce in context, 40 Workforce in context, 40

countriescountries

110.4

46.5

41.3

6.2

48.4

Manufacturing

construction

transportation

Utilities

Civil Society Orgs.*

Number of employees (millions)* Including volunteers


Employment in Civil Society Employment in Civil Society Organizations vs. Largest FirmsOrganizations vs. Largest Firms

(37 Countries(37 Countries))

* Including volunteers and religious worship organization workforce, where available.


Civil Society Organizations*

48 million

Largest Private Companies

4 million

CSO workforce as a share of the CSO workforce as a share of the economically active population, by countryeconomically active population, by country

1.82.3

2.83.2

2.8

2.92.6

3.82.4

3.54.4

1.7

2.73.7

6.64.8

6.38.38.6

9.22.9

1.61.5

1.11.0

1.5

1.92.2

1.12.8

2.31.9

5.1

4.43.7

1.43.6

3.52.1

2.3

5.11.6

3.4%3.8%4.0%

4.2%4.3%

4.8%4.9%4.9%

5.3%

5.9%6.3%

7.1%

7.2%7.6%

8.0%8.5%

9.8%10.4%

10.9%11.1%

14.4%4.5%

8.4 2.7

South AfricaItaly

PortugalJapan

SpainArgentina

Chile

AustriaFinland

GermanyAustralia

SwedenNorwayFrance

Israel

United KingdomUnited States

Ireland

BelgiumCanada

Netherlands39 countries

Paid staff

Volunteers


CSO workforce as a share of the CSO workforce as a share of the economically active population, by countryeconomically active population, by country

0.4%

0.8%

0.8%

0.8%

1.0%

1.1%

1.4%

1.5%

1.6%

1.9%

2.0%

2.1%

2.1%

2.3%

2.4%

2.4%

2.5%

2.8%

4.5%

Mexico

Romania

Poland

Slovakia

Pakistan

Hungary

India

Morocco

Brazil

Philippines

Czech Republic

Tanzania

Kenya

Uganda

Colombia

Korea, Rep. of

Peru

Egypt

39 countries

Paid staff

Volunteers


Paid Workers

56%

Volunteers44%


CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION PAID CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION PAID VS. VOLUNTEER LABOR, VS. VOLUNTEER LABOR, 36 COUNTRIES36 COUNTRIES

n=45.5 million(including religion)

Fees53%Government

34%


Philanthropy12%

SOURCES OF CIVIL SOCIETY SOURCES OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVENUE (34 COUNTRYAVERAGE)REVENUE (34 COUNTRYAVERAGE)

Global Civil Society Index: Global Civil Society Index: Country Scores Country Scores

The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project

Country Capacity Sustainability Impact Total Netherlands 79 54 89 74 Norway 55 82 59 65 United States 76 54 54 61 Sweden 58 56 67 60 United Kingdom 66 60 50 58 Belgium 65 45 60 57 Israel 70 42 50 54 Ireland 64 45 52 54 Australia 51 46 49 49 France 56 46 44 49 Finland 48 42 50 47 Germany 47 45 47 46 Spain 54 37 30 40 Argentina 48 35 36 40 Tanzania 45 32 38 39 South Africa 44 35 33 37 Uganda 44 37 30 37



Austria 35 42 34 37Japan 38 34 35 36 South Korea 32 38 36 35 Italy 38 37 25 33 Kenya 41 28 29 33 Czech Republic 34 35 25 31 Hungary 38 32 20 30 Brazil 30 31 26 29 Colombia 37 26 22 28 Peru 32 30 22 28 Philippines 30 35 17 27 India 27 30 20 26 Poland 30 38 7 25 Slovakia 32 28 13 24 Mexico 23 29 19 24 Romania 27 26 14 22 Pakistan 26 19 12 19

Country Capacity Sustainability Impact Total



Country Total Country Total Netherlands 74 Austria 37 Norway 65 Japan 36 United States 61 South Korea 35 Sweden 60 Italy 33 United Kingdom 58 Kenya 33 Belgium 57 Czech Republic 31 Israel 54 Hungary 30 Ireland 54 Brazil 29

Australia 49 Colombia 28 France 49 Peru 28 Finland 47 Philippines 27 Germany 46 India 26 Spain 40 Poland 25 Argentina 40 Slovakia 24

Tanzania 39 Mexico 24 South Africa 37 Romania 22 Uganda 37 Pakistan 19

THE PROBLEMTHE PROBLEM

• Institutionalization

• Additional Variables

Relationships withOther Sectors•


KEY REFINEMENTS IN HANDBOOK KEY REFINEMENTS IN HANDBOOK MEASUREMENT OF NPIsMEASUREMENT OF NPIs


• Satellite Account

TREATMENT OF NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONSTREATMENT OF NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONSIN THE SATELLITE ACCOUNTIN THE SATELLITE ACCOUNT


Nonprofit Sector

N=NPI

Closing Balance Sheet

Generationof income account

NPISHSectorS.15

HouseholdsSectorS.14

GeneralGov’tSectorS.13

NonfinancialCorpsSectorS.11

Sectors of the SNA SystemVariable

FinancialCorps SectorS.12

Production Account

NPI NPITOTAL NPI TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL NPI

KEY REFINEMENTS IN HANDBOOK KEY REFINEMENTS IN HANDBOOK MEASUREMENT OF NPIsMEASUREMENT OF NPIs


• Satellite Account

• Volunteer labor

• Non-market output of market NPIs

PROGRESS TO DATEPROGRESS TO DATE


• Eurostat Workshop, December 2002• Briefings: EFC; ISTR; statistical offices in Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Morocco,

New Zealand, Portugal, Kenya, UK, France

• European Commission DG XXIII Workshop, April 2004

• Partnership agreement with United Nations Volunteers and U.N. Economic Commissions for Latin America, Africa, Asia

UN HANDBOOK IMPLEMENTATION

• Regional Workshops: Latin America, Africa, Asia—Sept. 2004-Sept. 2005

• Implementers Workshops: Latin America, Africa, Asia: May 2005-July 2006

• International Advisory Committee Meetings: June 2005, May 2006, May 2007

• International Labour Org Agreement on Volunteer Measurement, Mar. 2007

U.N. U.N. HandbookHandbook Implementers and Target Countries Implementers and Target Countries


Cameroon +

Ghana

Kenya +**

Mali **

Morocco +**

Israel +

India **

Philippines +** Kyrgyzstan +**

Australia +

Japan+

Korea +

Argentina +

Brazil +**

Peru +

Canada +

United States +

Czech Republic +

Slovakia+Belgium +

France +

Italy +

+ committed As of May, 2007

Developing and Transitional CountriesDeveloped Countries

Egypt

Mozambique **

Nigeria

Tanzania

Hong Kong, China

Chile

Mexico

Uruguay

Hungary

Poland

Russia

Denmark

Germany

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

** = UN Volunteers countries (9)

Europe Central Europe

North America Latin America

Asia Asia

Other Africa and Middle East

New Zealand +

South Africa +**

Uganda +

Zimbabwe+

Thailand + BangladeshChinaPakistanVietnam

Australia IsraelBelgium * ItalyCanada * JapanCzech Republic United States *France

* Multiple satellite account editions available

Completed Satellite Accounts (9)Completed Satellite Accounts (9)


ArgentinaBrazilNew Zealand

Release of Satellite Account Imminent (3)Release of Satellite Account Imminent (3)

NPI Value Added as % of GDP, 7 Countries

Australia

(1999)

Belgium

(2001)

Canada

(1997)

France

(2002)

Italy

(1999)

USA

(2003)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Volunteers

Without Volunteers7.9%

4.2%

5.1%5.6%

4.9%

5.6%


Value Added as % of GDP, NPIs vs. Selected Industries, Canada, 2000

5.1%

6.1%

7.9%

2.3%

1.5%

1.4%

% of

GDP

Retail Trade

Mining, oil & gas

extractions

Nonprofit sector

Accommodations & food services

Agriculture Motor Vehicle

Manufacturing

Volunteers

NPIs


Value Added as % of GDP, NPIs* vs. Selected Industries, Belgium, 2003

1.6%

4.8%5.0 %

2.4%

1.1%

% of GDP

Hotels & Restaurants

Construction NPIs Utilities Agriculture & Fishing

* Without Volunteers


NPI Share of Belgian Value Added, Selected Fields

HEALTH 42.7%

SOCIAL SERVICES 66.6%

CULTURE & RECREATION 26%

Percent of Total Value

10% 50% 80%


Labor Intensity of NPIs vs. Nonfinancial Labor Intensity of NPIs vs. Nonfinancial Corporations, 6 CountriesCorporations, 6 Countries

10


NPIs

57%

Nonfinancial Corps.

30%

20

30

40

50

60

Em

plo

yee

Co

mp

ens

atio

n a

s %

of

To

tal E

xp

end

itu

re

Growth of NPIs vs. Total Economy, Growth of NPIs vs. Total Economy, 4 Countries4 Countries

4 Country Average U.S.A.

1


3.3%

2

3

4

5

6

6.4%

4.8%

6.7%

2.9%

6.6%

-0.7%

6.1%

NPIsOverall GDP

Belgium Japan

6.0%6.0%

Ave

rag

e A

nn

ual

% C

han

ge

in V

alu

e A

dd

ed

Canada

Philanthropy as share of GDP, selected Philanthropy as share of GDP, selected countries, 1995-2004countries, 1995-2004

0.80%

1.83%1.82%

1.73%

1.93%1.79%

1.73%1.69%

1.56%

1.47%

1.33%

0.92%

0.83%

0.83%0.83%

0.39%0.36%0.37%0.39%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Pe

rce

nt

of

GD

P

US

Canada

Belgium


Contributions of Time vs. Contributions of Cash Contributions of Time vs. Contributions of Cash as Share of Private Philanthropyas Share of Private Philanthropy

10%


68.5%

31.5%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Rat

io o

f A

sset

s to

Exp

end

itu

res

70%

Contributions of Cash

Contributions of Time

NEXT STEPSNEXT STEPS


• Convene Global Assembly: Sep. 25-27, 2007

• Develop, Secure Approval for, and Implement ILO Manual on Volunteer work

UN HANDBOOK IMPLEMENTATION

• Extend HB Coverage to New Countries

• Create CIVINET (Civil Society Information Network)

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies

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